stud
bud
Sign up
Log in
Home
Library
Explore
SAT
More
Language Variation Flashcards | StudBud
Explore
/
Language Variation
Language Variation
215 terms
·
StudBud Administration
·
4 plays
A #A2 #English #Language #Quiz for paper 1 revision #2018 #6/6/2018
Flashcards
215 cards
F
Practice quiz
P
Host live
L
Questions
215
Answers
1
Vague language
Statements that sound imprecise
Unreadable language
and so on, whatever
Accurate statements
2
Which is not an aspect of personal identity?
Projected self
Authentic self
Ethnicity
Age
3
When was the Oxford dictionary?
1828
1882
1928
1938
4
The language and identity question is...?
1h7
1h
1h5
1h10
5
An open network is when an individual's contacts
tend to know each other
tend not to know each other
tend to be familiar with each other
tend to share the same interests
6
Feelings are...?
how women are concerned with emotions
how women are concerned with practicality
how women are concerned with morality
how women are concerned with common sense
7
I know you're a genius – would you know how to solve this?
is which of Leech's maxims?
sympathy
approbation
agreement
modesty
8
When was the Early Modern Period?
1900-present
1450-1700
1700-1900
1500-1900
9
Which of these is not a negative politeness strategy?
Be pessimistic
Be unapologetic
Be indirect
Go on record as being indebted (owing gratitude)
10
What is off-record politeness?
A direct strategy using blunt language
A direct strategy using insinuations
An indirect strategy using insinuations
A direct strategy using persuasive language
11
The total exam time is...?
2h
1h45
2h15
1h30
12
Jocks are more likely to..?
use a higher register than burnouts
use more restricted code than burnouts
use a lower register than burnouts
use more elaborated code than burnouts
13
When was Shakespeare alive?
1541-1594
1561-1614
1564-1616
1546-1611
14
Bernstein: Elaborated code...
arises where there is a commonality between parties
arises where there is a gap or boundary between parties
arises where there is a shared ground between parties
arises where there is a unity between parties
15
What is covert prestige?
A dialect considered prestigious for being incorrect
An accent considered prestigious for being overt
A dialect considered prestigious for being like rp
A dialect considered prestigious for being correct
16
When everyone knows each other this is a
open network
open network
closed network
closed network
17
What happened from 1450-1650?
The King James Bible
The Industrial Revolution
The Reformation
The Renaissance Period
18
In Pamela Fishman's conversational theory she investigates the use of...?
fillers
intensifiers
hedging
tag questions
19
What is an empty adjective?
Adjectives like charming and sweet
Adjectives that are overused
Adjectives that aren't very meaningful
Adjectives next to an empty noun
20
We are now living in a linguistic economy in which now language is more practical than formal
Sharon Goodman
Jean Aitchison
Donald Mackinnon
David Crystal
21
What is negative politeness?
Being direct without making assumptions/presumptions
Being indirect without making assumptions/presumptions
Being direct and making assumptions/presumptions
Being indirect and making assumptions/presumptions
22
What is an indicator of inclusive tone?
use of "I", "you" and "me"
use of "one", "I" and "ourselves"
use of "we", "us" and "our"
use of "they", "me" and "you"
23
Authentic self, projected self, age, opinions and values are all aspects of...?
Personal identity
Social identity
Social ID
Personal ID
24
I'm so stupid – I didn't make a note of our lecture! Did you?
is which of Leech's maxims
sympathy
tact
agreement
modesty
25
Gender, social class, profession, ethnicity, location and cultural values are aspects of...?
Personal ID
Social ID
Social identity
Personal identity
26
What does a euphemism do?
replaces a word considered too adverse with a antonym
replaces a word considered too harsh or blunt with a softer1
replaces a word considered too unemphasised with a harder1
replaces a word considered too soft with a direct or harder1
27
Which would not avoid disagreement?
telling the whole truth
pretending
using white lies
hedging own opinions
28
Each question is..?
20 marks each
25 marks each
35 marks each
30 marks each
29
When someone adjusts their speech to be different and distance themselves from a social group
convergence
convergence
divergence
divergence
30
Malcolm Petyt studied the omission of what phonological variable?
th substituting
h dropping
z swapping
s dropping
31
Which is not an example of a discourse marker?
