What is an Expert Witness?

Someone with special knowledge or proficiency in a field

What is standard (or burden) of proof?

The amount of certainty needed in a legal proceeding

How might negative reinforcement increase the likelihood of continued drug use ?

Drugs is used to remove the unpleasant feeling of withdrawal

What happens when someone is found NGRI (not guilty reason of insanity)

They are civilly committed until no longer mentally ill

what is negative reinforcement?

Removing an aversive stimulus to increase a behavior

In carrying out his crimes, what can be said about Jefferey Dahmer?

He showed intent to commit murder

What was the main purpose of the Milgrim Shock experiments

To figure out how seemingly normal people can act violently

when can a plea bargain be made?

A plea bargain can be made at anytime

What is true about Reinforcement

It increases the likelihood of future behavior

What is true about Classical Theory of Crime?

It addressed excess punishment and focused on consistency

what if trial competency is not likely to be restored?

Defendant is released after 2/3 of the maximum sentence

Why is Phineas Gage's case significant?

He showed how brain legions affect criminal behavior

What is the main purpose of a criminal trial?

Determine if a defendant is guilty or not guilty of a crime

What is true about punishment and extinction

It decreases the likelihood of future behavior

What is the difference between jail and prison?

Jails hold inmates awaiting trial and with shorter sentences

What is Modus Operandi ?

A strategy for committing a crime

what happens if a person is found incompetent to stand trial

They go to a secure hospital where competency is restored

What two elements make up a Jurisdiction?

Political and Geographical area

If a defendant enters a plea of not guilty, then

the case will end up in front of a grand jury

What did the results of the separated twins studies indicate?

Genetics play a larger role in explaining behavior

In an insanity defense trial, the Jury must

Decide if a mental health condition caused legal insanity

What is the purpose of a grand jury?

To determine whether a crime was committed

The insanity defense focuses on mental state at which point in time?

At the time a Crime was committed

What were the results of the Milgram Shock Study?

Most people were willing to administer all of the shocks

If a defendant is released during the arraignment, but charges are not dropped/dismissed, then

Defendant is free to go but given another court appearance

formal documentation of being arrested

What was a main difference between Neo-Classical theory (NCT) and Classical Theory (CT)

NCT introduced the concept of premeditation

What is Probable Cause?

A reasonable basis for believing a crime has been commited

What is positive reinforcement?

Adding a stimulus to increase a response or behavior

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Criminal Justice chapters 1-3

