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AP Psychology Exam Review part 1
AP Psychology Exam Review part 1
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1
Which is a common criticism of Freud's personality theory
Genetics was not advanced enough to be used as Freud tried
it doesn't apply to people with disorders
his research wasn't representative of the population
his evidence comes from therapy sessions, not empirical data
2
Which technique would be most helpful in avoiding the problems associated with groupthink
identifying approach-avoidance conflicts
increasing group polarization within different groups
encouraging contrary opinions within the group
responding to deindividuation among group members
3
Maria slams the car door and yells at her kids. Now when they hear a car door slam they cringe
observational learning
instrumental learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
4
What area of psychology focuses on subjective well-being, optimism, self-esteem, and happiness
social psychology
positive psychology
health psychology
psychometrics
5
the limbic system plays an important role in
maintaining balance
planning for the future
regulating emotion
processing sensory information
6
which is an example of an implicit memory
recognizing a celebrity
remembering how to tie your shoelace
recalling the name of your JH math teacher
describing the taste of a birthday cake
7
When like-minded groups take more extreme positions than individuals comprising the group
groupthink
group polarization
deindividuation
social facilitation
8
In a class of 25 students, all but 2 score between 82 and 94. The 2 scores of 47 and 55 are
modes
outliers
variances
normally distributed
9
In the 3-box model of information processing, memories are first stored in
procedural memory
short-term memory
long-term memory
sensory memory
10
which structure is part of the inner ear
malleus (hammer)
basilar membrane
auditory canal
tympanic membrane
11
Which theory explains how experiences from infancy through old age influence personality
Piaget's cognitive development theory
Kohlberg's moral development theory
Harlow's contact comfort theory
Erikson's psychosocial stage theory
12
Which theory would assert that a key motivation for people is spreading their genetic material
evolutionary
cognitive
humanistic
psychodynamic
13
a test which places someone into personality categories (e.g.extravert/introvert) is based on
trait theory
psychodynamic theory
biological theory
social cognitive theroy
14
which brain structure is involved in hunger motivation
amygdala
medulla
cerebellum
hypothalamus
15
The fact that our ears are located on opposite sides of our head best helps us with
sensory adaptation
detecting absolute threshold
hearing high frequencies
sound localization
16
What is true about experiments that is not of other research methods
they involve more research participants than other studies
they take place in more realistic, real-life settings
they can gather data from a large number of people quickly
they can determine causal relationships between variables
17
In people, rods, unlike cones,
are located in the center of the retina
respond more quickly to colors
are unable to detect motion
have a lower absolute threshold for light
18
A teacher ignoring her students' prior grades so her opinion of them is not influenced avoids
self-fulfilling prophecy
cognitive dissonance
self-serving bias
fundamental attribution error
19
when first born, humans' dominant sense is
hearing
touch
sight
smell
20
Runners in a park increase their speed when another runner comes into view. This illustrates
disinhibition
social facilitation
conformity
social roles
21
What number will tell Matt whether his research is statistically significant
a mean that is the same as the median
a probability of chance less than 5%
a correlation coefficient close to .75
a standard deviation of 4 or more
22
counterconditioning lies at the heart of which therapeutic approach
REBT
client-centered therapy
systematic desensitization
token economies
23
How would a person with schizophrenia most differ from a person with a dissociative disorder
a person with schizophrenia has more than one personality
a person with dissociative disorder has trouble keeping jobs
a person with a dissociative disorder has delusions
a person with schizophrenia experiences hallucinations
24
The case study of Phineas Gage was significant because it was one of the the first examples of
treating a brain-damaged patient with psychotherapy
a specific brain area associated with emotional changes
treatment with drugs that alter neurotransmission
using a CAT scan to document the extent of the injury
25
which type of therapist is most likely to prescribe lithium for a patient with bipolar disorder
clinical psychologist
psychoanalyst
psychiatrist
cognitive psychotherapist
26
What would Piaget test to see if a child is in pre-operational or concrete operational stage
universal ethical principles
object permanence
conservation
attachment
27
10 YO Genna underwent a right hemispherectomy. What action best shows her neuroplasticity
solving a logic problem
moving her left hand
understanding what was said to her
speaking aloud
28
damage to the occipital region of the brain would most likely affect which sense
balance
touch
sight
hearing
29
Elizabeth Loftus' research on wording and misinformation effects on memory best demonstrate
the reconstructive nature of memory
the rate at which people forget information
the serial position effect
