Negative reinforcement involves...

the removal of an unpleasant stimulus

blocks the action of neurotransmitters

What is cognitive dissonance?

a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions

The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...

you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression

If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...

the other boy started it and he was defending himself

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Cumulative AP Psychology Exam Review

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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.

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Questions 150

Answers

1
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
sebaceous gland
pancreas
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
2
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
corpus callosum
parietal lobe
pineal gland
thalamus
3
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
behavioral
humanistic
psychoanalytic
cognitive
4
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
chunk
schema
semantic network
script
5
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
rabbit
loud noise
fear reaction
rat
6
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
reduction of inhibitions
resistance to pain
hallucinations
total loss of personal control
7
Negative reinforcement involves...
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
8
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
hypothalamus
occipital cortex
prefrontal cortex
medulla
9
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
cognitive structuring
stereotypes
cultural direction
schematizing
10
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
neurotransmitters
action potentials
antagonists
agonists
11
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
feeding
memory
the endocrine system
the autonomic nervous system
12
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
hypothalamus
cerebral cortex
medulla
corpus callosum
13
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
functionalism
collectivism
individualism
attributionism
14
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
sensation
hypnosis
consciousness
perception
15
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
platonic
phonemic
morphemic
mnemonic
16
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a social psychologist
a developmental psychologist
a clinical psychologist
a forensic psychologist
17
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
preconventional
conventional
concrete
postconventional
18
An antagonist...
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
extends the absolute refractory period
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
19
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
initiative vs. guilt
industry vs. inferiority
trust vs. mistrust
20
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a self-report inventory
a projective test
a behavior rating
a deceptive test
21
What is somnambulism?
difficulty breathing when asleep
sleep-walking
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-talking
22
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
state-dependent learning
observational learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
23
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
metalinguistic awareness
overextension
fast-mapping
semantic slanting
24
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the triarchic level of encoding
dyadic encoding
the semantic level of encoding
attention encoding
25
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
variable-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
fixed-interval schedule
variable-ratio schedule
26
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
predictive validity
standardized validity
content validity
criterion-related validity
27
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
instinct theory
drive theory
incentive theory
evolutionary theory
28
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
decibels
timbre
pitch
loudness
29
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
personality; standardized
intelligence; personality
standardized; intelligence
intelligence; standardized
30
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
morphemes
syntax
phonemes
linguistic heuristics
31
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
thyroid
thalamus
pituitary
gonads
32
What is cognitive dissonance?
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
33
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
after autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
34
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
law of small numbers
representativeness heuristic
availability heuristic
conjunction heuristic
35
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
the internal state causes the facial expression
36
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
the absolute refractory period
transduction capacity
transduction incapacity
the relative threshold period
37
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
groupthink
obedience
conformity
cognitive dissonance
38
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
stimulus discrimination
spontaneous recovery
conditioned emotional reactions
stimulus generalization
39
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
illusions
obsessions
hallucinations
delusions
40
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
pseudoinsomnia
sleep apnea
insomnia
narcolepsy
41
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender roles
gender differences
gender behaviors
gender stereotypes
42
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
cross-sectional
longitundinal
sequential
time of testing
43
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
sensory
long-term
intermediate-term
short-term
44
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
he always gets in fights
he's just like his father
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
45
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
endorphin
serotonin
dopamine
acetylcholine
46
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
observational learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
punishment
47
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
aversion therapy
systematic desensitization
psychotherapy
avoidance therapy
48
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
percentiles
correlation coefficients
standard deviation
means
49
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
cyclical
bipolar
unipolar
dissociative
50
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
avoidance
repression
suppression
neurogenic amnesia
51
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the experimental group
the observational group
the correlational group
the control group
52
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a phobia
a compulsion
an obsession
a delusion
53
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-up processing
top-down processing
lateral processing
bottom-to-top processing
54
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
a situational attribution
an internal attribution
a distinctive attribution
an external attribution
55
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
fear the dark
print letters
sing a song
tie shoe laces
56
A perceptual set implies that...
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
people often see what they expect to see
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
57
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
predictability
accuracy of inference
consistency
representativeness
58
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
reiteration
recognition
relearning
recall
59
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
modeled
ablated
retrieved
encoded
60
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
subliminal perception
a just noticeable difference
a superimposed stimulus
a false alarm
61
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
genital
oral
latency
anal
62
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
criterion-related
construct
absolute
content
63
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
fixation
regression
compensation
displacement
64
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Wernicke's area
Broca's area
Sperry's area
Cannon's area
65
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
salivation
food/meat powder
light
tone
66
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
physical interaction
systematic hypothesis testing
logical reasoning
abstract operations
67
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
personality
schizophrenic
anxiety
mood
68
Anhedonia is when a person...
has trouble getting along with people
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
experiences mild manic states
has two different psychological disorders
69
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
high in agreeableness
high in neuroticism
low in openness
low in extraversion
70
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
were put into a simulated prison
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
71
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
cocaine
marijuana
mescaline
heroin
72
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
classical conditioning
positive reinforcement
superstitious behavior
observational learning
73
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
remain in continuous wakefulness
remain in continuous sleep
become fearful/cautious
become aggressive
74
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
spontaneous remission
unconditioning
