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ESCI 121 - Final Exam Study Guide Flashcards | StudBud
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ESCI 121 - Final Exam Study Guide
what is a soil profile?
what are spodosols?
ESCI 121 - Final Exam Study Guide
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1
what are spodosols?
significant weathering
self mixing soils
organic soils
soil in grassy vegetation
2
what is a soil profile?
the soil classification system
the vertical section exposing a set of layers (consisting if horizins)
the prerequisite of soil formation
habitat for soil organism
3
what is ease of flow/hydraulic conductivity?
a measure of the amount of void spaces in an aquifer material
ease with which water flows through porous materials
based on the permeability of the material and the properties of the fluid
4
sedimentary rocks WOULDN'T exist without weathering and erosion
False
True
5
ground water moves from regions of higher energy to regions of lower energy (hydraulic head)
True
False
6
what are the methods of mitigating soil loss?
silt fences and retention basin
reducing wind erosion, no till farming, and grassed waterway
all of the above
strip cropping, terracing, and contour plowing
7
what is exfoliation?
the fracturing of igneous mass to thin slab
gradual peeling of layers due to uplift, expansion, and contraction
8
what are aridisols?
moderately developed soil
dry regions
soil profile is beginning to form
organic soils
9
all 3 components must be present in order for ground water to be considered a viable source
True
False
10
what are gelisols?
moderately weathered soil formed in decidous forest
soil in grassy vegetation
volcanic ash
soil formed in permafrost
11
what is the R horizon?
generally light colored due to leaching (zone of eluviation)
un-weathered parent rock
zone of accumulation (illuviation)
marks the beginning of the true mineral soil
12
what are the 2 soil orders found in connecticut?
histosols and gelisols
entisols and inceptisols
aridisols and alfisols
oxisols and vertisols
13
what is chemical weathering?
involves chemical transformation of rocks into 1 or more new components
no change in a rocks mineral composition
14
what is the modified mercalli intensity scale?
indicates ground motion amplitude (logarithmic)
subjective observations of damage and ground shaking (not quantitative)
15
what are the short term predictions of earthquake?
slight tilting or swelling of ground surface
fluctuating water levels and increased level of radon gas
all of the above
increase in foreshock
16
what is an unconfined/water table aquifer?
a horizontal permeable zone with impermeable zones above and below
a layer of saturated soil formed above the water table
receive infiltration/recharge from land surface
17
what are stalagmites?
mounds on the floor built up
formed when stalctites and stalagmites connect
hanging from the ceiling
18
what is the hydrologic (water) cycle?
process by which aquifers are replenished
a geologic unit that can store and transmit water
subsurface water that occurs beneath the water table
describes the existence and movement of water
19
what is the B horizon?
zone of accumulation (illuviation)
primarily composed of organic matter (loose and partly decomposed)
un-weathered parent rock
contains lumps or large shelves of un-weathered rock (no organic matter)
20
what is the elastic rebound theory?
when initial strength is reached, vibrational energy is released
rocks experiencing deformation store energy and bend
all of the above
explains fault rupture and earthquake generation
21
what are anidsols?
highly weathered soil
soil formed in permafrost
volcanic ash
significant weathering
22
what are entisols?
self mixing soil
organic soils
soil in grassy vegetation
moderately developed soil
23
the P-S interval indicates the distance to the epicenter
False
True
24
what are the factors controlling soil formation?
parent material
topography and time
organisms (plants and animals) and climate
all of the above
25
what are the long term predictions of earthquakes?
seismic gap
unusual/anomalous animal behavior
neither are correct
both A and B
26
what is soil taxonomy?
the soil classification system (also known as soil order)
dynamic natural body composed of mineral and organic matter
the vertical section exposing a set of layers
27
what is ground water sourced from?
large bodies of water (oceans/rivers/lakes) infiltrating the subsurface
melting ice (glaciers) infiltrating the subsurface
small bodies of water (ponds/streams) infiltrating the subsurface
precipitation (rain/snow) infiltrating the subsurface
28
what is a well?
a shallow hole used to plant seeds deeper in ground
a shallow hole used to access soil for planting
a deep hole used to access water from an aquifer
29
what is the P (primary/compressional) body wave?
only moves through solid rock and up and down or side to side (2nd fastest)
moves the ground laterally from side to side
it rolls, up and down and side to side in same direction as the wave
can move through solid and liquid and pushes and pulls (fastest)
30
what is a distant tsunami?
travels to land very quickly and gives people little time to react
travels out to sea and can travel long distances with little energy loss
31
what is seismology?
record of an earthquake
the study of tsunamis
the study of earthquakes
tool used to record earthquakes
32
rock permeability is proportional to fracture size, interconnectivity, and number
True
False
33
soil loss in the U.S. occurs mainly along major river valleys
True
False
34
during soil loss/erosion organic matter and clay particles are preferentially lost
True
False
35
what is the focus (hypocenter)?
