Design Considerations: Audience

conditions under which map will be used, assumptions about map reading skills of intended audience

Attributes being measured (data type, measurement scale)

Dimensions of Spatial Data: Thematic

Qualitative - Nominal Data

each category gets a unique, unrelated colour

using mean, SD, and median that is useful for comparing distributions

Equal Intervals based on mean and SD

scale constant in all directions

focus on bi-directional sharing of content

Landscape visualization

slope and aspect maps, layer tinting, cliff shading, hill shading

easy to understand, simple to compile, clearly shows location details and spatial distribution of values

digital images of traditional cartography

Objectives of Generalization

reduces complexity, maintain logical hierarchy, maintain attribute accuracy

orientation of projection surface with respect to generating globe

Diverging colour schemes

two colour ramps, ysing two colour hues

Time periods for which measurements are valid

Dimensions of Spatial Data: Temporal

Inherent error examples include

Interpolation algorithms, Census data, Cartographic Abstraction

Interactive maps with visualization and/or data analysis

can query a database for user-specific info

simplify features to eliminate unnecessary detail

Classification Methods: Convenient Round Numbers

cover full range of data values no classes with zero observations

sample pairs of known elevation based on survey., represented on terrain by monuments, rail spikes, bench marks, etc

Scale of Measurement: Ordinal

Order elements based on the degree to which they possess a characteristic

Choropleth Map Challenges

matching colours, masking variation, misinterpretation

Techniques for assuring data quality

social approach, crowd-source approach, geographic approach

studbud

GEOG 181 Exam

106 termsStudBud Administration10 plays

Imported from external platform

Flashcards106 cardsFPractice quizPHost liveL

Questions 106

Answers

1
Plane Projection Aspect is any other orientation
False
True
2
Classification - simplify attribute data
True
False
3
Design Considerations: Audience
conceptual abilities
conditions under which map will be used
assumptions about map reading skills of intended audience
4
By its very nature, GIS data contains a variety of errors
Inherent Error
Incident Error
Attribute Error
Operational Error
5
Projection aspect is the orientation of projection surface with respect to generating globe
False
True
6
Attributes being measured (data type, measurement scale)
Dimensions of Spatial Data: Spatial
Dimensions of Spatial Data: Temporal
Dimensions of Spatial Data: Interval
Dimensions of Spatial Data: Thematic
7
Exact magnitudes that relate to one another, but no absolute zero (spot heights, settlement date, temperature)
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
Nominal
8
No sharp breaks in surface although there may be steep slopes
Stepped
Discrete
Ratio
Continuous
9
Showing fires in the Amazon
cylindrical, oblique
cylindrical, equal-area
azimuthal, normal
conic, equidistant
10
Quantiles: data values from lowest to highest, divide into classes so have equal number of observations in each class
True
False
11
Qualitative - Nominal Data
two colour ramps, using two colour hues
each category gets a unique, unrelated colour
colours on a ramp using one colour hue
uses shades of one colour
12
using mean, SD, and median that is useful for comparing distributions
Quantities
Nested Means
Equal Intervals based on mean and SD
Geometric Series
13
Conformal Projection
preserves neither area nor shape
angles about point correctly represented on map
scale constant in all directions
areas on map = areas on generating globe
14
Cartographic abstraction - features must be selected and generalized to match the geographic scale of the map
False
True
15
Web 2.0
can query a database for user-specific info
can load different layers of information
focus on bi-directional sharing of content
digital images of traditional cartography
16
the 5 goals of map design are balance, hierarchy, data quality, clarity, and visual contrast
False
True
17
Landscape visualization
slope and aspect maps
layer tinting
cliff shading
hill shading
18
Proportional symbol map showing Polar Bear population in the Arctic
conic, oblique
cylindrical, normal
conic, transverse
azimuthal, equivalent
19
Human bias, problems in instruments, environmental conditions cannot be detected by repeated measurements
Systematic error
Operational error
Inherent error
Random error
20
Dot Map Advantages
easy to understand
simple to compile
map size
clearly shows location details and spatial distribution of values
21
Figure-ground relationship and balance are two goals of map design
True
False
22
Simple Static Maps
digital images of traditional cartography
can load different layers of information
can query a database for user-specific info
focus on bi-directional sharing of content
23
Ordinal, interval, ratio colouring is graded patterns/colours
True
False
24
Objectives of Generalization
reduces complexity
maintain spatial quality
maintain logical hierarchy
maintain attribute accuracy
25
