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Dynamic Earth Test 3 Review Flashcards | StudBud
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Dynamic Earth Test 3 Review
Dynamic Earth Test 3 Review
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1
What does the sorting of sediment look like if it's far away from the source?
Poorly sorted, non-uniform grains
Well-sorted, uniform grains
2
What process does the addition of fluids initiate?
Phase change
Pressure solution
Neocrystallization
Pressure weathering
3
What direction did this fault move?
Left lateral
Right lateral
4
Is this foliation or lineation?
Foliation
Lineation
5
Why is water special?
It can't dissolve anything
Its slight polarity allows it to stick to itself and other things
Its frozen state contracts, like other liquids
It can weather rocks
6
What determines if a rock foliates?
How much stress the rock undergoes
The protolith of the rock
The presence of chain or sheet silicates
The presence of quartz and olivine
7
Hydrolysis creates clays
False
True
8
What kind of force did these form from?
No stress
Tension
Compression
Shear
9
What types of rocks does pressure expansion affect?
Felsic
Mafic
Intrusive
Extrusive
10
Is this foliation or lineation?
Lineation
Foliation
11
Is anticline or syncline important to groundwater?
Syncline
Anticline
12
You can tell the difference between clay and silt by putting them in your mouth
True
False
13
This type of sedimentary rock is formed when minerals precipitate out of an aqueous solution
Clastic
Organic
Biochemical
Inorganic
14
What facies does contact metamorphism create? (High T, Low P)
Greenschist
Granulite
Hornfels
Blueschist
15
What are the index minerals of Hydrothermal metamorphism?
Biotite and Feldspar
Chlorite and Serpentine
Kyanite and Andalusite
Hydrothermal metamorphism doesn't have index minerals
16
Is anticline or syncline important to economic resources?
Syncline
Anticline
17
How are clastic sedimentary rocks classified?
Based on vibes
Based on chemical makeup
Based on grain size
Based on color
18
What is thermal expansion and contraction?
Heat contracts and cold expands the rock, causing it to break
Heat expands and cold contracts the rock, causing it to break
A quick pressure drop makes the rock expand and break
The rock heats up too much and experiences partial melting
19
Where could you find coal? (It's actually not on the diagram)
Lagoons
Swamp
Forests
Lakes
20
Where could you find shale?
Shallow water marine
Lagoons
Deep water marine
Swamp
21
What type of jointing have we seen in igneous rocks?
Pressure weathering
Stress joints
Columnar Basalt
Mudcracks
22
This type of sedimentary rock is formed from decomposed organisms
Organic
Clastic
Inorganic
Biochemical
23
What processes does the addition of pressure initiate?
Plastic Deformation
Neocrystallization
Recrystallization
Phase changes
24
What does the presence of mud cracks tell us?
Mud experienced stress to form the cracks
The environment was always wet
The environment used to fluctuate between wet and dry
The environment was always dry
25
What is erosion?
The movement of sediment from place of weathering to a new location
The breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces
The formation of new rocks
Rocks degraded by chemicals and turned into water soluble ions
26
Is B a transgression or regression?
Regression
Transgression
27
This type of sedimentary rock is formed when an organism extracts dissolved minerals out of water
Organic
Inorganic
Clastic
Biochemical
28
What is the difference between Kyanite, Sillimanite, and Andalusite?
The phase (solid, liquid, gas)
Crystal structure
Just the name
Composition
29
What two major minerals are involved in creating Banded Iron Formations?
Iron and Quartz
Chert and Iron Oxides
Ferrous Iron and Ferric Iron
Evaporites and Iron
30
Why are blueschist and eclogite rare on the Earth's surface?
They take billions and billions of years to form
They don't form anymore
They require a high amount of heat to form
Hard to get to the surface without being destroyed by heat
31
Where do evaporites form?
deep water marine
deserts
lakes
lagoons
32
What environment makes a conglomerate?
fluvial
alluvial
beaches
glaciers
33
What are index minerals?
Minerals that tell us where the rock formed
Minerals that form at specific pressures and temperatures
Minerals with a distinct color
Minerals that are the easiest to find
34
What is plastic deformation?
Stress causing changes of mineral shape with breaking
Stress causing changes of mineral shape without breaking
Minerals dissolving into water
Minerals breaking apart
35
What is characteristic of the temperature and pressure of SHOCK metamorphism?
There is a lack of pressure and temperature
High P but no T
Very high P&T over a long period of time
High P&T occurred over a very short amount of time
36
Why don't quartz and feldspar change?
They both have a high strength structure
They both have a really high melting point
Trick question! They do change
They don't want to
37
Why should we study sedimentary rocks?
past environments
they taste good
fossils
oil and gas
38
What is mechanical weathering?
The breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces
The movement of sediment to a new location
Rocks degraded by chemicals and turned into water soluble solutions
The formation of new rocks
39
What kind of force did these form from?
Tension
Compression
No stress
Shear
40
What changes the nature of a soil?
Topography
Mineralogy of the parent material
Climate
Organisms that inhabit the soil
41
What facies does subduction zone metamorphism create? (Low T, High P)
Eclogite
Granulite
Blueschist
Greenschist
42
What metamorphic rocks would you find at the NW vs SE end of this map?
NW: chlorite | SE: migmatite
NW: gneiss | SE: slate
NW: slate | SE: gneiss
NW: phyllite | SE: schist
43
What can cross bedding tell us?
The angle of the slope the beds were deposited on
The direction that wind was blowing and water was flowing
How comfortable the sediment was when it formed a rock
The stress rocks underwent to form the cross beds
44
What do we use on graphs to discuss pressure changes?