67 termsStudBud Administration226 plays

Chapter 1

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Questions 67

Answers

1
What does the Criminal Justice consist of?
All of the above
Federal and State Prisons and Jails (Corrections)
Law Enforcement agencies
Federal and State Court system
2
What guideline do states use when defining legal insanity?
Competency to stand trial test
M'naghten Rule
Dusky Standard
Malingering Inventory
3
What is an Expert Witness?
A person who saw a crime being committed
The smartest person who saw a crime being committed
Someone with special knowledge or proficiency in a field
Someone who coaches a witness when testifying
4
A charging document used by the Prosecutors' office against a defendant is called
A Booking
A grand jury
An Information
All of the above
5
What is standard (or burden) of proof?
A legal document used to charged to defendant
A strategy used by a defense lawyer to confuse the jury
the degree to which a Judge is sure about a law
The amount of certainty needed in a legal proceeding
6
Law Enforcement includes which of the following?
Federal law enforcement agencies (FBI, CIA etc)
State Police
All of the above
Local Law enforcement agencies
7
How might negative reinforcement increase the likelihood of continued drug use ?
Drugs is used to remove the unpleasant feeling of withdrawal
Drugs lead to arrest, which will increase drug use in jail
Drugs are used to feel euphoria (being high)
Negative reinforcement will actually prevent drug use
8
What happens when someone is found NGRI (not guilty reason of insanity)
They are civilly committed until no longer mentally ill
They are free to go
They are still put in jail
THey are sentenced to death
9
what is negative reinforcement?
Removing an aversive stimulus to increase a behavior
Removing an aversive stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior
Adding an aversive stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior
Adding an aversive stimulus to increase a behavior
10
To be considered Competent to stand trial, a defendant must be able to
consult with counsel with a rational degree of understanding
All of the above
understand the roles of judge, jury and prosecutor
understand nature of the charges being brought against him
11
Which brain region do modern bio-criminologists study to explain criminal behavior
Amygdala
Occipital lobe
Broca's and wernike's areas
Hippocampus
12
What happens during an Arraignment?
A defendant can enter a plea of guilty/not guilty
All of the above
Defendant is given a chance to take a plea bargain
A Defendant is provided an attorney (if cannot afford one)
13
In carrying out his crimes, what can be said about Jefferey Dahmer?
He killed because of voices in his head
He showed intent to commit murder
He was not competent to stand trial
He was legally insane based on the brutality of his murders
14
What was the main purpose of the Milgrim Shock experiments
To figure out how seemingly normal people can act violently
To test how memory is effected my an electric shock
To show that people will not act violently given the chance
to make people upset by forcing them to hurt other people
15
when can a plea bargain be made?
At Arraignment only
During a grand jury proceeding only
During Trial only
A plea bargain can be made at anytime
16
What is true about Reinforcement
It is effective in preventing crime
It increases the likelihood of future behavior
Punishment reinforces behavior
It decreases the likelihood of future behavior
17
What is true about Classical Theory of Crime?
Positive reinforcement as the determining factor in behavior
Nature was seen as dominating over nurture
It addressed excess punishment and focused on consistency
It took into account an offenders mental state
18
Which is an example of a General Intent crime
DWI
burglary
arson
murder
19
What is a POSSIBLE outcome of an Arraignment?
Defendant is remanded to jail
All of the above
Defendant is released
bail is set
20
what if trial competency is not likely to be restored?
Defendant is found guilty of the crime
Defendant is released after 2/3 of the maximum sentence
The defendant is presumed innocent and set free
the defendant takes a plea bargain
21
Why is Phineas Gage's case significant?
He showed how brain legions affect criminal behavior
He helped prove body type theories of crime
He showed that nurture might have a stronger influence
He showed how obedienc can increase criminal behavior
22
What is the main purpose of a criminal trial?
To punish the defendant
Determine if a crime has been committed
To settle personal lawsuits
Determine if a defendant is guilty or not guilty of a crime
23
What is true about punishment and extinction
It increases the likelihood of future behavior
Punishment if an effective means of deterring crime
It can predict if someone will break the law
It decreases the likelihood of future behavior
24
what happens if a Grand Jury finds probable cause that a crime has been committed (indictment)
The case can go to trial
All of the above
The defendant can take a plea bargain
The defendant can change his plea to guilty
25
What is the difference between jail and prison?
Prisons hold inmates awaiting trial
Prisons hold more dangerous criminals
Jails hold inmates awaiting trial and with shorter sentences
Food is better in Prison than jail
26
What is Modus Operandi ?
A strategy for committing a crime
Operating under the influence of drugs or alcohol
What a person does after the crime is committed
A federal standard of operating in court
27
what happens if a person is found incompetent to stand trial
trial goes on
They go to a secure hospital where competency is restored
case is dismissed
they are found innocent of the crime
28
In an insanity defense, the defendant
Acknowledges that a crime was committed
All of the above
Must prove that they were legally insane during a crime
Is considered sane
29
A defendant's first contact with the Court system occurs when?
Arraignment
Grand Jury hearing
Trial
At the police station
30
What two elements make up a Jurisdiction?
Cops and robbers
Political and Geographical area
Stop and Frisk
Trial Jury and Grand Jury
31
If a defendant enters a plea of not guilty, then
the case goes directly to trial
the case will end up in front of a grand jury
non of the above
It is assumed that the defendant is guilty
32
Who ultimately decides if a defendant is legally insane in a jury trial
A Judge
An expert witness
A panel of Forensic Psychologists
