The chi-square test is used to determine whether there is a significant difference between

an obtained distribution and an expected distribution

What is Ipsative assessment?

Assessment of individual progress

What is the benefit of standards scores (percentiles, t-scores, stanines, etc.) over raw scores?

They allow you to analyze data in relation to the bell curve.

Joe takes an achievement test. In order to predict his score if he takes it again, you would need to know

the standard error of measurement (SEM)

P = .05 really means that

differences do exist; results will be the same 95% of the time

Which is true about the ordinal scale?

provides relative placement or standing

mindfulness training; test scores

That test of significance (like a t or a z) refers to how confident we are that the ________ did not occur by chance.

differences between experimental and control group, as a result of the IV

Which of the following is a trend in counseling research?

Qualitative research is getting more attention

If a distribution is bimodal, it is likely that

the researcher is working with two distinct populations

Which journal publishes the most counseling research articles in the field?

Journal of Counseling Psychology

Which of the following is NOT a trend in counseling research

Field-based professionals submitting more contributions

To calculate the inclusive range you would

subtract the lowest number from the highest number and add 1.

The terms "synchronic" method and "diachronic" method refer to

cross-sectional or longitudinal studies.

Which is true about sampling error?

It means that the sample does not adequately mimic the population.

A platykurtic distribution looks

a sort of flat American football lying on its side

______ attempts to ascertain how well a goal has been met. _______ is ongoing while the program/treatment is underway.

Summative evaluation; Formative evaluation

You observe the success of CBT on many clients with depression and conclude CBT is effective treatment for depression.

This is an example of deductive logic or reasoning

Statistically, to compare a control group to the experimental group, the researcher will need

a test of significance, like a t test

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Ch 9 Research and Program Evaluation

81 termsStudBud Administration60 plays

These are alternate questions on the Research and Program Evaluation chapter.