surface point lying directly above the focus (ground motion is greatest)
source of energy/point of rupture
36
what are vertisols?
organic soils
self mixing soils
moderately developed soil
highly weathered soil
37
what is soil?
vertical section exposing a set of layers
the portion of regolith that supports the growth of plants
dynamic natural body composed of mineral and organic matter
the most abundant mineral group
38
what are the human and natural influences of soil erosion?
all of the above
floods, dust storm, and hurricane
deforestation and surface mining
urbanization and desertification
39
what is porosity (n = V
voids
/V
total
)?
based of the permeability of the material and the properties of the fluid
ease with which water will flow through a porous material
a measure of the amount of void spaces in an aquifer material
40
what is permeability?
ease with which water will flow through porous material
based on the permeability of the material and the properties of the fluid
a measure of the amount of void spaces in an aquifer material
41
what is hydrolysis?
just add water
rusting
dissolving
42
what are pressure release and thermal effects?
sheeting and exfoliation
rocks breaking or wearing down by direct actions of other rocks
plant roots split rocks and animals dig holes breaking up rocks
water freezes in the cracks of a rock and wedges it apart
43
what are the 2 kinds of factors controlling rates of weathering?
physical and chemical factors
air and water factors
climate/biotic and rock characteristics
44
what are the factors that determine of ground water is viable?
all of the above
the ease with which it can be withdrawn
the quantity that exists
the quality of the water
45
what is ground water?
a geologic unit that can store and transmit water
water that cannot be consumed by humans
subsurface water that occurs beneath the water table
water that occurs above the water table
46
what are inceptisols?
self mixing soil
soil profile is beginning to form
soil in grassy vegetation
soil formed in permafrost
47
what are stalactites?
formed when stalactites and stalagmites connect
mounds on the floor built up
hanging from the ceiling
48
what are alfisols?
organic soils
self mixing soils
volcanic ash
moderately weathered soil formed in decidous forests
49
what is the O horizon?
un-weathered parent rock
generally light colored due to leaching (zone of eluviation)
zone of accumulation (illuviation)
primarily composed of organic matter; loose and partly decayed
50
what are gaining/effluent streams?
greater infiltration causes ground water to flow into streams
water flows from streams to ground water
51
what are the 2 different types of weathering?
physical and chemical
textural and physical
chemical and elemental
elemental and textural
52
what is the tool used to monitor earthquakes?
geophones (underground)
neither are correct
seismograph/seismometer
both A and B
53
the B horizon is also known as the subsoil
True
False
54
what is a local tsunami?
travels to land quickly and gives people little time to react
travels out to sea and can travel long distances with little energy loss
55
frogs migrating away and elephants displaying as troubled and worried are examples of unusual animal behavior
True
False
56
what are dripstone columns?
formed when stalactites and stalagmites connect together
hanging from the ceiling
mounds on the floor built up
57
what is the S (secondary/shear) body wave?
it rolls, up and down and side to side in same direction as the wave
can move through solid or liquid and pushes and pulls (fastest)
moves the ground laterally from side to side
only moves through solid rock and up and down or side to side (2nd fastest)
58
the O and A horizon combined are the topsoil
False
True
59
what is the E horizon?
zone of accumulation (illuviation)
contains lumps or large shelves of un-weathered rock (no organic matter)
generally light colored due to leaching (zone of eluviation)
un-weathered parent rock
60
what is the process of triangulation?
calculating where the earthquakes farthest point will reach
calculates the magnitude of an earthquake
3 seismic stations and intersection indicates the epicenters location
61
what is the love surface wave?
only moves through solid rock and up and down or side to side
moves the ground laterally from side to side
it rolls, up and down and side to side in same direction as wave
can move through both solid and liquid and pushes and pulls
62
what is oxidation?
rusting
just add water
dissolving
63
what is an aquifer?
a tool that detects minute changes in water pressure
a tool used to measure and mointor earthquakes
a geologic unit that can store and transmit water
a tool that measures the magnitude of earthquakes
64
the hydrologic cycle is NOT the source of all fresh water
True
False
65
what percentage of earth's fresh water is surface water and readily available?
77.4%
0.5%
22.1%
66
silicate minerals weather in the same order they crystallize on bowen's reaction series
True
False
67
what are the components of seismic risk analysis?
create probability map and locate active faults
quake history (statistics)
competency of surficial materials (soil and rock)
all of the above
68
what is the richter intensity scale?
indicates ground motion amplitude (logarithmic)
subjective observations of damage and ground shaking (not quantitative)
69
what is sheeting?
the fracturing of igneous mass into a thin slab
gradual peeling of layers due to uplift, expansion, and contraction
70
what is the importance of weathering?
releases elements from rocks
weathering of ore deposits
important soil formation process and process of rock cycle
all of the above
71
what percentage of earth's fresh water is ground water and is readily available?