Projection aspect
orientation of projection surface with respect to generating globe
scale constant in all directions about each point
classify based on construction method
three classes based on developable surfaces
26
General Purpose Map - variety of spatial features, not assign relative importance
False
True
27
Diverging colour schemes
colours on a ramp using one colour hue
two colour ramps, ysing two colour hues
use shades of one colour
each category gets a unique, unrelated colour
28
Time periods for which measurements are valid
Dimensions of Spatial Data: Thematic
Dimensions of Spatial Data: Spatial
Dimensions of Spatial Data: Temporal
Dimensions of Spatial Data: Ordinal
29
Inherent error examples include
Interpolation algorithms
Human error
Census data
Cartographic Abstraction
30
5 goals of map design are clarity, how to improve clarity, figure-ground relationship, continuity, and visual contrast
True
False
31
Interactive maps with visualization and/or data analysis
can load different layers of information
focus on bi-directional sharing of content
can query a database for user-specific info
essentially digital images of traditional cartography
32
shapes/colours to represent types of features (crop distributions using different coloured dots, tourist maps)
Ratio
Interval
Nominal
Ordinal
33
Generalization
simplify features to eliminate unnecessary detail
simplify attribute data
determine geo features and attributes to be represented on map
colours, patterns, symbols used to represent simplified features/attributes
34
An equal-area projection....
preserves shape and area
preserves neither shape or area
preserves area, distorts shape
preserves shape, distorts area
35
Figure - background Ground - what you notice first
False
True
36
Classification Methods: Convenient Round Numbers
cover full range of data values no classes with zero observations
arrange class limits with breaks/low points in the frequency distribution
class interval increase by constant ratio
class interval increase by constant amount from lowest ot highest class
37
Scale factor is ratio of actual map scale to principal map scale
False
True
38
Homogeneous neighbourhood, change in value at neighbourhood boundary
Stepped
Continuous
Discrete
Ordinal
39
Spot Heights
sample pairs of known elevation based on survey.
represented on terrain by monuments, rail spikes, bench marks, etc
vertical distance between horizontal planes
maps that portray the shape or form of the land surface
40
Classification Methods: Nested Means - divide distribution into two groups and then subdivide (above and below mean)
False
True
41
Type of developable surface used
Projection aspect
Projection case
Projection surface
Projection method
42
Citizen scientists - experts in the geography of their own activity spaces
False
True
43
The 5 goals of map design are clarity, visual contrast, figure-ground relationship, hierarchy, and balance
True
False
44
Interval/Ratio Data - scale symbol so size proportional to data value
False
True
45
Set of categories (ex: land use)
Nominal
Interval
Ratio
Ordinal
46
Index contours are thin, usually every fifth line
True
False
47
Determine geographic features and attributes to be represented on map
Symbolization
Classification
Selection
Generalization
48
Scale of Measurement: Ordinal
Exact magnitudes but no absolute zero
Measures relative to an absolute zero point
Set of categories
Order elements based on the degree to which they possess a characteristic
49
Choropleth Map Challenges
matching colours
masking variation
misinterpretation
map size
50
Techniques for assuring data quality
social approach
crowd-source approach
geographic approach
visual approach
51
The 5 goals of map design are clarity, how to improve clarity, visual contrast, figure-ground relationship, and balance
False
True
52
2D Symbols - length of proportional to data
False
True
53
Interval or Ratio Data - dot maps or proportional symbols
False
True
54
Depression contours are pits
True
False
55
A map showing historical treaties in Canada: mid-latitudes, conical
False
True
56
Select colours, patterns, symbols used to represent simplified features and attributes
Generalization
Symbolization
Classification
Selection
57
Location identifiers (points, lines, areas, volume surfaces)
Dimensions of Spatial Data: Temporal
Dimensions of Spatial Data: Discrete
Dimensions of Spatial Data: Thematic
Dimensions of Spatial Data: Spatial
58
Based on appropriate symbol choice, presented in clear, unambiguous manner
Figure-ground relationship
Visual clarity
Conceptual clarity
Visual contrast
59
Proportional Symbols Map - Nominal Data - show location and magnitude of data at each location
True
False
60
Natural Breaks - arrange class limits to correspond with breaks or low points in the frequency distribution
False
True
61
Supplementary contours are dash lines in flat areas
True
False
62
Contour intervals are vertical distances between horizontal planes
False
True
63
Use uniform symbols repeat symbols to show quantities
Discrete Maps
Choropleth Maps
Dot Maps
Point Symbol Maps
64
What are the three classes based on developable surfaces?
Cone
Cylinder
Plane
Sphere
65