I think
so anyway
on the other hand
whats more
32
When was the King James Bible created?
1616
1674
1611
1646
33
What is a correct summary of Jenny Thomas's unequal encounters?
Degree of social distance and power determines in/equality
Control of distance and power determines in/equality
Respect of distance and power determines control
Degree of social proximity and power determines control
34
She disagrees with Lakoff because tag questions...?
show lack of conversational awareness
do not show lack of conversational awareness
do not show a high amount conversational awareness
show lack of conversational prowess
35
Conflict vs...?
middle ground
concern
cooperation
compromise
36
Humour, mock politeness, hyperbole and register are elements of what?
Authentic self
Antagonistic self
Proficient self
Projected self
37
Orders vs
proposals
arrangements
wanting
need
38
What do all these features do?
Give variation between the producer and receiver
Build relationships between the producer and receiver
Give deference between the producer and receiver
Build a divide between the producer and receiver
39
What function can the illocutionary act have?
Implying, ordering, warning, understanding
Persuading, inspiring, warning, undertaking
Informing, ordering, warning, undertaking
Interfering, ordering, alluding, undertaking
40
Words or phrases used to signal relationships between utterances
discourse marker
semantic connector
semantic linker
discourse changer
41
Independence is...?
how men speak for themselves and don't seek support
how men have confidence in their own opinion
how men disagree with everything
how men dance to the single ladies
42
Gile's accommodation theory proposed what concepts?
quality and quantity
elaborated code and restricted code
manner and relevance
convergence and divergence
43
What is house talk?
talk of women’s anger at their inferior status
judging of the behaviour of others
talk connected with the female role as an occupation
a mutual self-disclosure
44
Who was responsible for the prestige theory?
Milroy
Labov
Petyt
Cohen
45
Which of these is more likely to be used by a woman than a man?
purple
like Barney the dinosaur
magenta
dark
46
When someone adjusts their speech to match others and another social identity
divergence
convergence
divergence
convergence
47
What is Grice's maxim of quantity?
give clear, coherent orderly info
give relevant topic confined answers
give as much info as required with not tmi or little
give truthful words with enough supporting evidence
48
Lower middle class ... prestige forms because they are socially insecure
do not use
sparingly use
frequently
over-produce
49
Described as women using skills learnt from their job of nurturing others to for advantage?
House talk
Scandal
Chatting
Bitching
50
Deborah Cameron
Courtroom Study
Semantic Derogation
Female Speech Acts
Verbal hygiene
51
Power Theories: Bernstein
Lang and Social Class Restricted code and Elaborated code
Types of Power
Accommodation Theory
Speech Acts
52
Forms of jargon can be influenced by what factor of personal identity?
Opinions
Age
Projected self
Values
53
How can we pay attention to other speakers?
show interest, empathy and disapproval
show interest, sympathy and approval
show interest, indifference and approval
show disinterest, sympathy and approval
54
What maxim was to speak in a clear, coherent and orderly way
Manner
Quantity
Quality
Relevance
55
When someone doesn't adjust their speech to match others and another social identity
divergence
convergence
divergence
convergence
56
What are the two headings of identity?
Personal identity and social identity
Social identity and projected self
Authentic self and projected self
Personal identity and projected self
57
Labov
Speech Acts
Speech Act Theory
Politeness Strategies
Class and Prestige
58
Guess how many times Trump and Clinton interrupted each other on a 2016 presidential debate?
Clinton interrupted 49x, Trump interrupted 48x
Clinton interrupted 39x, Trump interrupted 41x
Clinton interrupted 35x, Trump interrupted 51x
Clinton interrupted 17x, Trump interrupted 51x
59
William Fairclough
Class and Prestige
Speech Act Theory(1962)
Accommodation Theory(1973)
Synthetic Personalisation(2001)
60
Pamela Fishman
Reading Study
Conversational Theory
Courtroom Study
Semantic Derogation
61
Gender: Lakoff
Female Speech Acts
Semantic Derogation
Gender Theory
Courtroom Study
62
Pilkington
Female Speech Acts
Verbal hygiene
Conversational Theory
‘Bakery Study’
63
"I can't read the board" when your glasses are 1m away is an example of...?
