Why does mantle material and the overriding plate descend deep into the mantle at a subduction zone?

it has a relatively low temperature and high density

What was the serious weakness in Wegener's theory of continental drift?

he did not propose a satisfactory mechanism for continental drift

If two objects have the same thickness but different density, what will happen when they are immersed in a fluid?

the denser object will sink deeper

Which of the following is true regarding hot spot island chains?

the youngest island is over the hot spot

Plate tectonics incorporates what two ideas into a unified model?

seafloor spreading and continental drift

Which of the following is true of basalt?

low silica content and low viscosity

Which of the following is normally true?

a hot spot is stationary but the overlying plate moves

Trenches occur at what type of convergent boundaries?

ocean-ocean and ocean-continent

What do fossil reefs in Great Britain indicate?

Great Britain was once near the equator

Volcanoes form at what type of convergent boundaries?

ocean-ocean and ocean-continent

The density of the core is much greater than that of the crust because the core is:

under high pressure and made mostly of metals

If two objects have the same density but differing thicknesses, what will happen when they are placed into a fluid?

the thicker object will sink deeper and project higher out of the fluid

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APES Geology Unit Review Part II

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Answers

1
About how long ago did Pangaea begin to break apart?
200 million years ago
250 billion years ago
200 billion years ago
250 million years ago
2
Why does mantle material and the overriding plate descend deep into the mantle at a subduction zone?
it has a relatively low temperature and high density
it has a relatively high temperature and high density
it has a relatively low temperature and low density
it has a relatively high temperature and low density
3
Most of the intense geologic activity on Earth takes place at what locations?
plate boundaries
hot spots
the centers of large landmasses
the tips of the highest mountains
4
What is the most abundant element in the core?
magnesium
oxygen
iron
silicon
5
What type of magma forms at ocean-ocean convergent boundaries?
explosive
rhyolite
andesite
basalt
6
What type of lava is erupted by shield volcanoes?
granitic
basalt
andesite
rhyolite
7
What was the serious weakness in Wegener's theory of continental drift?
he could not explain the observed pattern of glacial striations
his fossil evidence conflicted with other lines of evidence
he did not propose a satisfactory mechanism for continental drift
he incorrectly explained the magnetic anomalies on the seafloor
8
What Greek said that an object floating in a fluid will sink until it displaces an amount of fluid equal to its weight?
Archimedes
Aristotle
Plato
Eratosthenes
9
The Indian Plate colliding with the Eurasian Plate formed which of the following?
the Alps
the Himalayas
the Caucusus Mountains
the Atlas Mountains
10
What type of lava is normally erupted by stratovolcanoes?
basalt
rhyolite
andesite
granitic
11
Which of the following landmasses was not part of Laurasia?
Asia
India
Europe
North America
12
If two objects have the same thickness but different density, what will happen when they are immersed in a fluid?
the less dense object will always sink to the bottom
the denser object will sink deeper
the less dense object will sink deeper
the more dense object will always sink to the bottom
13
What are cinder cones composed of?
alternating layers of lava flows and pyroclatic fragments
pyroclastic fragments
lava flows
molten rock
14
Which of the following people noted the possible fit of the continents in the early 1600s?
Harry Hess
Edward Suess
Alfred Wegener
Francis Bacon
15
Which of the following is true regarding hot spot island chains?
the youngest island is over the hot spot
all the islands in the chain are over the hot spot simultaneously
the oldest island is over the hot spot
there is no correlation between island age and distance from the hot spot
16
Which of the following is an example of an island arc formed at an ocean-ocean convergent boundary?
Aleutian Islands
Hawaiian Islands
Azores Islands
Galapagos Islands
17
Magnetic stripes on the seafloor are evidence of:
continental drift
polar reversals
isostatic adjustment
hot spots
18
What is an example of a continental mountain range formed as a result of an ocean plate subducting under a continent?
Himalayas
Andes
Alps
Sierra Nevada
19
