Chapter 8 psych (Conlon)

We are cognitive misers (stingy) who use mental shortcuts- heuristics to understand the world

We use schemas to group things based on shared properties

Asked about his transportation, Mark says “car,” rather than the general “vehicle” or specific “sedan.” This illustrates

Basic categorization uses naturally preferred, moderately general terms e.g., "car" rather than broad or specific labels

While reading a story N imagines the setting characters and events unfolding in her mind to understand the plot

Before a math test, Ana is reminded she's part of a group that does poorly in math and her performance drops This shows

Syntax is the set of rules that governs the structure and word order in sentence to create clear and meaningful language

J feels more connected and trusting toward classmates from his own school compared to students from another This shows

Faced with too many job offers, Nina picks the first decent one instead of evaluating all options. This shows:

Anchoring bias is the tendency to base decisions on initial information—even if it’s irrelevant to the final choice.

GShort for “general factor” and is often used to be synonymous with intelligence itself.

We tend to categorize concepts based on a prototype- best ex of a category

When Ben says, “Dog the chased cat the,” it sounds wrong, even though the words are correct. The error is in:

While learning Spanish, Emma builds a list of words and their meanings in her mind, like “gato” means cat. This involves

After forgetting her keys, Tia accuses her roommate of being careless, reflecting her own tendencies. This shows:

John takes an exam designed to predict his ability to succeed in engineering, assessing his future potential. This is an

When identifying a bird, Jake compares it to actual birds he's seen before, like robins or sparrows. He's using:

Tom believes a lion raised by humans still has innate wildness, believing certain traits can't change. This illustrates:

Heuristics & other strategies help simplify decision making, but they are not perfect

A baby sticks out her tongue right after seeing her dad do the same, copying his action immediately. This behavior shows

Bounded awareness is when people overlook key info by focusing too narrowly or not realizing what they're missing.

While solving a difficult puzzle, Alex carefully evaluates each piece, logically determining how they fit together.

During salary negotiations, Ryan starts with a high number, which shapes the rest of the discussion. This demonstrates:

A store lists a jacket as “50% off $200,” and Sam feels it’s a great deal—even if $100 is still pricey. This shows:

Jason chooses a new laptop based on a few reviews instead of researching all models due to limited time. This reflects:

An outgroup is any group you don't identify with, often seen as different, and sometimes judged with bias or suspicion

A child says S will look in the basket not the box showing they don’t understand S holds a false belief about reality

Liam quickly spots patterns to solve a new logic puzzle he's never seen before. What is he using?

Jake promises to study all evening but ends up watching TV after work because he's tired and unfocused. This reflects:

Emma plans to eat healthy but ends up snacking on cookies after a stressful day, despite her intentions. This shows:

Anna insists a diamond shaped piece of glass isnt a "real diamond," believing diamonds have an innate quality This shows

Schemas show how things relate; prototypes help us quickly sort by comparing to the most typical example in memory.

Framing effect is when choices are influenced by how the same info is worded—positively or negatively.

Bounded rationality is making “good enough” choices due to limited time, information, or cognitive resources.

What example did Conlon give us about schemas

A test is normed by giving it to a large group to establish average scores, allowing comparison of individual results.

Explanations of behavior attributing actions to internal traits or external causes this process is called attribution

intelligence quotient- mental age / chronological age x 100 = IQ

Conlon showed that heuristics allowed for fast problem solving by talking about

Emotional Intelligence- managing your own emotions, using emotions to guide your thoughts, recognizing others emotions

Nina quickly sees number patterns and solves complex equations in her head. What intelligence is this?

How did conlon tells us to get over functional fixedness (object has one function)

Intelligence may be culture specific

After seeing the word “yellow,” Maya is quicker to recognize the word “banana” in a list. This effect is called:

Psychological essentialism: belief categories have deep, hidden, inherent traits defining their true nature beyond looks

Nora solves a crossword puzzle using her strong vocabulary and knowledge of word meanings. What is this?

Sarah takes a standardized exam measuring her general cognitive abilities logical thinking and reasoning skills This is

During a conversation Ben and Mia both understand that the game means the soccer match they watched yesterday This shows

Maria isn't book-smart but easily adapts to real-life challenges, quickly fixing her car using available tools.

A new intelligence test is given to thousands of people to establish average scores before public use This process shows

When asked, "What pet do you have?" Mia replies "dog," rather than "animal" or "golden retriever." This demonstrates:

heuristics are usually correct but sometimes wrong

Josh writes poems with rich vocabulary and easily learns new languages. What type of intelligence is this?

Linguistic intergroup bias - describing ingroup flaws vaguely but outgroup flaws specifically reinforcing group bias

What did Conlon say we did on first dates?

Intentionality is the purposeful, goal-directed mindset behind actions, showing awareness of others’ thoughts or needs.

When learning a language with no word for "future," Liam starts thinking more in the present moment. This supports:

When asked about furniture, picturing chairs before pianos illustrates

After watching shark attack news, Lily refuses to swim in the ocean, thinking attacks are common. What is this?

Mia learns dance routines quickly and expresses ideas through movement. What intelligence is she showing?

Most defs of intelligence are- learn from experience, solve problems, adapt to environmental changes

A lexicon is a persons mental dictionary containing all the words they know including meanings pronunciations, and usage

When J sees someone cut in line he thinks theyre rude not considering they may be in a hurry for an emergency This shows

Liam imagines how his struggling friend feels, mentally stepping into his shoes—this is an example of

Daniel reflects deeply on his emotions and sets personal goals based on self-awareness. What is he showing?

Simulation is the mental process of imagining another person’s thoughts or feelings to understand their mental state.