Off-record
On-record
positive politeness
negative politeness
64
He claims speakers of all classes recognise the importance of...
covert forms
prestige forms
overt forms
americanisms
65
What is an illocutionary act?
Effect of words on the hearer, depending on circumstances
Extra meaning of words based on literal meaning
The literal meaning of words in the traditional sense
Alternative meaning of words based on literal meaning
66
Which is true of Penelope Eckert's theory?
looking for differences obscures gender-related variation
All are true
Categorising speakers by sex alone obscures gender variation
we should make local generalisations rather than global ones
67
Women... on each others points and ... others utterances
agree, interrupt
build, dispute
build, complete
disagree, dispute
68
Orders are...?
how men use rhetoric
how men use direct address
how men use interrogatives
how men use imperatives
69
What is the function of covert prestige?
To gain respect from a broad culture
To gain acceptance/solidarity with a specific group
To engage with mass celebrity audiences
To gain attention from the media
70
Milroy's Belfast study concluded how closely or loosely knit a clique was...
less of a determiner of dialect forms than class and gender
less of a factor using accent forms than class and gender
less of a factor using dialect forms than class and gender
more of a determiner of dialect forms than class and gender
71
What did O'Barr and Atkins say about this?"..."
neither characteristic of all men nor limited only 2 women
neither characteristic of all women nor limited only 2 men
neither characteristic of all men nor limited only 2 men
neither characteristic of all women nor limited only 2 women
72
Complete the sentence with an intensifier I.. hate exams?
really
only
don't
fricking
73
He also concluded as people moved up social class their language ... rp?
became less
became more
stayed without
ignored
74
When was the Modern Period?
1900-2018
1700-1900
1750-1900
1900-present
75
Information is...?
how males are concerned with the gossip
how males are concerned with the rumours
how males are concerned with the facts
how males are concerned with the opinions
76
Bernstein: Restricted code is...
to cross a divide
context dependent
speech relies on participants prior knowledge
based on differences
77
When were the Education Acts?
1880s
1820s
1850s
1870s
78
Which of these expletives is a man more likely to say?
what the hell, I don't know, why
motherfucker, cunt, shit
oh dear, oops, shit
crap, damn, omg
79
What was the result of Trudgill's Norwich study?
Men used more non standard forms, women used more rp forms
Class is more of a determiner of covert prestige than gender
Women used more non standard forms, men used more rp forms
Gender is more of a determiner of covert prestige than class
80
Tannen had six main differences between male and female speech: which was not on the list?
information vs feelings
advice vs interrogation
status vs support
independence vs intimacy
81
When was John Hart's Capitalisation?
1535
1551
1515
1513
82
Tannen had six main differences between male and female speech: which was not on the list?
advice vs understanding
conflict vs compromise
information vs understanding
orders vs proposals
83
Which of these is not a feature of synthetic personalisation?
third person
implied familiarity
phatic language
direct address
84
When someone moves the discussion in a different direction
subject surfing
topic shift
topic change
subject shift
85
The Conservatives and UKIP are...?
Left wing
Right wing
Left wing
Right wing
86
O’Barr and Atkins
Verbal hygiene
Dominance Model
Female Speech Acts
Courtroom Study
87
What does positive politeness do?
claim common ground with others &convey supposed competition
claim common ground with others &convey supposed cooperation
claim higher ground with others &convey supposed competition
claim lower ground with others &convey supposed cooperation
88
Which is false of the bakery study?
Men find long pauses (thinking time) acceptable
Men find long pauses (thinking time) acceptable
Women agree frequently and are cooperative.
Men focus on feelings, personal anecdotes and relationships.
89
Utterances by speakers which follow directly on to agree and show enthusiasm?
Direct tag-ons
Follow-ons
Adjacency tags
Latching
90
Advice is...?
how men see language as problem solving
men see language as prenuptial
men see language as changing
how men see language as emotional
91
She argues tag questions...?
interrupt conversation and continue dialogue
start conversation and interrupt dialogue
end conversation and continue dialogue
start conversation and continue dialogue
92
when the speaker thanks, apologizes, or welcomes the listener
directives
expressives
commissives
representatives
93
Status is men seeing...?
language as a means of showing weakness
language as a means of asserting dominance
language as a means of combating insecurity
language as a means of defying stereotypes
94
Representatives, Commissives, Directives, Declarations and Expressives are all by?
