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AP Psychology - Course Review
AP Psychology - Course Review
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A basic review over all material covered in AP #Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
Flashcards
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Questions
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Answers
1
Anhedonia is when a person...
experiences mild manic states
has trouble getting along with people
has two different psychological disorders
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
2
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
genetic influences on IQ
changes in testing procedures
group differences in basic intelligence
a variety of environmental factors
3
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
conventional
postconventional
concrete
preconventional
4
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
hypnosis
perception
consciousness
sensation
5
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
lesioning
tumor ligation
ESB
stereotaxic inversion
6
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
display rules
investment differentiations
social scripts
parental investments
7
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
standard deviation
means
percentiles
correlation coefficients
8
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
cortex
thalamus
spinal cord
location of injury
9
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
reinforcement
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
observational learning
10
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
11
What is cognitive dissonance?
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
12
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
limbic system
brainstem
reticular formation
cerebellum
13
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a heuristic observation
a contravened stereotype
a self-serving attribution
14
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
job discrimination experienced by the residents
the personal qualities of the residents
poor police protection
crowded living conditions
15
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
acetylcholine
dopamine
serotonin
endorphin
16
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
functionalism
attributionism
collectivism
individualism
17
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
18
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
sebaceous gland
pancreas
19
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
remain in continuous wakefulness
become fearful/cautious
become aggressive
remain in continuous sleep
20
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
censoring dissent from group members
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
21
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
sympathetic nerves
efferent nerves
afferent nerves
autonomic nerves
22
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
shaping
selection
stimulus discrimination
step-wise conditioning
23
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
strange situation
shared inhibition
attachment probing
secure-avoidant
24
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
systematic desensitization
avoidance therapy
psychotherapy
aversion therapy
25
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
cochlea
oval window
temporal lobe
stirrup
26
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
intelligence
insight
creativity
reasoning
27
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
time of testing
cross-sectional
longitundinal
sequential
28
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
vitreous humor
cornea
iris
lens
29
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
episodic memories
non-declarative memories
sensory memories
flashbulb memories
30
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
cannabis
narcotics
alcohol
sedatives
31
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
obsessions
hallucinations
delusions
illusions
32
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an approach-approach conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
33
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
hearing a sound
moving a part of his body
smelling an odor
seeing a flash of light
34
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
morphemes
phonemes
linguistic heuristics
syntax
35
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
stimulus discrimination
conditioned emotional reactions
spontaneous recovery
stimulus generalization
36
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
pitch
decibels
loudness
timbre
37
Negative reinforcement involves...
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
38
A perceptual set implies that...
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
people often see what they expect to see
39
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
social loafing
conformity
group polarization
deindividuation
40
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
morphemic
phonemic
platonic
mnemonic
41
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
happiness
surprise
fear
sadness
42
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
marijuana
mescaline
heroin
cocaine
43
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
behavioral quality
attachment
temperament
personality
44
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
total loss of personal control
hallucinations
reduction of inhibitions
resistance to pain
45
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
dissociative
unipolar
bipolar
cyclical
46
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the triarchic level of encoding
attention encoding
dyadic encoding
the semantic level of encoding
47
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test levels
test scales
test scores
test norms
48
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
None of the Above
wish fulfillment theory
problem-solving theory
activation-synthesis theory
49
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
conservation
reversibility
egocentrism
centration
50
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a hallucinogen
a sedative
an amphetamine
a narcotic
51
A valid test is one that...
measures what it is supposed to measure
is consistent
is reliable
has been standardized but not normed
52
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
Rene Decartes
Wilhelm Wundt
G. Stanley Hall
William James
53
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
car-nose
tree-bird
boat-goat
fill-feed
54
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
rabbit
fear reaction
rat
loud noise
55
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
symmetry
constancy
closure
similiarity
56
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he always gets in fights
he's just like his father
57
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
light purity
brightness
saturation
color
58
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
script
semantic network
schema
chunk
59
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
drive theory
incentive theory
evolutionary theory
instinct theory
60
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the observational group
the control group
the correlational group
the experimental group
61
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
reticular formation
leftbrain/right brain communication
limbic system
endocrine system
62
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
personality
mood
anxiety
schizophrenic
63
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
insomnia
sleep apnea
narcolepsy
pseudoinsomnia
64
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
variable-interval schedule
fixed-interval schedule
variable-ratio schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
65
The school of psychology associated with how our minds adapt over time is...
behaviorism
psychoanalysis
functionalism
neodynamism
66
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
gonads
thalamus
thyroid
pituitary
67
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
halo effect in aggression
basis for performing pro-social behavior
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
68
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
stereotypes
attributions
prejudices
self-serving bias
69
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
retrieved
ablated
encoded
modeled
70
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Cannon's area
Broca's area
Sperry's area
Wernicke's area
71
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
display rules
the law of cognitive dissonance
the reciprocity norm
the principle of collectivism
72
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a developmental psychologist
a forensic psychologist
a clinical psychologist
a social psychologist
73
What is somnambulism?
difficulty breathing when asleep
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-walking
sleep-talking
74
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
amount of time alseep
cultural practices
amount of time awake
exposure to light
75
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
cognitive structuring
stereotypes
cultural direction
schematizing
76
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
mode
midpoint
mean
median
77
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
hold information for a lifetime
put information into long-term memory
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
78
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
avoidance learning
escape learning
positive reinforcement
an unconditioned response
79
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
salivation
light
food/meat powder
tone
80
Framing refers to...
