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Probability and Statistics Final Exam Review
Probability and Statistics Final Exam Review
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1
When describing the distribution of quantitative univariate data, we use the acronym
FBI
NASA
SOCS
DUFS
2
A placebo is
Something that was on greys anatomy
A fake treatment
A blind group
A type of experiment
3
____% of the variation in
y
can be explained by
x
. This is
R^2 in context
R in context
Slope in context
Y intercept in context
4
When the sample need to be less than 10% of the population, it is called the
10% condition
10% theorem
10% model
10% rule
5
All of the following are stated in the Bernoulli (Binomial) trials except
Only 2 outcomes
Trials are independent
Large Counts
Probability of success doesn't change
6
You can display categorical data on all of the following charts except
Two-way Table
Histogram
Bar graph
Pie chart
7
What value of the population proportion
p
will maximize p(1 - p)
0.75
0.25
0.50
0.05
8
Any point that doesn't fit with the rest is called a(n)
Influential
Genius
Outlier
Gap
9
True or false. Categorical data does not make sense to calculate a mean.
False
True
10
What is the area under a density curve?
100
1
10
0.1
11
Describe the association.
Negative, curved, moderate
Negative, curved, weak
Positive, curved, strong
Positive, curved, moderate
12
An example of a systematic sample would be asking
Everyone in your school system
Every 10th person
Everyone you like
Everyone in one group
13
The group where no treatment is applied is called the
Uncontrolled group
Good group
Homogenous group
Control group
14
When questions ask if there is a relationship in the association, remember that
Correlation means causation
Correlation is independent
Correlation does not imply causation
It is always true
15
For questions that ask for a proportion or percent to be calculated, we use
Invnorm
Normalcdf
16
In the LinReg equation, what does
b
stand for?
slope
y int
X int
Strength
17
Which of the following is resistant to outliers?
Standard deviation
Mean
Median
Range
18
Lying is a type of
No response bias
Response bias
Mean act
Cluster sample
19
A parameter is
A number calculated from a population.
The distance around a shape.
A unit in statistics.
A number calculated from a sample.
20
If I multiply each
x
by 100, add 12 to each y, and switch X and y, r
Decreases
Changes
Increases
Stays the same
21
Which of the following confidence intervals will be the widest?
95%
90%
80%
98%
22
Phone numbers
Quantitative
Categorical
23
The median is the
Middle number
The average
The monkey in the middle
The middle number when data is ordered
24
A simple random sample is
When you pick one person from each homogenous group
Everyone in a space that has the same chance of selection
Really simple
Really easy
25
The word
and
in a probability question signifies
Multiplication
Subtraction
Division
Addition
26
In the LinReg equation,
a
stands for
Y-int
Strength
R^2
Slope
27
What type of graph is this?
Bar chart
Segmented bar graph
Histogram
Pie chart
28
An effect is ____ _____ if it is too great to be caused by chance.
Quite significant
Systematically wrong
Statistically significant
Very significant
29
A z-score is
How many standard deviations from the mean a value is
How far you are from A
Your IQ score
How far you are from the mean
30
If a segmented bar chart shows notable differences of data, then it is
Dependent
Unique
Independent
Even
31
For describing an association, we use the acronym
DUFS
STAT
USA
SOCS
32
If this point was removed from this scatterplot, would
r
increase or decrease?
Increase
Decrease
33
The word
or
in a probability question signifies
Division
Subtraction
Addition
Multiplication
34
Generally, lower confidence levels will yield
Smaller standard deviations for the sampling distribution.
Narrower confidence intervals.
Broader confidence intervals.
Larger margins of error.
35
What is the interquartile range?
Q2-Q4
Q3-Q1
Q4-Q3
Q2-Q1
36
All of the following are types of quantitative data except
Distance
Zip codes
Height
Weight
37
If you calculate a negative residual, that means that the actual value was
More than the predicted value
Less than the predicted value
38
The variability of a statistic decreases as ___________
Population increases
Population decreases
Sample size decreases
Sample size increases
39
If a(n) ___ ____ is done correctly, it can determine cause and effect.
Experimental design
Observational study
Statistics study
Statistics simulation
40
A type of bias that only people that feel strong respond is called a
No response bias
Response bias
Voluntary response bias
Under coverage
41
A type of study where no treatments are imposed and cannot show cause and effect are called
Experimental design
Observational studies
Perspective studies
Retrospective studies
42
What % of data falls within 2 standard deviations in a Normal distribution?