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Questions 81

Answers

1
The chi-square test is used to determine whether there is a significant difference between
the mode and the mean
the median and the mode
an obtained distribution and an expected distribution
the median and the mean
2
What is Ipsative assessment?
Assessing against peer progress
1:1 assessment
Initial Assessment
Assessment of individual progress
3
What is the benefit of standards scores (percentiles, t-scores, stanines, etc.) over raw scores?
They allow you to analyze data in relation to the bell curve.
They allow you to analyze data for which you cannot obtain a raw score.
There is no benefit. Raw scores are more useful.
They allow you to analyze greater amounts of data
4
(see below)
a null hypothesis
a Type II error
a waste of time
a Type I error
5
A z-score of 2.5 means
2.5 SD above the mean
the same as a CEEB score of 750
the same as a t-score of 75
all of the above
6
A two-tailed t test
is often called a nondirectional experimental hypothesis
has less predictive power than the one-tailed t test
Neither of the answers are true
red and blue are both true
7
Joe takes an achievement test. In order to predict his score if he takes it again, you would need to know
the mode for the test
the standard error of measurement (SEM)
the range of scores in his class
the standard deviation
8
P = .05 really means that
there is a 5% error factor
differences do exist; results will be the same 95% of the time
differences do exist; results will be the same 99% of the time
there is a 95% error factor
9
Which is true about the ordinal scale?
provides relative placement or standing
delineates absolute differences
all of the above
indicates equal differences between points on the scale
10
The variable you manipulate or control in an experiment is the
the variable you will measure to determine the outcome
IV (independent variable)
DV (dependent variable)
the one that shows your results
11
___ occurs when a trait which is not being evaluated influences a researcher's rating on another trait.
The Hawthorne effect
The Rosenthal effect
A self-fulfilling prophecy
The Halo effect
12
(see below)
standardized test scores; mindfulness training
school counselor; students
anxiety; mindfulness training
mindfulness training; test scores
13
When a research design uses different subjects for each condition (exposure to the IV, and no exposure) it is called
indecent exposure
carcinogenic
between-subjects design
within-subjects design
14
A Type II error
means you reject the null hypothesis when it is true
both red and yellow
is also called a beta error
means you accept the null hypothesis when it is false
15
To be considered accurate, a survey should have a _____ return rate.
5%
15-40%
50-75%
95%
16
That test of significance (like a t or a z) refers to how confident we are that the ________ did not occur by chance.
randomization of the sample
differences between experimental and control group, as a result of the IV
relevance of the results
effect of the DV
17
Which of the following is a trend in counseling research?
Less attention to multicultural issues
More studies relying on children as subjects
Qualitative research is getting more attention
More studies are submitted by single, field-based authors
18
When P, or the level of significance, is set at .05 it means
there is a 95% chance the results reflect reality and not a mistake
results would occur via chance only 5 times in 100
both red and blue
results would occur via chance as little as 5 times in 1000
19
The x axis is used to plot the IV scores. The x axis is also called the
abscissa
vertical axis
DV
20
When the choice of answers to a survey question are strongly agree, agree, disagree, & strongly disagree it is called a
a deductive measure
Likert scale
Solomon test
a projective measure
21
When a researcher observes behavior but does not intervene, it is called
qualitative research
naturalistic observation
the Hawthorne effect
participant observation
22
Parsimony in counseling research is similar to
all of the above
Occam's Razor
the principle of economy
Lloyd Morgan's 1894 Canon
23
Which is true about stanine scores?
"Stanine" comes from "standard" and "nine"
A stanine score of 9 represents the highest portion of the curve.
They divide the distribution into 9 equal parts.
all of the above
24
Occam's razor suggests that experimenters interpret the results
in the simplest manner
in the most complex manner
using a correlation coefficient
using a clinical interview
25
On most IQ tests, the mean is ____ and the SD is _____.
100; 10
1000; 50
100; 15
50; 10
26
Which of these tests are nonparametrical (not evenly distributed) measures?
Mann-Whitney U test, or just U test
All of the above
Wilcoxon signed-rank test for matched pairs
Soloman and the Kruskal-Wallis H test
27
The y axis is also called the _______ and is used to plot the frequency of the _____.
ordinate; independent variable
ordinate; dependent variable
abscissa; DV
vertical axis; IV
28
If a distribution is bimodal, it is likely that
the researcher is working with two distinct populations
the curve will be normal
the curve will be shaped like a symmetrical bell
the data does not represent valid information about the population
29
Which journal publishes the most counseling research articles in the field?
Journal of Counseling and Development
Journal of Counseling Psychology
Colossal Counseling Journal
Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development
30
In observation research when the subject's behavior is influenced by the process of being watched it is called
a "reactive effect" or "reactivity" of observation/experimentation
The Hawthorne effect
both a and b
a nocebo
31
Which of the following is NOT a trend in counseling research
Field-based professionals submitting more contributions
Neuroscience guiding diagnosis and treatment
Action research
Using the internet to conduct an experiment
32
In a ______ the subjects are matched in regard to any variable that could be "correlated" with the DV.
independent groups design
Mann-Whitney U test, often just called the U test.
deductive logic design
matched design
33
A distribution curve that is higher at the peak and narrower in range than a normal bell curve is called a
Olympic curve
leptokurtic distribution
a bimodal distribution
platykurtic distribution
34
To calculate the inclusive range you would
either way because inclusive range is no different than exclusive range
subtract the lowest number from the highest number.
subtract the lowest number from the highest number and add 1.
35
Any bit of knowledge that the subject in an experiment is aware of that can influence their behavior is called a ______
demand characteristic, and can confound an experiment.
both red and blue.
spurious effect.
demand characteristic and deception has been used to mitigate it.
36
To complete a t test you would consult a tabled value of t. To see if significant differences exist in an ANOVA,
consult the median
consult a table of t values
consult the chi-square
consult a table for F values
37
The terms "synchronic" method and "diachronic" method refer to
using either one or two independent variables in a research design.
cross-sectional or longitudinal studies.
looking for similarities or looking for differences.
using one subject group or two subject groups in a research design.
38
A true experiment in which the groups are not randomly assigned is called
qualitative research
a double blind study
correlational research
a causal comparative design
39
Which is true about the ratio scale?
The intervals between each point are equal to each other