22.1%
77.4%
0.5%
72
what is the C horizon?
generally light colored due to leaching (zone of eluviation)
contains lumps or large shelves of un-weathered rocks (no organic matter)
zone of accumulation (illuviation)
un-weathered parent rock
73
what are ultisols?
volcanic ash
dry regions
self mixing soils
significant weathering
74
what is frost (ice) wedging?
plant roots spilt rocks and animals dig holes breaking up rocks
sheeting and exfoliation
rocks breaking or wearing down by direct actions of other rocks
water freezes in the cracks of a rock and wedges it apart
75
what are losing/influent streams?
water flows from streams to ground water
greater infiltration causes ground water to flow into streams
76
what are factors affecting ground shaking?
local soils and rock conditions
earthquake magnitude and focal depth
distance away from focus and ground amplification
all of the above
77
what percentage of earth's water is fresh water?
77.4%
22.1%
2.8%
97.2%
78
what is physical/mechanical weathering?
no change in a rocks mineral composition
involves chemical transformation of rocks into 1 or more new components
79
landslide/liquefaction (sand material turning into liquid) is NOT and effect of earthquakes
True
False
80
what is a perched aquifer?
receive infiltration/recharge from land surface
a horizontal permeable zone with impermeable zones above and below
a layer of saturated soil formed above the water table
81
what is the A horizon?
un-weathered parent rock
contains lumps or more likely large shelves of un-weathered rocks
marks the beginning of the true mineral soil; typically dark colored
zone of accumulation (illuviation)
82
what is base flow (method of ground water recharge)?
leads to the formation of sinkholes
dry weather flow from a stream or river to the nearby soil (vice versa)
precipitation and infiltration
83
what are the effects of pumping wells?
cone of depression (in water table)
all of the above
accelerates flow near wall and may reverse ground water flow
drawdown (lowering of water table)
84
what are oxisols?
dry regions
significant weathering
highly weathered soil
soil formed in permafrost
85
the composition of soil can be 100% water
False
True
86
a saturated zone is the area that contains ground water
False
True
87
physical/mechanical and chemical weathering occur simultaneously (compliment each other)
False
True
88
what is the engineering classification based on?
particle sizes or abundance of organic material
mineral composition
temperature
chemical composition
89
what percentage of earth's fresh water is ice and is not readily available
0.5%
22.1%
77.4%
90
what are histosols?
significant weathering
organic soils
dark, soft soil
highly weathered soil
91
what is the composition of soil?
5% air, 45% water, 25% organic matter, and 25% mineral matter
25% air, 5% water, 45% organic matter, and 25% mineral matter
25% air, 25% water, 5% organic matter, and 45% mineral matter
45% air, 25% water, 25%, organic matter, and 5% mineral matter
92
surface water is used more than ground water due to easy accessibility
False
True
93
what is the result of carbon dioxide (CO
2
) dissolution?
kaolinite
carbonic acid
calcite (limestone)
feldspar
94
what is abrasion?
rocks breaking or wearing down by direct actions of other rocks
water freezes in the cracks of a rock and wedges it apart
plant roots spilt rocks and animals dig holes breaking up rocks
sheeting and exfoliation
95
what is the result of ground water erosion?
landslides
sinkholes
earthquakes
tsunamis
96
what is hydraulic gradient (h
1
- h
2
/d)?
the ratio of difference of hydraulic head of 2 wells to distance
the level to which water will rise in a well above a reference datum
97
what is a confined aquifer?
a layer of saturated soil formed above the water table
a horizontal permeable zone with impermeable zones above and below
receive infiltration/recharge from land surface
98
what is organic activity?
sheeting and exfoliation
plant roots split rocks and animals dig holes breaking up rocks
rocks breaking and wearing down by direct actions of other rocks
water freezes in the cracks of rock and wedges it apart
99
what are molissols?
highly weathered soil
organic soils
self mixing soil
dark, soft soil
100
the granite dome in yosemite national park is an example of pressure release and thermal effects
True
False
101
what is a tsunami?
caused by a sudden vertical displacement of ocean water
vigorous ground shaking as a result of plate tectonic movement
102
what is solution/carbonation?
just add water
dissolving
rusting
103
what is the rayleigh surface wave
only moves through solid rock and up and down or side to side
it rolls, up and down and side to side in the same direction as wave
moves the ground laterally from side to side
moves through liquid and solid and pushes and pulls
104
the water table is the upper boundary of ground water
False
True
105
what is the epicenter?
surface point lying directly above the focus (ground motion is greatest)
source of energy/point of rupture
106
an earthquake needs > M7.5 to create enough displacement to cause tsunami
True
False