the role of the hippocampus in memory
30
Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism states personality results from the interaction of
id, ego, and superego
traits, the environment, and behavior
rewards, punishments, and reinforcers
genetics, the unconscious, and social facilitation
31
When Susie went to prom with Dan, Max channeled his feelings of frustration into artwork
displacement
reaction formation
projection
sublimation
32
What was one of the factors that increased conformity in Asch's studies
size of the group
placebo effect
presence of an authority figure
wearing guard uniforms
33
Which of the following is found in Jung's model of the collective unconscious
inferiority complexes
archetypes
functional fixedness
repressed memories
34
Bandura's Bobo doll experiment evidenced the importance of __________ in social learning
mirror neurons
latent learning
modeling
sublimation
35
the somatic nervous system is part of the
autonomic nervous system
peripheral nervous system
central nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
36
A librarian gives a prize for every five books students read. Her schedule of reinforcement is
fixed variable
continuous
fixed ratio
variable interval
37
Ani believes she is capable of succeeding in nursing school. Her mindset is associated with
low self-esteem
high self-efficacy
a strong superego
an extraverted personality
38
A person who experiences flashbacks after a serious car accident is likely to be diagnosed with
bipolar disorder
panic disorder
dissociative identity disorder
post-traumatic stress disorder
39
what is the first step in any example of classical conditioning
following a response with a reinforcement or punishment
rewarding a conditioned response with a conditioned stimulus
pairing an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus
reinforcing for a behavior similar to the desired behavior
40
Which of the following has been linked to a deficit of dopamine
major depressive disorder
Alzheimer's disease
autism
Parkinson's disease
41
seeing someone at the grocery store and remembering their name is an example of
episodic memory
retroactive memory
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
recall
42
Milgram's obedience study was criticized based on what ethical grounds
risk of psychological harm
lack of debriefing
lack of informed consent
violation of confidentiality
43
How would a psychometrician interpret an IQ score of 145
three standard deviations above the mean of 100
slightly above average
well below the average of 200
the person has high verbal bot low logical intelligence
44
learned helplessness is most likely to be directly related to
the Oedipus complex
an external locus of control
the self-serving bias
unconditional positive regard
45
Lara is attracted to Craig but can't stand his friends and family. Her conflict is classified
avoidance-avoidance
she does not have a conflict
approach-avoidance
approach-approach
46
What research method could study the relationship between owning a hybrid car and being vegan
naturalistic observation
correlation study
experiment
case study
47
if the College Board left out questions about neuroscience on the AP exam, the test would lack
predictive validity
test-retest reliability
content validity
split-half reliability
48
Delusions and hallucinations are most characteristic of
antisocial personality disorder
schizophrenia
obsessive-compulsive disorder
dissociative identity disorder
49
en route
to the visual cortex, information from the eyes' retinas crosses at the
optic chiasm
optic nerve
feature detectors
fovea
50
Which structure is located at the most central and protected part of the brain
cerebral cortex
medulla
sensory cortex
cerebellum
51
a charity includes free address labels in its fundraising letters to increase contributions
out-group homogeneity
fundamental attribution error
self-fulfilling prophecy
reciprocity norm
52
Someone who can't move the muscles needed for accurate speech might have brain damage where
Wernicke's area
hippocampus
Gage's area
Broca's area
53
Pat is laughing because she just won the lottery. Sal thinks she is a fun person. Sal's opinion
is influenced by the fundamental attribution error
is influenced by the self-serving bias
is influenced by the just world hypothesis
is influenced by the norm of reciprocity
54
Someone who fails an exam and reacts by studying longer probably has this locus of control
internal
situational
external
fundamental
55
which psychologist would agree w/the following: behavior results from reinforcers & punishers
Albert Bandura
B.F. Skinner
William James
Carl Rogers
56
Amy has a cat. The first time she sees a rabbit she calls it a cat. Her mistake is due to
discrimination
habituation
accommodation
assimilation
57
our ability to perceive depth depends on what other perceptual abilities
vestibular and kinesthetic senses
proximity and similarity
top-down and bottom-up processing
binocular and monocular cues
58
According to humanist theory, psychological disorders are most likely caused by
unfulfilled needs
unhealthy attributional styles
neurochemical imbalances
learned associations
59
An EEG of Cyrus after he has been asleep for about an hour would show primarily
delta waves
beta waves
alpha waves
sleep spindles
60
What percent of people score between 70 and 130 on the WISC (M: 100, SD:15)
95
68
50
84
61
How would drive reduction theory explain a person eating half a bowl of M&M's and stopping
they were satisfying the 2nd step on the hierarchy of needs