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting only part of the information required
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
presenting irrelevant information
81
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
overestimating the improbable
the gambler's fallacy
the conjunction fallacy
the confirmation bias
82
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
an obsession
a phobia
a compulsion
a delusion
83
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
thalamus
parietal lobe
pineal gland
corpus callosum
84
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
complete retrieval failure
complete storage failure
partial retrieval
partial storage
85
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
criterion-related
absolute
content
construct
86
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
panic disorder
conversion disorder
bipolar disorder
fugue
87
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
IQ
mental age
a percentile score
a potential score
88
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
operant conditioning
observational learning
classical conditioning
punishment
89
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
not really been asleep
a headache
been dreaming
not been dreaming
90
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
high in neuroticism
low in openness
low in extraversion
high in agreeableness
91
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
thought is to perception
feeling is to thinking
attitude is to action
behavior is to motive
92
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
medulla
hypothalamus
corpus callosum
cerebral cortex
93
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
obedience
groupthink
cognitive dissonance
conformity
94
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
teratogens
pathogens
prenatals
opiates
95
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a projective test
a self-report inventory
a deceptive test
a behavior rating
96
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
standardized validity
predictive validity
content validity
criterion-related validity
97
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
the conscious
maladaptive behaviors
irrational thoughts
the unconscious
98
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
observational learning
positive reinforcement
superstitious behavior
classical conditioning
99
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
an internal attribution
a distinctive attribution
a situational attribution
an external attribution
100
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
development of secondary sex characteristics
formal operations
post-conventional moral reasoning
101
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
medulla
prefrontal cortex
occipital cortex
hypothalamus
102
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
alpha
gamma
beta
delta
103
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
long-term
short-term
intermediate-term
sensory
104
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
were put into a simulated prison
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
105
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
episodic
procedural
crystallized
fluid
106
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
physiological recordings
direct observation
questionnaires
psychological tests
107
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
top-down processing
lateral processing
bottom-to-top processing
bottom-up processing
108
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
processing
attention
perception
sensation
109
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
after autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
110
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
repression
suppression
neurogenic amnesia
avoidance
111
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
marital problems
anxiety disorders
schizophrenia
bipolar disorder
112
Homeostasis is a state of...
physiological stability
psychological instability
physiological instability
psychological stability
113
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender stereotypes
gender differences
gender roles
gender behaviors
114
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
the endocrine system
feeding
the autonomic nervous system
memory
115
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
REM
stage 1
stage 4
stage 2
116
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
pseudoforgetting
retroactive interference
anterograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia
117
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
systematic hypothesis testing
physical interaction
abstract operations
logical reasoning
118
The superego is Freud's term for...
the moral component of personality
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the conscious aspect of personality
the mediating agent between the id and ego
119
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
magnetic resonance imaging
positron emission tomography
electrographic tomography
computerized tomography
120
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the cephalocaudal trend
encephalitis
the cephalopedal trend
the proximodistal trend
121
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
antagonists
neurotransmitters
action potentials
agonists
122
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
offense mechanisms
defense mechanisms
id mechanisms
coping mechanisms
123
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
conflict
frustration
change
pressure
124
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
consistency
representativeness
accuracy of inference
predictability
125
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
the internal state causes the facial expression
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
126
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
unconditioning
conditioned forgetting
spontaneous remission
extinction
127
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
relearning
reiteration
recall
recognition
128
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
the relative threshold period
the absolute refractory period
transduction capacity
transduction incapacity
129
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
unrealistic demands from family/friends
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
130
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a false alarm
a superimposed stimulus
a just noticeable difference
subliminal perception
131
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an aptitude test
an intelligence test
an achievement test
a personality test
132
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
displacement
fixation
regression
compensation
133
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
semantic slanting
overextension
metalinguistic awareness
fast-mapping
134
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
psychoanalytic
humanistic
cognitive
behavioral
135
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
I eated a cookie
cookie
i wanted a cookie
give cookie
136
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
absolute threshold
subliminal threshold
just noticeable difference
sensory memory
137
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
genital
latency
anal
oral
138
An antagonist...
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
extends the absolute refractory period
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
139
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
insight learning
latent learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
140
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
conscious experience
the unconscious
behavior
the brain
141
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
state-dependent learning
observational learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
142
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
introspection
mentalism
intelligence
cognition
143
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
excessive guilt
manipulative behavior
social charm
aggressiveness
144
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
personality; standardized
intelligence; standardized
intelligence; personality
standardized; intelligence
145
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
representativeness heuristic
law of small numbers
availability heuristic
conjunction heuristic
146
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
use a holistic decision model
use the elimination by aspects strategy
are using the representativeness heuristic
are using the availability heuristic
147
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
sciatic receptors
gustatory bulbs
olfactory cilia
smell buds
148
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
initiative vs. guilt
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
trust vs. mistrust
industry vs. inferiority
149
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
musical
logical-mathemathical
mechanical
spatial
150
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
tie shoe laces
print letters
fear the dark
sing a song