Transform boundaries are marked by which of the following at the contact point between the two plates?
hot spots
volcanoes
faults
mountain ranges
20
Which of the following occur at continent-continent convergent boundaries?
earthquakes and mountains
hot spots and earthquakes
volcanoes and earthquakes
mountains and island arcs
21
Which of the the following is the oldest of the main Hawaiian Islands?
Oahu
the Big Island of Hawaii
Maui
Kauai
22
The principle of isostasy says that there is a state of gravitational equilibrium between what two layers of the Earth?
crust and mantle
lithosphere and asthenosphere
mantle and outer core
outer core and inner core
23
Which plate subducts when two continental plates converge?
neither subducts
the younger one
the older one
both subduct
24
Plate tectonics incorporates what two ideas into a unified model?
seafloor spreading and continental drift
seafloor spreading and isostasy
continental drift and spontaneous generation
hot spot formation and continental drift
25
Which of the following is true of basalt?
low silica content and low viscosity
high silica content and high viscosity
high silica content and low viscosity
low silica content and high viscosity
26
Which hot spot are we especially worried about because it has formed a supervolcano?
Galapagos
Hawaii
Yellowstone
Iceland
27
Which of the following is normally true?
a hot spot moves but the overlying plate does not
a hot spot is stationary but the overlying plate moves
both the hot spot and overlying plate are stationary
both the hot spot and overlying plate move
28
Which of the following continents was not a part of Gondwanaland?
Asia
Australia
Africa
India
29
What is the most abundant element in the crust?
iron
oxygen
magnesium
silicon
30
What is the name given to flat-topped seamounts, which were once mountains but were eroded away by waves?
guyots
barrier reefs
fringing reefs
atolls
31
Two plates move toward each other at what type of plate boundary?
hot spot
divergent
transform
convergent
32
If you are standing on a rock and your compass needle points downward, where did this rock orginally form?
near the equator
near the magnetic south pole
near the magnetic north pole
at the center of the Earth
33
Who proposed the theory of continental drift in 1912?
Edward Suess
Harry Hess
Francis Bacon
Alfred Wegener
34
Trenches occur at what type of convergent boundaries?
ocean-ocean only
ocean-ocean and ocean-continent
continent-continent and ocean-continent
all of them
35
Which of these island arcs was formed by the subduction of the Australian Plate under the Eurasian Plate?
Mariana Islands
Indonesia
Japan
Tonga
36
Island arcs occur at what type of convergent boundaries?
all of them
ocean-ocean and ocean-continent
ocean-ocean only
continent-continent and ocean-continent
37
Which of the following is not a spreading center?
hot spot
continental rift valley
mid-ocean ridge
mid-ocean rise
38
Earthquakes and mountains occur at what types of convergent boundaries?
ocean-ocean and ocean-continent
ocean-ocean and continent-continent
all of them
continent-continent and ocean-continent
39
What do fossil reefs in Great Britain indicate?
Great Britain was once near the poles
Great Britain was once located in the South Pacific
climate has fluctuated wildly in Great Britain
Great Britain was once near the equator
40
The Juan de Fuca Plate subducting beneath the North American Plate formed what mountain range in the Pacific NW U.S.?
Rockies
Sierra Nevada
Appalachians
Cascades
41
The San Andreas Fault is the tranform boundary between what two plates?
Pacific and North American
North American and South American
Juan de Fuca and Pacific
Juan de Fuca and North American
42
Volcanoes form at what type of convergent boundaries?
all of them
ocean-ocean and continent-continent
ocean-ocean and ocean-continent
continent-continent and ocean-continent
43
Who proposed the theory of seafloor spreading?
Francis Bacon
Vine and Matthews
Alfred Wegener
Harry Hess
44
What type of lava is erupted from continental volcanoes near ocean-continent subduction zones?
basalt
granite
andesite
rhyolite
45
The density of the core is much greater than that of the crust because the core is:
under low pressure and made mostly of metals
under high pressure and made mostly of metals
under high pressure and made mostly of nonmetals
under low pressure and made mostly of nonmetals
46
If two objects have the same density but differing thicknesses, what will happen when they are placed into a fluid?
the thinner object will sink deeper and project higher out of the fluid
the thicker object will not sink as deep but project higher
the thicker object will sink not sink as deep or project as high