95%
68%
99.7%
34%
43
Formula for finding a range.
Max/Min
Max-Min
Max+Min
Min-Max
44
Describe the shape of this distribution.
Uniform
Skewed left
Unimodal and symmetric
Bimodal and skewed.
45
What does SOCS stand for?
Shape, outlier, center, and spread
Statistics, observation, center, and spread
Sample, outlier, center, and shape
Skew, outlier, center, and shape
46
What is a residual?
A plot that shows a curve or no curve
The difference between the actual and the the predicted value
A plot
A number indicating how many SD you are from the mean
47
If x and y are swapped,
r doesn't change
r may change
r flips
r changes
48
Describe the association.
Negative, linear, moderate
Positive, Quadratic, Strong
Negative, quadratic, moderate
Positive, linear, strong
49
What is the formula for a residual?
y - y(hat)
y(hat )- y
y + y(hat)
y - x
50
Another way to express y=a+bx is
Bo+Bix
Y=mx+b
y=bo+b1x
y=mx+b
51
Being a(n) _____ point means that it affects the slope.
Unusual
Influential
Unique
Noninfluential
52
Things that cannot happen at the same time are
Mutually inclusive
Variance
Mutually exclusive
Independence
53
The two types of data we studied are
Categorical and quantitative
Quantitative and qualitative
Statistical and categorical
Research and analytical
54
How do you mathematically figure out if a point is an outlier or not?
1.5 (IQR)
If it looks weird it must be an outlier
See if it looks unusual
Determine if it changes the slope of the data
55
The closer our proportion gets to the theoretical probability
Theorem of stats
Law of statistics
Law of large numbers
Law of small numbers
56
What results from samples that do not represent the population?
Inaccurate numbers
People are upset they were left out
Under coverage
Bias
57
SAT scores
Categorical
Quantitative
58
The proportion of times the outcome would occur for a large number of repetitions is called
Probability
An event
Independence
A simulation
59
All of the following are types of graphs used to display quantitative data except
Histogram
Box plot
Dot plot
Pictogram
60
What does DUFS stand for ?
Distance, Unusual, Form, Scatter
Direction, Unusual, Form, Strength
Direction, Unique, Form, Scatter
Direction, Unique, Formality, Strength
61
What kind of study surveys a whole population?
Stratified sample
Cluster sample
Simple random sample
Census
62
What is the equation for LinReg?
Y=mx+b
Y=X
Ax+By=C
y=a+bx
63
For questions that give you a proportion and have you find a specific x value , we use
Emperical rule
Invnorm
64
Making a prediction outside of the data given means you are
Inferring
Extrapolating
Exploring
Hypothesizing
65
What is the term for the most common number?
Mode
Midrange
Median
Standard Deviation
66
The experimental condition being imposed on the group is called the
Treatment
Control group
Subjects
Level
67
Which of the following is not a good way to sample a population?
Systematic
Stratified
Convience
Cluster
68
When running a simulation, you should _____ it several times.
Try
Create
Invent
Repeat
69
When data is skewed, the mean is pulled
And is increased
In the direction of the skew
In the direction of the title
Towards the graph
70
Describe the association.
No association
Random
Negative, curved, weak
Positive, gap, very weak
71
Quadratic data has an r of
None
0.78
- .90
.90
72
The association in this picture has a r of
0
0.79
.99
-.99
73
5% of students scored better than me on the final. I scored in the_______
50th percentile
Did we learn this?
95th percentile
5th percentile
74
A 5 number summary is used for a
Pie chart
Histogram
Box plot
Bar graph
75
Describe the shape of this distribution.
Bimodal
Skewed right
Unifrom
Skewed left
76
A random variable includes all times in a range from 0-2 hours. This variable is___________
Continuous
Discrete
77
True or false. You must control variables, randomize, and replicate an experiment in order for it to be valid.
True
False
78
True or false. The picture is an example of the normal distribution.
False
True
79
Weight
Quantitative
Categorical
80
An attempt to try to get everyone in the population is called a
Census
Representative sample
Approval
Experiment
81
___ blinding is when the subject does not know what group they belong to.
Triple
Double
Some
Single
82
Describe the association.
Positive, curved, moderate
No association
Positive, Linear, Strong
Negative, Linear, Strong