S can easily recognize melodies, create rhythms, and play instruments by ear. What intelligence is this and whos theory

M says they are rude when talking about an outgroup but says he acted rudely about someone from his own group This shows

After seeing a commercial about fitness, Sara is more likely to notice people jogging in the park. This reflects:

2 ads show a yogurt one says 90% fat free the other 10% fat People prefer the first though both are the same This shows

Jake buys the cereal with the brightest box, assuming it's the best. What thinking strategy is he using?

Jake meets a tall man and assumes he must be a basketball player, ignoring other facts. What is he using?

When asked to name a fruit T immediately thinks of apple its closely matches her mental image of fruits This illustrates

Sarah enters a fancy restaurant and knows to wait to be seated, not order at a counter. What guides her behavior?

Maria hears about several plane crashes and now avoids flying. What thinking shortcut is this?

Lily sees her brother hide a toy, but knows her friend—who didn’t see it—will look in the wrong spot first. This shows:

During a meeting, Noah focuses so much on the budget that he overlooks a major flaw in the project plan. This shows:

Heuristics are always correct

During a group project N easily keeps track of everyone's roles conflicts, and alliances Her ability supports which idea

NOBased on the observation that people who excel at one ability are NOT good at other abilities

Sam frequently generates original ideas, often approaching problems with unique, imaginative solutions.

Emma sees a robin and quickly calls it a bird, but hesitates with a penguin. What is she using to decide?

Who did not like the idea that intelligence was one thing?

Exemplar categorization involves classifying new items by comparing them to specific, real examples stored in memory.

Typicality refers to how representative or common an example is compared to a mental prototype within a certain category

Max sees a beanbag and still calls it a chair because it’s for sitting. What mental process is he using?

Heuristic- a mental shortcut that provides quick estimates about the likelihood of uncertain events

Theory of mind is understanding that others have separate thoughts, desires, and knowledge that influence their actions.

Eva takes an exam after her math course to specifically measure learned skills; this illustrates an

Intentional means doing something on purpose or deliberately, not by accident or without awareness.

IQ TEST QUESTIONS TO ASK- IS reliable? is valid? is culturally biased?

To ensure fairness, every student takes the test under the same conditions with the same instructions This process shows

Liam donates a large portion of his bonus to charity, even though he could’ve spent it on himself. This reflects:

What did Conlon say about the availability heuristic?

Willpower is bounded means our self-control has limits and can decrease with fatigue stress or repeated decision-making

Tom carefully steps on each crunchy leaf for fun during his walk, doing it deliberately. His actions are:

Self-interest is bounded: people sometimes act fairly or generously, showing self-gain isn’t their only motivation.

M gives her friend a toy to cheer him up awareness of his feelings demonstrating intentionality

Leo reads maps easily and can mentally rotate 3D objects to solve puzzles. What type of intelligence is this?

During a peekaboo game, the baby laughs and moves in rhythm with her mother's voice and expressions. This reflects:

During a game, Max realizes his opponent doesn’t know his next move and plans accordingly. This demonstrates:

During trivia night, Paul easily recalls historical facts and vocabulary. What kind of intelligence is he using?

Situation models are mental images of events or scenes that help us understand and keep track of stories or conversation

Anna sees a quiet guy with glasses and assumes he’s a librarian, not a surfer. What bias is she using?

Charles Spearman (1904) viewed general intelligence as a single common factor

Liam sees a golden retriever and calls it a dog instantly, but pauses with a chihuahua. What is guiding him?

Lena assumes students from a rival school are unfriendly, even though she’s never met them. This shows:

Problem solving requires (Red and blue go to together)

Tara gets a job through a friend of a friend, showing how social networks offer support, info, and new opportunities.

Nina quickly sees number patterns and solves complex equations in her head. What intelligence is this?

Tasha easily senses when friends are upset and helps resolve conflicts. What intelligence is she using?

these next questions will be about gardners theory!

Humans' larger-than-expected brains may have evolved to handle complex social relationships—supporting the

A doctor says a treatment has a 95% success rate, and the patient agrees—though it also means 5% fail. This shows:

An achievement test assesses an individual's acquired knowledge skills or abilities from previous education or training

Bounded ethicality means people act unethically without realizing it, due to unconscious biases or situational pressures

Tom guesses which line is faster at the store based on how short it looks, not how fast it moves. What is this?

When Le sees someone stub their toe he winces and feels a slight pain too like he's sharing the experience This involves

Allows for fast & efficient problem solving

Lisa sees a new dog breed and identifies it by recalling specific dogs she's known before like her neighbors lab This is

A false-belief test checks if someone understands that others can hold beliefs that are incorrect or differ from reality

Thinking is: The manipulation of mental representations

Jenna watches a sad movie and tears up without thinking, instantly feeling the character’s pain. This reaction shows:

Sofia chooses to help a coworker finish a project, even though it means staying late and getting no extra pay This shows

Cattell's theory was about crystalized intelligence, & fluid intelligence.

Lily easily identifies plant species and loves organizing nature hikes. What intelligence is she using?

A baby and her dad both look at a dog after the dad points to it, sharing focus on the same thing. This shows:

An ingroup is a group you identify with, often leading to preference and trust toward its members over outsiders.

Ella moves a toy so her friend can see it better from where he's sitting, understanding his viewpoint. This shows:

Alex is lost in a foreign city with no phone but uses signs and logic to find his way. What is he relying on?

The next questions will be over Sternbergs theory?

what did Ross & Sicoly (1979) study?

When telling a story to kids, Alex uses simple words and funny voices to keep them engaged. This is an example of:

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that the language we speak shapes how we think, perceive, and understand the world

&understanding emotional language

Maya unknowingly favors her friend in a hiring decision, believing she's being fair, unaware of her bias. This shows:

Stereotype threat is when fear of confirming a negative stereotype harms a person's performance in that specific area.