Levinson
Cohen
Giles
Grice
95
What is the difference between accent and dialect of a region?
Accent is the way words are pronounced vs learnt
Accent is the vocab/grammar vs the way words are pronounced
Accent is the way words are spelt vs the vocab/grammar
Accent is the way words are pronounced vs the vocab/grammar
96
Intimacy is...?
how women seek support
how women seek independence
how women seek solidarity
how women don't seek approval
97
When was Bishop Lowth's Grammar?
1752
1742
1772
1762
98
Which is not a hedge?
whatsit
maybe
perhaps
sort of
99
Which is not an aspect of social identity?
Location
Cultural values
Gender
Values
100
Jenny Cheshire
Female Speech Acts
Semantic Derogation
Dominance Theory
Reading Study
101
What is a locutionary act?
Extra meaning of words based on literal meaning
Alternative meaning of words based on literal meaning
The literal meaning of words in the traditional sense
Effect of words on the hearer, depending on circumstances
102
What did the bakery study find?
Women talk to affirm solidarity and maintain relationships.
Women talk to create solidarity and impress friends.
Women talk to show solidarity and end relationships.
Women talk to create solidarity and interact with people.
103
What did Jenny Cheshire conclude in the Reading study?
girls used non-standard forms more frequently than boys did
boys used non-standard forms more frequently than girls did
men used non-standard forms more frequently than girls did
girls used non-standard forms more frequently than males did
104
Which is an example of being off-record in a room where there is an on/off radiator?
"Ever been to LA?"
"Have you seen any water about?"
"It's hot in herre"
"Why you so serious?"
105
When was Webster's dictionary?
1928
1818
1828
1918
106
What function can the perlocutionary act have?
embossing, persuading, encouraging
insinuating, persuading, encouraging
inspiring, persuading, deterring
enthusing, persuading, deterring
107
What 'types of power' did Wareing invent?
Positive power and negative power
Instrumental and Influential
Indirect and direct power
Power in the discourse and power behind the discourse
108
Leech
Types of Power(1999)
Synthetic Personalisation(2001)
Accommodation Theory(1973)
Politeness Strategies(1983)
109
If someone increases their high register when the other person has a lower register, this is...
convergence
divergence
divergence
convergence
110
How much does this paper count towards your overall grade?
15%
35%
20%
25%
111
Someone who has a high register starts to use more colloquialisms w/ a person w/ lower register
convergence
divergence
convergence
divergence
112
... maxims
Grice's
Bernstein's
Giles's
Cohen's
113
How can we seek agreement?
Avoid political correctness
Choose controversial topics
Choose safe topics
Suck-up
114
Support is how women use language to...?
confirm ideas
construct ideas
differentiate with people
sympathise with people
115
A Clockwork Orange date?
1955
1984
1962
1973
116
Zimmerman and West: In mixed sex conversations men are more likely to... than women?
Doodle
Not listen
Be interrupted
Interrupt
117
When was the Great Vowel Shift?
1564-1616
1450-1650
1350-1700
1450-1700
118
Eckert: People speak more like their:
parents
teachers
enemies
friends
119
Inequality will be realised when...?
the weaker speaker overcompensates for the minimal convo
the powerful talker under compensates for the lack of speech
the powerful speaker dominates and controls the interaction
the powerful speaker steps back from the interaction
120
Which of these is not a feature of synthetic personalisation?
inclusive tone
imperatives
hyperbole
euphemisms
121
How does code switching link to authentic and projected self?
A mix of elabo and rest code can diverge
A mix of elabo and rest code can project opinions
A mix of elabo and rest code can project a social class
A mix of elabo and rest code can converge
122
Muriel Schulz
Female Speech Acts
Dominance Theory
Conversational Theory
Semantic Derogation
123
Could I interrupt you for a second?
uses which of Leech's maxims
modesty
generosity
tact
approbation
124
Said genders speak differently because of parents talking feelings to girls and verbs to boys?
Jenny Cheshire
Deborah Cameron
Jennifer Coates
Deborah Tannen
125
Compromise is...?
how women will try to find a middle ground
how women will try and find a worse alternative
how women will try and find a divide
how women will disagree
126
When was Dr Samuel Johnson's dictionary?