It is an interval scale with a true zero point
Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division can all be utilized
All of the above
40
a t-score of 60 is the same as
a standard deviation of .6
a z-score of +1.0
the average
There is not enough info to answer this question
41
A _____ design seeks to find a relationship between an IV and a DV some time after the action or event has occurred.
experimental
correlational
a cohort study
causal-comparitive
42
Which is true about sampling error?
It is more likely to occur with large samples
It can only be avoided with simple random sampling.
All of the above
It means that the sample does not adequately mimic the population.
43
When using standard deviation, about ____ of the cases will be within 1 SD of the mean.
100%
99%
68%
95%
44
In a ___________ there will be proportionate representation of all important subgroups within the population
stratified random sample
horizontal sample
random sample
chain-referred sample
45
A platykurtic distribution looks
a normal bell curve
a very tall, skinny version of the bell curve
a two-humped camel's back
a sort of flat American football lying on its side
46
(see below)
The Hawthorne effect
The Rosenthal effect
The Halo effect
a self-fulfilling prophecy
47
______ attempts to ascertain how well a goal has been met. _______ is ongoing while the program/treatment is underway.
Ipsative evaluation; normative evaluation
None of the above
Summative evaluation; Formative evaluation
Longitudinal research; Cross-sectional research
48
You observe the success of CBT on many clients with depression and conclude CBT is effective treatment for depression.
This is an example of inductive logic or reasoning
This is depressing
You shouldn't be doing research on your own clients.
This is an example of deductive logic or reasoning
49
Statistically, to compare a control group to the experimental group, the researcher will need
percentile rank
a test of significance, like a t test
a correlation coefficient
only descriptive statistics like mean, median & mode
50
If the researcher in the previous question utilized two IVs, then the statistic of choice would be the
ANOVA
media
t test
two-way ANOVA or MANOVA
51
In an experiment, if DVs were truly influenced by IVs and not other factors, the study is said to have
internal validity
relevance
external validity
reliability
52
The ANCOVA
All of the above
stands for Analysis of Covariance
helps to control for variables that may intervene in the IV-DV relationship
allows you to correct for possible covariates in the different samples
53
Counterbalancing means
the same as multiple treatment interference
a research design in which past and current stimuli are considered
the romantic tension that can occur between subject and experimenter
switching the order in which stimuli are presented to a subject in a study
54
Statistical regression toward the mean
is a problem for internal validity
Neither a nor b
indicates that extreme scores will get more average if tested again.
Both a and b are true
55
If you cannot randomly assign subjects to both experimental and control groups, the research is considered
a quasi-experiment
a pilot study
qualitative
lame
56
The letter P, in relation to a test of significance, stands for
portion
proportion
probability
population parameter
57
The lower the significance (confidence)level a researcher sets for results,
it makes no difference in an alpha or beta error
the greater the chance of a Type II , or beta error
the greater the chance of a Type I error
the harder it is to conduct the research
58
A one-tailed t test
is called a "directional experimental hypothesis"
places the rejection area at one end of the distribution
hypothesis specifies that one average mean is larger than another
all of the above
59
In order to reduce the chance of a Type I or II error, the researcher can
increase the sample size in the experiment
use an internet-based statistical program for calculations
use stratified random sampling
utilize interviews instead of surveys
60
The mean of the Binet IQ test is
100
50
500
5
61
A Type I error occurs when
you fail to use a test of significance
you accept null when it is false
you have a beta error
you reject null when it is true
62
(see below)
confounded/flawed
contaminated
both blue and yellow above
enhanced
63
When the comparison group lowers their performance because they resent being denied the experimental treatment
it is called "resentful demoralization of the comparison group".
Both red and blue are correct.
it is called the sore loser effect.
it is called "compensatory equalization".
64
What is the order of complexity of measurement scales from simplest to most complex?
Nominal, ratio, interval, ordinal
ratio, interval, ordinal, nominal
Interval, ratio, nominal, ordinal
Nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio
65
ANOVA
can be used in trend analysis
means Analysis of Variance
All of the above
is used to see if performance on one variable mimics the same on another
66
Which is true about factor analysis?
It can narrow down the most important things among many
all of the above
It can summarize a lot of variables
it is parsimonious
67
A hypothesis is an educated guess that can be tested. Hypothesis testing is most closely related to the work of
Sigmund Freud
R.A. Fisher
Karissa Kephart
Robert Hoppock
68
What is the term that refers to 25% of a distribution?
quartile
a fourth
percentile
quarter
69
A pictorial diagram of two variables being correlated is called a
histogram
scattergram
bar graph
sociogram
70
A z-score is
a standard score
the square root of the variance.
the standard deviation (SD)
all of the above
71
(see below)
t test
mean
two-way ANOVA
ANOVA
72
If an ANOVA yields a significant F value, you could rely on _____ to test significant differences between group means.
percentile rank
one- and two-tailed t tests
Duncan's multiple-range, Tukey's, or Scheffe's test
summative or formative evaluation
73
When subjects strive to prove that a treatment (that could threaten their livelihood) is not effective, it is called
demoralization of the comparison group
both red and yellow
compensatory rivalry
the John Henry effect
74
The study that would best rule out chance factors would have a significance level of P =
.01
.08
.05
.001
75
To do a true experiment, the researcher needs
to manipulate both the IV and the DV
at least 100 subjects
all of the above
an experimental group and a control group
76
What is an example of an interval scale?
categorization of religion on a demographic survey
an IQ test
the number of calories consumed each day
all of the above
77
Which of the following is a NOT trend in counseling research?
Large sample sizes are getting priority over single-subject studies
Cohen's d effect size statistic is used to gauge relationship strength
Counselors want more APA training to submit journal articles
Meta-studies are being used to summarize findings
78
In the social sciences, the accepted probability level, or confidence level, is usually
1.0 or higher
.05 or higher
.0001 ir kess
.05 or less
79
The average score is 200. SD is 25. Therefore, a score of 230 is
+ or - 1 SD of the mean
close enough to be considered the mean
+ or - 2 SD of the mean
too far away to fall on the normal distribution curve
80
Which illustrates the function of the nominal scale?
The score on the Beck's Depression inventory
The race of various clients
A child's body temperature
A grade received on a test
81
Type I and Type II errors are called ______ and ______ respectively.
What do you think I am, stupid?
beta; alpha
alpha; beta
.01 and .05

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