people eat in moderation to prevent being seen as selfish
the person stopped when their body had reached homeostasis
humans are instinctively driven to eat sugar and fat
62
Which best summarizes the results of Tolman's latent learning experiment
reinforcement had little impact on the rats' performance
rats that were continually reinforced ran the maze faster
rats who explored the maze first ran faster when reinforced
rats that received punishment ran the maze faster
63
What is the purpose of the DSM
describe the biopsychosocial causes of disorders
discuss theories related to the treatment of disorders
explain the symptoms and cures of disorders
list the diagnostic criteria and symptoms of disorders
64
One group receives an ad for 99% fat free milk; the other for 1% fat milk. What being tested
framing effects
inattentional blindness
representativeness heuristic
confirmation bias
65
Which best explains the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
an event causes an emotion and a physiological response
perceived control over life reduces stress and improves mood
people follow a pattern of alarm, resistance, exhaustion
physiological reaction and cognitive labeling cause emotion
66
Which of the therapies below is no longer used to treat patients
gestalt therapy
prefrontal lobotomy
free association
electro-convulsive shock therapy
67
Which of the following models of personality is the least deterministic
biological
evolutionary
humanistic
psychodynamic
68
Vance's psychiatrist diagnoses him with bipolar disorder. Which medication would he prescribe
L-Dopa
lithium
benzodiazepines
SSRIs
69
Which question would be most useful to test Kohlberg's idea of pre & post-conventional morality
what is the best way to respond to a baby crying in her crib
If 3 are taken from a group of 12, how many are left
at what age can children reason abstractly
should you tell a small lie to not hurt someone's feelings
70
what kind of symptom is common among all somatic symptom disorders
experiencing a physical problem without a physical cause
disconnection from reality and delusions
substance abuse and dependence
inappropriate or flat affect
71
a musicians ability to discern between 2 similar pitches depends on which concept
signal detection theory
difference threshold
bottom up processing
absolute threshold
72
What kind of personality theorist would be most interested in the results of the MMPI
biological
trait
psychoanalytic
humanistic
73
people who watch violent movies are more likely to behave violently: this statement reflects
insight learning
latent learning
counterconditioning
observational learning
74
what is the principle tool used in all forms of psychotherapy
talking to a patient
secondary preventions
biomedical interventions
cognitive-behavioral interventions
75
A low level of glucose in Sam's bloodstream would most likely make him want to
go for a run
pursue a romantic interest
eat a meal
make new friends
76
A variable ratio of reinforcement is often preferable to a fixed ratio because
fixed ratio schedules are more time intensive
fixed ratios allow both classical and operant learning
variable ratio schedules are more resistant to extinction
variable ratio schedules produce the quickest results
77
an A+ grade in a class is which kind of reinforcer
secondary
partial
continuous
primary
78
Which statement best represents the relationship between performance and arousal
too little or too much arousal is harmful to performance
performance is best at low and high levels of arousal
performance continually decreases as arousal increases
performance steadily increases as arousal increases
79
Which part of the brain is "newest" in an evolutionary sense
pons
cerebral cortex
hypothalamus
cerebellum
80
Harlow's rhesus monkey experiment illustrated
that primates can make and use tools
the danger of separating babies from their natural parents
that language is a uniquely human skill
the importance of physical contact to development
81
Restarting your printer over and over but failing to notice it is out of paper demonstrates
low experiential intelligence
a mental set
belief perseverance
divergent thinking
82
A test that identifies people with the potential to be great lawyers is an example of a(n)
achievement test
IQ test
aptitude test
EQ test
83
Which is one of the key factors distinguishing major depressive disorder from sadness
specific changes in the brain
sadness is paired with heightened senses and mania
lasts longer than 2 weeks without an obvious cause
normal sadness is much less intense than depression
84
Garcia and Koelling's research on aversions established which UCS/CS pairs as most powerful
punishment and aversion
performing a task and receiving food
movement and electrical shocks
nausea and food or drink
85
A musician who signs a recording contract stops playing for fun. This is best explained by
the law of effect
social learning theory
the overjustification effect
latent learning
86
Which personality theory is criticized for its overly optimistic view of human nature
humanistic
psychoanalytic
cognitive
trait
87
A teacher whose class culture encourages intrinsic motivation uses which management style
James-Lange
postconventional
approach-avoidance
theory Y
88
Erikson's initiative vs. guilt stage is most closely related to Freud's
anal stage
oral stage
phallic stage
latency period
89
Knowledge of different categories of trees is an example of what type of long-term memory
procedural memory
semantic memory
eidetic memory
episodic memory
90