the thicker object will sink deeper and project higher out of the fluid
47
What forms at a continent-continent convergent boundary?
trench
non-volcanic mountain range
volcanic mountain range
andesitic mountain range
48
What is the name given to te band of intense earthquake and volcanic activity surrounding the Pacific Plate?
Alpide Belt
Ring of Fire
Hot Spot Alley
Himalayan Orogeny
49
Where is crust being destroyed?
atolls
hot spots
continent-continent convergent boundaries
subduction zones
50
What island famously sits on both a hot spot and mid-ocean ridge, making it extremely volcanically active?
Iceland
Madagascar
Sumatra
Hawaii
51
Dipping zones of earthquakes at subduction zones are named after what geologist?
Benioff
Wegener
Richter
Hess
52
Continental crust projects above sea level and oceanic crust remains below sea level because:
continental crust is thicker and more dense
continental crust is thinner and more dense
continental crust is thinner and less dense
continental crust is thicker and less dense
53
What drives the motion of lithospheric plates?
the Moon's tidal forces
convection currents in the outer core
convection currents in the mantle
the Coriolis effect
54
What do coal beds in Antarctica indicate?
coal can form in cold, dry conditions
coal can form anywhere on Earth
Antarctica was once near the equator
Antarctica was once near the north pole
55
Which of the following best describes the behavior of magnetite particles?
random orientation at temperatures below the Curie point
random orientation at all temperatures
aligned with the magnetic field at temperatures above the Curie point
aligned with the magnetic field at temperatures below the Curie point
56
The collision of the African Plate with the Eurasian Plate formed which of the following?
the Pyrenees
the Himalayas
the Caledonian Mts.
the Alps
57
What is the deepest trench in the ocean?
Peru-Chile Trench
Mariana Trench
Japan Trench
Aleutian Trench
58
What was the name of the giant ocean that surrounded Pangaea?
Iapetus Ocean
Panthalassa
Pacific Ocean
Tethys Ocean
59
Sediment cores drilled in the 60s and 70s showed that no oceanic crust was older than:
200 million years old
100 million years old
1 billion years old
20 million years old
60
What direction is the Pacific Plate moving?
east
southwest
west
northwest
61
Two plates move away from one another at what type of plate boundary?
divergent
hot spot
convergent
transform
62
What name did Suess give to his southern continent?
Terra Australis
Sudetenland
Gondwanaland
Pangaea
63
When two oceanic plates meet at a convergent boundary, what will occur?
the older, less dense plate will subduct
the younger, more dense plate will subduct
the older, more dense plate will subduct
the younger, less dense plate will subduct
64
The symmetry of the magnetic stripes on either side of a mid-ocean ridge is evidence for:
hot spot formation
subduction
past earthquakes
seafloor spreading
65
Hot spots form which of the following:
chains of non-volcanic islands
Benioff zones
mountain ranges
chains of volcanic islands
66
Fossils of what fern from the Permian period have been found on all 5 continents that made up Gondwanaland?
Lystrosaurus
Cynognathus
Glossopteris
Mesosaurus
67
Fossils of what aquatic, freshwater reptile from the Permian period were found at the tips of Africa and South America?
Glossopteris
Cynognathus
Mesosaurus
Lystrosaurus
68
What type of volcano has the steepest slope (33 degrees)?
shield volcano
hot spot volcano
cinder cone
stratovolcano
69
What are shield volcanoes composed of?
molten rock
pyroclastic fragments
alternating layers of lava flows and pyroclatic fragments
lava flows
70
Which Cascade famously had an explosive eruption in 1980?
Mt. Shasta
Mt. Hood
Mt. Rainier
Mt. St. Helens
71
Where is new crust being made?
spreading centers
atolls
subduction zones
trenches
72
What mineral makes the study of paleomagnetism possible?
pyrite
galena
hematite
magnetite
73
If you are standing on a rock and your compass needle remains horizontal, where did this rock orginally form?
at the center of the Earth
near the magnetic south pole
near the equator
near the magnetic north pole
74
Why do mid-ocean ridges travel in a zig-zag pattern?
it looks zig-zag on a map, but it is actually straight
the ridge is offset by transform faults
spreading rates are wildly different along different sections of the ridge
volcanic eruptions cause it to zig-zag
75
Why does the lower mantle stay hot?
friction between the outer core and inner core generates heat
heat generated by radioactive decay
the mantle is made of things that cool slowly
the crust is very effective at trapping heat within the Earth
76