1575
1775
1757
1755
127
I am sorry to hear about your father.
tact
agreement
sympathy
approbation
128
Which of these is not an aspect of Boris Johnson's social identity?
Right wing
53 years old
Politician
Funny
129
Wareing
Dominance Theory
Types of Power(1999)
Accommodation Theory(1973)
Dominance Model
130
One of Labov's conclusions was there is a direct correlation between...?
prestige and social class
social class and accent
social class and dialect
prestige and colloquialisms
131
Q2 is...?
Language and Context 1450-2018 Data
Language and Identity 1450-2018 Data
Language and Context 21st Century Data
Language and Identity 21st Century Data
132
Tannen: Status vs...?
Orders
Intelligence
Assistance
Support
133
Left wing parties include...
Labour, the Lib dems, the Conservatives
Labour, the Green Party, the Socialist Worker's Party
the Conservatives, UKIP, the Green party, Labour
the Green party, the Socialist Worker's Party, the lib dems
134
Crumbling Castle myth
Jean Aitchison
David Crystal
Donald Mackinnon
Suzanne Romaine
135
What did they suggest about words?
Have meaning in and of themselves
Meanings r not affected by situation, speaker & listener
Meanings r affected by situation, the speaker & the listener
Don't have meaning in and of themselves
136
What do bald on-record strategies do?
Do not minimise the threat to the hearer's face
Do not maximise the threat to the hearer's face
Minimise the threat to the hearer's face
Maximise the safety to the hearer's face
137
The question is similar to?
Analyse and compare the stereotypes of both texts
Analyse and compare identity referencing context and culture
Analyse and compare the personal and social identities
Analyse and compare the dialects presented by both texts
138
What does Deborah Cameron liken being instructed the proper ways of talking to?
as they have been instructed in the proper ways of eating
as they have been instructed in the proper ways of walking
as they have been instructed in the proper ways of dressing
as they have been instructed in the proper ways of sitting
139
"Duck" is an example of...?
positive politeness
bald on-record
negative politeness
bald off-record
140
What did Muriel Schulz argue in 'The Semantic Derogation Of Women' theory?
There r a < No. of - terms for women from patriarchal order
There r a > No. of - terms for women in democratic society
There r a > No. of - terms for women in dictatorship society
There r a < No. of - terms for women from binomial order
141
Which of these statements is correct about bitching?
expressed in private and with mixed company only
expressed in private and with other women only
expressed in publicly and with other women only
expressed in earnest and with other women only
142
In Robin Lakoff's deficit approach, which of these is not a feature of women's language?
taboo language, insults & vague language
empty adjectives, tag questions & tag questions
euphemisms, hedges & intensifiers
precise colour terms, domestic jargon & weak expletives
143
When is the Late Modern Period
1950-present
1700-1900
2000 onwards
1900-present
144
Select the correct summary of O'Barr and Atkins 1980 courtroom study?
Female lawyers were assertive and interrupted
Language is affected by age not gender
Female lawyers were less dominant than male lawyers
Language is affected by who has the most power, not gender
145
Cameron's verbal hygiene describes what as women being taught in the proper ways of talking?
Verbal conduct
Speech reinforcement
Verbal correctness
Speech conduct
146
When was Strunk and White?
1877
1911
1856
1918
147
Which of these is not an aspect of Jeremy Corbyn's personal identity?
British
Left wing
Politician
Pacifist
148
What is an exchange that follows a predictable pattern known as?
Adjacency pair
Latching
Non fluency feature
Minimal exchanges
149
What creates a sense of excitement?
similes
hyperbole
euphemism
rhetoric
150
Tide Metaphor
David Crystal
Suzanne Romaine
Jean Aitchison
David Mackinnon
151
You relax and let me do the dishes.
uses which of Leech's maxims?
approbation
agreement
sympathy
generosity
152
What did Penelope Eckert believe?
gender was misrepresented by theories as a discrete variable
gender was misunderstood by theory as a continuous variable
gender was misunderstood by theories as an indirect variable
gender was misrepresented by theories as a main variable
153
Jennifer Coates
Conversational Theory
‘Bakery Study’
Female Speech Acts
Reading Study
154
"When the status between speakers is unequal, the rules for interaction are..."?
witheld
disregarded
expanded
constrained
155
Which is not an aspect of personal identity?