Depth
Atmospheres
Rock type
Temperature
45
Where does haloclasty occur?
Deserts
Mountains
Coastal settings
Shallow marine
46
Where do we get extreme heat/cold to cause thermal expansion/compaction weathering?
alluvial settings
swamps
lakes
mid-latitude deserts
47
What differentiates soil from sediment?
Soil is a mixture of different types of sediment
Soil is wet, sediment is dry
Soil has smaller particles than sediment
Soil has been stationary long enough for organisms to use the minerals
48
What tectonic zone represents dynamothermal metamorphism? Thick crust, deep burial, high pressure and temp
Mid Ocean Ridge
Continental convergence
Subductions zones
Transform boundaries
49
Is this the hanging wall or the footwall?
Hanging wall
Footwall
50
What is critical for forming chemical sedimentary rocks?
Chemical weathering -> super saturated water -> new rock precipitated
Organisms
Cooling of magma
Burial -> heat and pressure -> resurfacing
51
What does hydrothermal metamorphism mean for the pressure and temperature ratio?
High pressure and high temperature
Low pressure and low temperature
High pressure and low temperature
Low pressure and high temperature
52
What rock is this?
Chert
Coal
Coquina
Chalk
53
Where could you find siltstone?
Deltaic
Lakes
Fluvial
Lagoons
54
What does Selma Chalk tell us about Alabama's past?
lots of people drew pretty pictures
part of Alabama used to be underwater
Alabama used to have mountains all over
Alabama didn't used to exist
55
What are clastic sedimentary rocks?
Rocks that organisms have made from mineral secretion
Rocks that are made of sediment that has cemented together
Rocks made up of anything
Rocks made from other rocks
56
What kind of force did these form from?
Compression
Tension
Shear
No stress
57
Why are basin and ranges good for biodiversity?
Creates more surface area for animals to live
Elevation changes create different environments
Isolation drives diverging evolution
They actually are bad for biodiversity
58
Where could you find mudstones?
Deep water marine
Tidal
Deltaic
Lacustrine
59
Which order of metamorphic grade is correct from lowest to highest grade?
Gneiss, schist, phyllite, slate
Phyllite, slate, gneiss, schist
Slate, schist, phyllite, gneiss
Slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss
60
What environment makes a breccia?
fluvial
beaches
glacial
lagoons
61
What is haloclasty?
Salt is dissolved out of a rock and moved to a new location
Salt is blown against a rock, causing abrasive weathering
Circular weathering from directional winds, causing the rock to have a halo
Salt precipitates out of water and into rock cracks, causing weathering
62
Why do most sedimentary rocks have lots of quartz but little olivine?
The composition of olivine doesn't let it bond well
Olivine is too pretty to be mixed into a sedimentary rock
Olivine is first to weather and quartz is last to weather
Olivine is last to weather and quartz is first to weather
63
What is chemical weathering?
The movement of sediment to a new location
The breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces
The formation of new rocks
Rocks degraded by chemicals and turned into water soluble ions
64
What is differential stress?
Force is the same in all directions
Stress that is different
A force acting in one direction may be greater than other
A singular direction of force
65
What is the only environment in which oolitic limestone can be formed? (oolites = fossils)
Lagoons
Shallow marine
Beaches
Lakes
66
What is the difference between brittle and ductile deformation?
There is no difference
Brittle breaks, ductile is elastic
Brittle breaks, ductile flows
Brittle flows, ductile breaks
67
What processes does the addition of temperature initiate?
Recrystallization
Phase changes
Plastic Deformation
Neocrystallization
68
Which is NOT a driving force of erosion?
Wind
Lava
Water
Ice
69
What type of rock does burial regional metamorphism create? (recrystallization, no foliation, protolith: sandstone)
Quartzite
Shale
Stronger sandstone
Granite
70
Which is NOT a type of chemical weathering?
Frost wedging
Oxidation
Dissolution
Hydrolysis
71
What did the rise of rooted plants do to the rock cycle?
increased weathering increased erosion
decreased weathering decreased erosion
Decreased weathering increased erosion
Increased weathering decreased erosion
72
Where does contact metamorphism occur?
Between convergent plate boundaries
Underwater volcanoes
Volcanoes
Hot spots
73
Does clay or silt have a larger grain size?
Clay
Silt
74
What causes the sea level to rise?
Glaciers melting and increasing amount of liquid water
Glaciers freezing and displacing the oceans
Sinking continents
Rainfall adds to the ocean
75
What do these index minerals tell you about the tectonic setting that formed this?
The index minerals are the Barrovian series and indicate mountain building
The index minerals indicate uniform temperature and pressure
These aren't index minerals, they are a random assortment of minerals
The index minerals are the Buchan series and indicate mountain building
76
What is pressure expansion weathering?
Minerals dissolve at areas of high stress and precipitate somewhere else
Temperature fluctuations cause the rock to break
A quick drop in pressure causes the rock to expand and break
Pressure is put on the rock causing it to buckle from stress
77
What will a piece of sediment look like if it is very close to its source?
Large and angular
Small and angular
Large and smooth
Small and smooth
78
Which order of the Barrovian series is correct?
Kyanite -> Mica
Feldspar -> Staurolite
Chlorite -> Sillimanite
Biotite -> Garnet
79
Dissolution causes sinkholes
True
False
80
What environment would this rock have been deposited in?
Beach
Lake
Lagoon
River
81
What environment could form cross bedded rocks?
Deserts/aeolian
Tidal areas
You can't make cross beds anymore
Cross beds can be made anywhere