extinction
conditioned forgetting
75
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a contravened stereotype
a heuristic observation
a self-serving attribution
demonstrates an illusory correlation
76
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
strange situation
attachment probing
secure-avoidant
shared inhibition
77
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
centration
egocentrism
reversibility
conservation
78
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the gambler's fallacy
overestimating the improbable
the confirmation bias
the conjunction fallacy
79
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
autonomic nerves
efferent nerves
afferent nerves
sympathetic nerves
80
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
excessive guilt
social charm
aggressiveness
manipulative behavior
81
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the cephalopedal trend
the cephalocaudal trend
encephalitis
the proximodistal trend
82
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
the brain
conscious experience
the unconscious
behavior
83
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
perception
attention
processing
sensation
84
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
pseudoforgetting
anterograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia
retroactive interference
85
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
subliminal threshold
absolute threshold
sensory memory
just noticeable difference
86
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
wish fulfillment theory
None of the Above
activation-synthesis theory
problem-solving theory
87
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
fear
sadness
happiness
surprise
88
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
fill-feed
car-nose
boat-goat
tree-bird
89
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 2
stage 1
stage 4
REM
90
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
olfactory cilia
smell buds
gustatory bulbs
sciatic receptors
91
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
operant conditioning
observational learning
reinforcement
classical conditioning
92
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
an amphetamine
a narcotic
a sedative
a hallucinogen
93
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
are using the representativeness heuristic
use a holistic decision model
use the elimination by aspects strategy
are using the availability heuristic
94
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
saturation
brightness
color
light purity
95
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
a risk-aversion conflict
an approach-approach conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
96
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
bipolar disorder
conversion disorder
fugue
panic disorder
97
Homeostasis is a state of...
physiological instability
physiological stability
psychological instability
psychological stability
98
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
unrealistic demands from family/friends
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
99
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
a personality test
an intelligence test
an achievement test
an aptitude test
100
The superego is Freud's term for...
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the moral component of personality
the conscious aspect of personality
the mediating agent between the id and ego
101
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
musical
logical-mathemathical
mechanical
spatial
102
Framing refers to...
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting only part of the information required
presenting irrelevant information
103
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
amount of time awake
amount of time alseep
cultural practices
exposure to light
104
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
halo effect in aggression
basis for performing pro-social behavior
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
105
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
reasoning
intelligence
insight
creativity
106
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
investment differentiations
parental investments
display rules
social scripts
107
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold information for a lifetime
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
put information into long-term memory
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
108
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
109
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
reticular formation
leftbrain/right brain communication
limbic system
endocrine system
110
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
positron emission tomography
electrographic tomography
computerized tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
111
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
changes in testing procedures
group differences in basic intelligence
a variety of environmental factors
genetic influences on IQ
112
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
mean
mode
midpoint
median
113
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
offense mechanisms
defense mechanisms
coping mechanisms
id mechanisms
114
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
classical conditioning
latent learning
insight learning
operant conditioning
115
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
a percentile score
mental age
IQ
a potential score
116
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test norms
test levels
test scores
test scales
117
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
group polarization
deindividuation
conformity
social loafing
118
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
change
pressure
conflict
frustration
119
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
direct observation
physiological recordings
psychological tests
questionnaires
120
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
prejudices
stereotypes
attributions
self-serving bias
121
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
personality
temperament
attachment
behavioral quality
122
A valid test is one that...
is consistent
is reliable
has been standardized but not normed
measures what it is supposed to measure
123
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
spinal cord
location of injury
thalamus
cortex
124
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
partial storage
complete storage failure
partial retrieval
complete retrieval failure
125
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
oval window
stirrup
temporal lobe
cochlea
126
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
Rene Decartes
William James
G. Stanley Hall
Wilhelm Wundt
127
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
positive reinforcement
escape learning
an unconditioned response
avoidance learning
128
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
selection
step-wise conditioning
stimulus discrimination
shaping
129
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
display rules
the principle of collectivism
the reciprocity norm
the law of cognitive dissonance
130
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
131
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
crystallized
procedural
fluid
episodic
132
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
anxiety disorders
marital problems
schizophrenia
bipolar disorder
133
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
a headache
not been dreaming
been dreaming
not really been asleep
134
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
vitreous humor
cornea
lens
iris
135
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
the unconscious
the conscious
irrational thoughts
maladaptive behaviors
136
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
reticular formation
limbic system
cerebellum
brainstem
137
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
censoring dissent from group members
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
138
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
opiates
teratogens
pathogens
prenatals
139
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
cookie
I eated a cookie
i wanted a cookie
give cookie
140
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
delta
gamma
alpha
beta
141
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
cognition
mentalism
introspection
intelligence
142
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
neodynamism
functionalism
psychoanalysis
behaviorism
143
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
non-declarative memories
sensory memories
flashbulb memories
episodic memories
144
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
seeing a flash of light
moving a part of his body
hearing a sound
smelling an odor
145
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
thought is to perception
attitude is to action
behavior is to motive
feeling is to thinking
146
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
alcohol
cannabis
sedatives
narcotics
147
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
stereotaxic inversion
tumor ligation
lesioning
ESB
148
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
crowded living conditions
the personal qualities of the residents
poor police protection
job discrimination experienced by the residents
149
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
formal operations
development of secondary sex characteristics
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
post-conventional moral reasoning
150
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
similiarity
symmetry
closure
constancy

Cumulative AP Psychology Exam Review Flashcards | StudBud