Opinions
Values
Age
Profession
156
Which is true according to Tannen?
Women get more air time and negotiate status/avoid failure
Women overlap, speak symmetrically and speak in private
Women turn take, speak symmetrically and speak in private
Women talk too much, build relations and speak in public
157
Which theorists developed the concepts of scandal, bitching, house talk and chatting?
Jennifer Coates and Deborah Jones
Deborah Cameron and Deborah Tannen
Jenny Coates and Jennifer Cheshire
Deborah Jones and Jenny Cheshire
158
Conflict is...?
how men will argue
how men will agree
how men will converge
how men are competitive in conversation
159
Pilkington's Bakery study observed a bakery over a period of...?
6months
2years
12months
9months
160
What is a perlocutionary act?
Alternative meaning of words based on literal meaning
The literal meaning of words in the traditional sense
Effect of words on the hearer, depending on circumstances
Extra meaning of words based on literal meaning
161
Which of these is an example of hedging?
isn't it
so
you know
sort of
162
What did Zimmerman and West's dominance theory say about females?
They are seen as the subordinate group
They are seen as equals if of higher social status
They are seen as the dominant group
They are seen as equals in conversation
163
Deborah Tannen
Conversational Theory
Dominance Theory
Verbal hygiene
Dominance Model
164
1949?
A clockwork orange
Orwell's politics and english language
A clockwork orange
Orwell's politics and english language
165
speaker may ask a question, make a request, or issue an invitation
representatives
directives
declarations
expressives
166
Which is true according to Tannen?
Men talk too much, speak in public & negotiate status
Men speak symmetrically, get more air time & speak in public
Men speak one at a time, get more air time & speak in public
Men speak asymmetrically and negotiate status/avoid failure
167
Zimmerman & West
Gender Theory
Conversational Theory
Female Speech Acts
Dominance Theory
168
What is a false start?
when a speaker interrupts the end of another's speech
when a speaker stops and laughs off an utterance
when a speaker interrupts the beginning of another's speech
when a speaker stops and corrects or abandons an utterance
169
What does Fairclough's synthetic personalisation do?
Address small audiences with inclusive language
Address large audiences with another language
Address large audiences with limiting language
Address mass audiences with inclusive language
170
Described as the overt expression of women’s anger of restricted role and inferior status?
House talk
Scandal
Bitching
Chatting
171
Howard Giles
Unequal Encounters(1988)
Lang and Social Class Restricted code and Elaborated code
Accommodation Theory(1973)
Types of Power(1999)
172
I don't want my daughter to do this/Yes, but ma'am, I thought we resolved this already
agreement
sympathy
modesty
tact
173
What maxim is to be relevant and stick to the point?
Manner
Quality
Relevance
Quantity
174
Advice vs...?
Listening
Compromise
Understanding
Disregard
175
A non-fluency feature?
Disrupts the flow of dialogue
Builds on the flow of dialogue
Increases the flow of dialogue
Interrupts the flow of dialogue
176
T/F gender interacts with other aspects of identity?
False
True
False
True
177
A response that shows you are listening is known as?
feedback
back channeling
minimal responses
hedging
178
Watch out, come in, eat up, pass me the wrench are known as...?
Bald on-record declaratives
Bald on-record exclamatives
Bald on-record imperatives
Bald on-record interrogatives
179
What was Searle and Austin's Speech Act Theory?
Locatory, illocutionary & perlocutionary acts
Locutionary, illocutionary & precautionary acts
Locutionary, elocution & perlocutionary acts
Locutionary, illocutionary & perlocutionary acts
180
Q1 is...?
Language and Context 1450-2018 data
Language and Context 21st Century Data
Language and Identity 21st Century Data
Language and Identity 1450-2018 data
181
Deictic markers refer outside a text and are...
not referential
not context dependent
language dependent
context dependent
182
Items which do not carry conventional meaning, inserted to allow time to think?
Vague language
Voiced pauses
Hedges
Fillers
183
When was the Victorian Period?
1837-1901
1801-1907
1837-1898
1834-1901
184
Which party is in the middle of the wing spectrum?