Dan is a toddler who avoids eye contact and resists to changes to routine. He shows symptoms of
fetal alcohol syndrome
Down syndrome
autism spectrum disorder
mental retardation
91
Julie is more alert in the morning; John in the evening. This is because of differences in
daily activities
personalities
sleep cycles
circadian rhythm
92
When Jake is late to basketball practice his coach makes him run laps. Jake is not late again
positive punishment
positive reinforcement
modeling
negative reinforcement
93
Which is most closely associated with creativity
divergent thinking
hypothesis testing
functional fixedness
contextual intelligence
94
Of the following, children will most likely develop this skill first
clap their hands
say a sentence
cut with a knife
write with a pencil
95
Which best describes how neurons communicate with one another
electrical signals between two myelin sheaths
hormones jump from one axon to the next
chemical signals at the synaptic cleft
physical contact between dendrites
96
psychogenic amnesia is an indication of which kind of psychological disorder
dissociative
anixety
schizophrenic
personality
97
which technique controls for both experimenter and subject bias
single blind study
Hawthorne effect
counterbalancing
double blind study
98
A person with a painful skin rash finds hard scratching temporarily relieves the pain
transduction theory
gate-control theory
opponent-process theory
frequency theory
99
An American's prototype of a chair is most likely to include
four legs and a seat
an armchair, chairlift, and wheelchair
pens, pencils, and a computer
a desk and/or table
100
If a distribution of scores includes outliers, which measure of central tendency should be used
range
mean
median
standard deviation
101
What theory of emotion are cognitive psychologists likely to support
social facilitation theory
opponent process theory
James-Lange theory
Schachter two-factor theory
102
A medication prescribed for major depression would most likely act on which neurotransmitter
acetylcholine
adrenaline
serotonin
dopamine
103
After repeated firings, neural connections are strengthened. What is this process
proactive interference
semantic encoding
state-dependent memory
long-term potentiation
104
Research indicates that which factor most influences one's sexual orientation
hormones released in the womb
traumatic childhood experiences
masculine/feminine personality traits
parenting style
105
After a natural disaster Faye says, "Serves them right for not having better warning systems."
Barnum effect
just world bias
false consensus effect
self-serving bias
106
Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment studied what developmental concept
attachment
motor development
parenting style
assimilation
107
People who are easily hypnotizable are likely to score highly on which Big 5 trait
extraversion
neuroticism
conscientiousness
openness
108
James is interested in the processing strategies children use to learn new information. He is a
sociocultural psychologist
clinical psychologist
personality psychologist
cognitive psychologist
109
patients who are described as "split brain" have had what structure removed
medulla oblongata
prefrontal cortex
hippocampus
corpus callosum
110
Which is an important technique used by humanist psychologists during therapy
unconditional positive regard
defense mechanisms
secondary central dispositions
factor analysis
111
which of the following most impacts the speed of motor development
myelination of brain neurons
concrete operational exercises
early gross motor practice
secure attachment with parents
112
What factors are ignored when people commit the fundament attribution error
dispositional
social
behavioral
situational
113
light enters the eye through an opening in the
iris
retina
blind spot
fovea
114
You girlfriend dumps you. "I always knew she was bad news" your friend says. This demonstrates
a theory
self-serving bias
overconfidence
hindsight bias
115
which structure in the eye is most responsible for color vision
cornea
rods
cones
optic nerve
116
which kinds of personality theorists would make use of a projective test
psychoanalytic
trait
humanist
social-cognitive
117
According to Piaget, when we can't ______ new information, we change our schemas through ______
ignore : adaptation
assimilate : accomodate
reduce : stereotypes
reward : punishment
118
Sherif's Robbers Cave study indicates that this principle best reduces tensions between groups
deindividuation
diffusion of responsibility
group polarization
superordinate goals
119
physiological reactions like surprise or shock are controlled by which part of the NS
sympathetic nervous system
serotonin system
somatic nervous system
endocrine system
120
A therapist who tells a client to write down their depressed thoughts is using this perspective
behavioral
cognitive
pharmacological
structuralist
121
classical conditioning involves __________; operant conditioning involves __________
pairing stimuli; rewards and punishments
schedules; punishers
fixed intervals; variable ratios
learned responses; physiological reactions
122
negative reinforcers __________ a stimulus in order to ___________ a behavior
remove : increase
remove : punish
remove : decrease
add : decrease
123
Which is most directly involved in the electrical aspect of neurotransmission
neurotransmiters
terminal button
myelin
synaptic cleft
124
the "c" in the word
cat
is best described as a
morpheme
holobase
phoneme
grapheme
125
After studying for weeks and taking an AP exam, Conrad gets the flu. What theory explains this