A Jury
33
What did the results of the separated twins studies indicate?
Genetics play a larger role in explaining behavior
Environment factors play a large role in explaining behavior
None of the above
Behavior canbe explained by environment and genetics equally
34
In an insanity defense trial, the Jury must
Decide if the defendant is innocent or guilty
Decide if the defendant can stand trial
Decide if a crime was committed
Decide if a mental health condition caused legal insanity
35
What is the purpose of a grand jury?
To determine whether a crime was committed
to determine whether a defendant is innocent or guilty
36
Which Standard (or Burden) of Proof is required to find a defendant guilty in a criminal trial?
Clear and convincing evidence
Beyond a Reasonable Doubt
Probable Cause
Preponderance of evidence
37
The insanity defense focuses on mental state at which point in time?
During the trial
At the time a Crime was committed
After a crime was committed
before a crime was committed
38
In testing biological theories of crime, which studies are often used ?
twin studies
All of the above
Separated twin studies
Adoption studies
39
what occurs during a booking?
Listing of all charges against a person
Fingerprinting
All of the above
Mug shots
40
what is mens rea?
The Intent to commit a crime
The fact that men commit crimes than women
Another name for a police officer
A guilty act
41
The video we watched on the Kenneth Bianchi is an example of
A malum prohibitum crime
Trial procedure
Someone legally insane
Malingering
42
What is the Dusky Standard?
state standard of competency
federal standard of insanity
state standard of insanity
Federal standard of competency
43
Why might a plea bargain be offered to and accepted by a defendant?
A trial is very expensive and time consuming
Prosecutor not sure if a defendant will be found guilty
A defendant knows he will be found guilty of the crime
All of the above
44
What were the results of the Milgram Shock Study?
Obedience was not a factor in determining someone's behavior
Most people were willing to administer all of the shocks
Most people were not willing to administer the shocks
An aversive stimulus negatively affects a person's memory
45
Which of the following is a legal defense against crime/criminal responsibility
Insanity
Self Defense
All of the above
Duress
46
What is true about Competency to stand trial?
It is a federal standard
It is a state standard
If someone is not competent, their case will be dismissed
It uses the M'Naghten guideline
47
If a defendant is released during the arraignment, but charges are not dropped/dismissed, then
Defendant is free to go but given another court appearance
Defendant is free to go and not required to return to Court
The defendant is found innocent of the crime
Bail is set
48
What is a booking?
To reserve a spot in the courtroom
formal documentation of being arrested
To be fined for a crime
A detailed police report, including witness statements.
49
What was a main difference between Neo-Classical theory (NCT) and Classical Theory (CT)
NCT was introduced in Medieval Times
CT was focused on predetermination
CT was focused on mental state
NCT introduced the concept of premeditation
50
What is Probable Cause?
Absolute certainty that a crime has been committed
A hunch or gut feeling that a crime was committed
A reasonable basis for believing a crime has been commited
51
What is positive reinforcement?
Removing a stimulus to increase a response or behavior
Adding a stimulus to decrease a response or behavior
Adding a stimulus to increase a response or behavior
Removing a stimulus to decrease a response or behavior
52
How does Trial Competency differ from legal insanity
competency focuses on mental state at the time of offense
Competency focuses on current mental state
Competency is a legal defense
Competency focuses on mental state before the crime
53
Which of the following is needed for something to be considered a crime?
actus reus
All of the above
Penalization from the State
Mens Rea
54
What Standard of Proof does a Grand Jury use to determine if a crime has been committed?
Clear and Convincing Evidence
Probable Cause
Preponderance of Evidence
Beyond a reasonable doubt
55
What is Actus Reus?
A guilty act
A defense in Court
The act of being arrested
The intent to commit a crime
56
What is true about Classical Theory of crime
Excess punishment was seen as fair
Punishment was not a good way to prevent crime
It took into account an offenders mental state
It rejected the idea of predetermination
57
According to body type theory, a person with which body type is most likely to be a criminal?
Endomorphic (fat and soft)
Anthromorphic (short and stocky)
Mesomorphic (muscular and hard)
Ectomorphic (thin and fragile)
58
How does legal insanity differ from Trial Competency
insanity focuses on mental state at the time of a crime
Insanity is not a legal defense
Insanity focuses on mental state before the time of a crime
Insanity focuses on current mental state
59
Most criminal cases end up
Being portrayed on Law and Order
being dismissed
going to trial
Being handled with a plea bargain
60
What is a person's first encounter with the criminal justice system
Grand Jury
Arraignment
Booking
Arrest
61
Who determines if a defendant is competent to stand trial
Judge
Panel (2 or more) forensic psychologists
expert witness testimony
Jury
62
what is the main purpose of the milgrim shock study?
to test the effects of an aversive stimulus on memory
To show how obedience plays a role in aggression
To show how positive reinforcement can lead to violent acts
to show how negative reinforcement leads to violent acts
63
What is true about a trial?
Answers 2 and 3 are both correct
The burden of proof of guilt is on the prosecutor
The defendant is presumed guilty
The defendant is presumed innocent
64
Which is an example of a Malum Prohibitum Crime?
All of the above
stealing
speeding on the highway
Murder
65
Which is an example of a Malum in se crime?
Speeding on the highway
All of the above
Stealing
Murder
66
What does modern bio-criminology look at to explain criminal behavior?
Body type theories
Milgrim Shock studies
Brain lesions and chemical dysfunctions
Twin and adoption studies
67
What is a problem with the Insanity defense and M'Naghten Guideline?
Malingering
Does not take into account Irresistible Impulse
Hard to determine mental state at time of crime
All of the above

Criminal Justice chapters 1-3 Flashcards | StudBud