Preserves neither area nor shape, but minimizes overall distortion
Conformal
Compromise
Equidistant
Azimuthal
66
Visual Contrast
makes map less interesting
takes away a focal point
helps create visual hierarchy
improves clarity
67
Improve clarity by
avoid overlapping
letter sizing
legend - identify all symbols
hierarchy
68
Thematic Map - show locations and amounts show spatial distributions
True
False
69
Choropleth Maps: a thematic map that use tones to represent spatial data as average values per unit area
True
False
70
N or S projection pole, axis of projection surface coincident with axis of globe
Normal projection aspect
Transverse projection aspect
Oblique projection aspect
Plane projection aspect
71
Scale of Measurement: Ratio
Measures relative to an absolute zero point
Order elements based on the degree to which they possess a characteristic
Set of categories
Exact magnitudes but no absolute zero
72
Graded series: uses shades of multiple colours
True
False
73
Teeter-totter principle: more weight to large objects, objects further from centre
True
False
74
Choropleth Map Classification Methods
colours or patterns
may depend on whether need to compare same distributions
accurately represented distribution of data values
show spatial variation in values
75
Dot Map Disadvantages
not effective unless there are significant variations in density
do not show exact quantities
difficult to estimate absolute densities
limited to showing overall colour patterns
76
1D Symbols - area of symbol proportional to data value
True
False
77
Arithmetic Series - class interval increase by constant ratio
True
False
78
Sequential - Ordinal, Interval, Ratio: colours on a ramp using one colour hue
False
True
79
Caused by limitations in human operator or instruments, tend to be small and tend to cancel one another in large samples
Systematic Error
Inherent Error
Random Error
Operational Error
80
Ordinal Data - modify size of symbol to reflect relative location importance
False
True
81
Fixed symbols sizes for each class
Ratio
Interval
Ordinal
Nominal
82
Associated with the collection, management, and processing of geospatial data
Inherent error
Systematic Error
Random Error
Operational error
83
Projection pole on equator, axis of projection surface perpendicular to axis of globe
Oblique Projection Aspect
Cylinder Projection Aspect
Normal Projection Aspect
Transverse Projection Aspect
84
Isolines are lines of various elevations
False
True
85
Figure-ground relationships are enhanced by
open forms
articulation
large areas
differentiation
86
AVOID
conflict
coalescence
contradiction
congestion
87
Surface Geometry: Discrete
surface has zero elevation except at data points
measures relative to an absolute zero point
homogenous neighbourhood, change in value at neighbourhood boundary
no sharp breaks in surface although there may be steep slopes
88
Projection case
orientation of projection surface
three classes based on developable surfaces
positioning of surface relative to generating globe
type of developable surface used
89
Design Considerations - Topic: determines map projection, scale, and degree of generalization
False
True
90
Conceptual clarity - based on objective analysis, emphasize important points, eliminate what doesn't enhance map message
True
False
91
Categories for assessing data quality
attribute accuracy
positional accuracy
completeness
logical consistency
92
Design Considerations
Topic
Production/Reproduction Methods
Format and Scale
Map Purpose
93
Angles about point correctly represented on map
Equivalent
Azimuthal
Equidistant
Conformal
94
Basic interactive maps
digital images of traditional cartography
can query a database for user-specific info
focus on bi-directional sharing of content
can load different layers of information
95
How to select an appropriate projection
who and when
map purpose
area of interest
determine geometric property you want to preserve
96
Accuracy - how closely the data match true values
False
True
97
Choropleth map class numbers depend on ...
# of classes/observations
map size
population density
# of colours
98
Goals of Map Design
Visual Contrast
Projection
Clarity
Colours and Patterns
99
Contour Rules
each contour can occur at various elevation levels
contours that are closely spaced represent greater elevation change
contour loops may extend beyond the map sheet
contours can cross
100
Distances from point to standard line true to scale
Equidistant
Azimuthal
Equal-Area
Conformal
101
Contrast based on
colour
placement
size
shape
102
The Mercator map projection preserves shapes and distorts area
True
False
103
Nominal colouring is graded patterns/colours
False
True
104
Arithmetic Series: class interval increase by constant amount as move from lowest to highest class
False
True
105
Classification Methods: Equal Interval
sort data values from lowest to highest
uses mean, SD, and median
divide distribution into two groups, subdivide each group
divide range of data values into classes having uniform width
106
Sources of Operational Errors
Uncertainty
Data automation and compilation
Base map compilation
Data processing and analysis

GEOG 181 Exam Flashcards | StudBud