Yerkes-Dodson law
Selye's general adaptation syndrome
James-Lange theory of emotion
Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory
126
what kinds of motivations best encourage positive behaviors to persist over time
need for achievement
primary drives
extrinsic motivation
intrinsic motivation
127
which of the following statistics provides most information about how spread out a data set is
median
range
mean
standard deviation
128
Intelligence researchers like Gardner and Sternberg argue that schools focus too much on
environmental factors that influence intelligence
nonessential subjects like art and music
meeting the needs of students with disabilities
traditional and analytical subjects and methods
129
When running for class president, Edy puts pictures of herself everywhere. Why might this help
mere-exposure effect
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
central route persuasion
deindividuation
130
Sigmund Freud made this perspective popular in Western Europe at the turn of the 20th century
behavioral
cognitive
evolutionary
psychoanalytic
131
4YO Kate sits right in front of all the other kids to watch a magician. According to Piaget,
Kate is demonstrating egocentrism
Kate has a lack of conservation
Kate cannot reason hypothetically
Kate lacks object permanence
132
authoritarian parents demonstrate
high warmth and high control
low warmth and low control
low warmth and high control
high warmth and low control
133
At what age is the onset of schizophrenia most typical
late 40s
early 20s
mid 30s
puberty
134
According to Freud, what is the dominant factor in determining our personality traits
parenting styles
secondary drives and needs
genetics and nutrition
unconscious conflicts
135
What kind of therapy involves both cognitive and behavioral interventions
aversion therapy
counterconditioning
systematic desensitization
rational emotive behavior therapy
136
which would a researcher need to use to determine whether experiment data is significant
standard deviation
descriptive statistics
counterbalancing
inferential statistics
137
REM sleep deprivation generally causes what kinds of side effects
intense, prolonged periods of Stage 3 & 4 sleep
heightened manifest dream content
sleep apnea and night terrors
interference with memory tasks
138
A doctor determining whether an accident caused structural damage to the brain would use
PET
rTMS
EEG
MRI
139
which newborn reflex helps infants find and eat food
rooting
stepping
Babinski
Moro
140
If Pavlov's dogs began to salivate when they heard a sound similar to a bell they would show
unconditioned response
spontaneous recovery
stimulus generalization
stimulus discrimination
141
in the nature vs. nurture debate, nature is most closely associated with
culture
environment
family
temperament
142
An artist making a drawing could use which of the following to add depth to the picture
closure
convergence
linear perspective
retinal disparity
143
According to Kohlberg, in order to reason at the postconventional level, people must
have been exposed to good, moral role models
resolve the integrity vs. despair conflict
be able to take another person's perspective
believe in God
144
children who suffer brain damage can regain function more quickly than older patients due to
effective psychological environment
neuroplasticity
hemispheric lateralization
contralateral control
145
Most people can taste 1g of salt in 1qt of water. Which concept is related to this statement
sensory adaptation
frequency theory
difference threshold
absolute threshold
146
Abraham Maslow theorized that people are motivated by
achieving physiological homeostasis
reinforcement of primary and secondary needs
desire to achieve in the eyes of others
satisfying needs on a hierarchy
147
which of the following terms applies to IQ tests
projective
achievement
triarchic
standardized
148
which social psychology principle best explains prejudice
compliance strategies
self-serving bias
individualism
in-group bias
149
Choosing 20 people at random from a large lecture class of 400 is an example of
assignment to conditions
random assignment
random sampling
representative assignment
150
Which concept is most relevant to Noam Chomsky's theory of how children learn language
phonemes and morphemes
linguistic relativity hypothesis
serial position effect
language acquisition device
151
Lana learns how to be goalie as her coach gradually rolls the ball faster at parts the goal
higher-order conditioning
law of effect
behavior shaping
token economy
152
A personality test which calls Jan an extravert the first time and an introvert the next lacks
construct validity
test-retest reliability
standardization
aptitude measures
153
Which of the following is LEAST likely to contribute to prejudice
out-group homogeneity
stereotyping
scapegoating
superordinate goals
154
Reading a job description written with masculine pronouns, people think of the employee as male
gender schema theory
the social role hypothesis
linguistic relativity hypothesis
principle of continuity
155
Ryan suffers from constant, low-level arousal of his autonomic NS. He most likely suffers from
obsessive-compulsive disorder
major depressive disorder
post-traumatic stress disorder
generalized anxiety disorder
156
which disorder would respond best to cognitive behavioral therapy
bipolar disorder
schizophrenia
major depressive disorder
dissociative identity disorder
157
Withdrawal symptoms are most directly caused by this process
activation-synthesis
antagonists
tolerance
dissociation