Liberal Democrats
Communists
Labour
The Green Party
185
main purpose was to confirm to the readers that the writer would perform some action
expressives
directives
representatives
commissives
186
Described as made in terms of the domestic morality?
bitching
house talk
scandal
chatting
187
Which is true of positive politeness strategies?
show interest, seek agreement, avoid disagreement
show approval, seek disagreement, don't use white lies
pay attention to others, seek agreement, avoid disagreement
show disapproval, seek agreement, use white lies
188
Which is not a negative politeness strategy?
give deference (respect)
question and hedge
be indirect
be optimistic
189
External (descriptivist) and Internal (prescriptivist) history of language
Jean Aitchison
Suzanne Romaine
David Mackinnon
David Crystal
190
if the writer explicitly expressed his belief through fact
directives
assertives
expressives
representative
191
Information vs...?
Fact
Feelings
Compromise
Opinion
192
"OMG I love your abode" is an example of?
negative politeness
bald off-record
positive politeness
bald on-record
193
What is Grice's maxim of quality?
give as much info as required with not tmi or little
give truthful words with enough supporting evidence
give clear, orderly info
give relevant topic confined answers
194
Why do they do this?
to speak at a higher register
To speak less rp
To speak more upper middle class
to speak at a lower register
195
Eckert: The jocks and burnouts theory: jocks are...?
all like Troy Bolton
respect authority, are school orientated and do clubs
anti authority, enjoy school and enjoy extra curriculum
are total rebels, popular, anti school
196
political correctness has increased over time
Jean Aitchison
David Mackinnon
Suzanne Romaine
David Crystal
197
Zimmerman and West: What do they say about why women talk differently?
Its down to past experiences and provocation
Its down to male allure and consequence
Its down to female empowerment and insecurity
Its down to male supremacy and patriarchy
198
William Caxton's printing press
1647
1476
1674
1467
199
Who came up with the notion of positive, off record, negative and bald on record politeness?
Howard Giles
Grice
Leech
Brown and Levinson
200
Give an example of phatic language
anything small talkish
How are ya?
Hello
It's cold outside
201
What does Judith Butler say about gender
constructing
linguistic behaviour?
“We are not slaves to our gender”.
"We are not enslaved by our gender".
"Our gender does not control our linguistics".
"We have no power over the language choices we make".
202
Searle and Austin
Speech Act Theory(1962)
Accommodation Theory(1973)
Politeness Strategies(1983)
Speech Acts(1996)
203
Jenny Thomas
Female Speech Acts
Unequal Encounters(1988)
Reading Study
Dominance Theory
204
How do men converse competitively to a point of verbal abuse, called verbal sparring?
Ignore each other
Form teams
Use mock insults
Use tag questions
205
Proposals are...?
how females use hidden directives
how females use empty adjectives
how females use hedging
how females divert attention
206
Wareing: Which of these is correct about influential (INF) and instrumental (INS) power
INF is persuasive power and INS is power from authority
INS has no binding force behind its language
INF is used by state, conventions and organisations
INF is power from authority and INS is persuasive power
207
In the study Cheshire found the dialect used inverted syntax with what lexis?
lit (lit it twas)
has (you has to...)
how (I sure how know)
never(never you what)
208
Understanding is...?
how women see advice as a means of empathy
how women see advice as a means of questioning
how women see advice as a means of moving on
how women see advice as a means of problem solving
209
Eckert: Jocks and burnouts theory: burnouts are...?
kids behaving badass but unnoticed
spoil sports, party poopers, respect authority
anti-authority, drink/smoke, too school for cool
anti-authority, drink/smoke, anti-school
210
Which theorist came up with code switching between elaborated code and restricted code?
Basil Bernstein
Cohen
Howard Giles
William Labov
211
Words, phrases and utterances used by a listener to show the speaker the message is understood?
Latch
Vague language
Deixis
Back channeling
212
Cohen
Types of Power(1999)
Speech Acts(1996)
Politeness Strategies(1983)
Verbal hygiene
213
Which is not an aspect of social identity?
Social Class
Age
Gender
Profession
214
When a speaker softens the force of what they are saying?
minimal responses
minimal responses
hedging
hedging
215
Tannen: Independence vs...?
Dependence
Indecisiveness
Intimacy
Cautiousness