In the late 1500s and early 1600s, it was noted that what two continents seem to fit well together?
South America and Africa
Europe and Africa
Africa and Asia
South America and Asia
77
Upon the breakup of Pangaea, what name did Wegener use for the northern landmass?
Borealis
Laurasia
Eurasia
Gondwanaland
78
What did all 5 Gondwanaland continents have in the Paleozoic period that showed they were once together?
glaciation
swamps
coral reefs
Mesosaurus fossils
79
If you are standing on a rock and your compass needle points upward, where did this rock orginally form?
near the magnetic north pole
near the equator
near the magnetic south pole
at the center of the Earth
80
What are stratovolcanoes composed of?
alternating layers of lava flows and pyroclatic fragments
lava flows
molten rock
pyroclastic fragments
81
Two plates slide past one another at what type of plate boundary?
transform
convergent
hot spot
divergent
82
What plates are interacting to form the Andes Mountains?
the Pacific Plate is subducting under the South American Plate
the South American Plate is subducting under the Pacific Plate
the Nazca Plate is subducting under the South American Plate
the South American Plate is subducting under the Nazca Plate
83
What happens at a subduction zone that causes magma and a volcano to form?
silica enters the subducting plate, causing surrounding rocks to melt
water exits the subducting plate, causing surrounding rocks to melt
silica exits the subducting plate, causing surrounding rocks to melt
water enters the subducting plate, causing surrounding rocks to melt
84
Why is the lithosphere of Alaska and northern Canada experiencing isostatic rebound?
it has grown less dense over time
it has recently experienced more ice formation
it has grown more dense over time
most of the ice covering it has melted, decreasing its weight
85
Isolated areas of volcanic activity that are not necessarily associated with plate boundaries are called:
hot spots
guyots
atolls
volcanoes
86
Why does mantle material rise to the surface at a spreading center?
it has a relatively high temperature and low density
it has a relatively low temperature and high density
it has a relatively high temperature and high density
it has a relatively low temperature and low density
87
Where do shield volcanoes form?
mid-ocean ridges
hot spots
ocean-continent convergent boundaries
ocean-ocean convergent boundaries
88
The subduction of an oceanic plate under a continental plate leads to the formation of which of the following?
formation of a volcanic mountain range on the continent
formation of a hot spot
formation of a non-volcanic mountain range on the continent
formation of an island arc
89
At an ocean-continent convergent boundary, which plate subducts, and why?
the oceanic plate, because it is more dense
the continental plate, because it is less dense
the oceanic plate, because it is less dense
the continental plate, because it is more dense
90
The Andes are what type of volcanoes?
granitic
basaltic
rhyolitic
andesitic
91
What two mountain ranges were aligned in Pangaea that are not near one another now?
Appalachians and Caledonians
Alps and Himalayas
Appalachians and Rockies
Alps and Caledonians
92
In the early 1900s, who proposed that the southern coninents had once been joined into a single continent?
Abraham Ortelius
Alfred Wegener
Francis Bacon
Edward Suess
93
Which of the following was used by Wegener as evidence for continental drift?
almost identical 150 million year old rocks in Africa and South America
almost identical 50 million year old rocks in Africa and South America
almost identical 170 million year old rocks in Africa and South America
almost identical 250 million year old rocks in Africa and South America
94
Which of the following is not a typical cause of a tsunami?
seafloor spreading
underwater landslide
volcanic eruption
earthquake
95
What plate do you live on?
Juan de Fuca
Pacific
South American
North American
96
What is the largest lithospheric plate?
African Plate
Pacific Plate
North American Plate
Eurasian Plate
97
What name did Wegener give to his proposed supercontinent?
Gondwanaland
Pangaea
Laurasia
Rodinia
98
An ocean-ocean convergent boundary is always marked by which of the following?
hot spot and trench
spreading center and island arc
trench and island arc
trench and spreading center
99
Which of the the following is the youngest of the Hawaiian Islands?
the Big Island of Hawaii
Kauai
Oahu
Maui
100
Which of the following occur at transform boundaries?
earthquakes and subduction
earthquakes and trenches
earthquakes only
earthquakes and volcanoes

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