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AP Biology Final Review
AP Biology Final Review
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1
Which of the following best demonstrates the unity among all organisms
natural selection
descent with modification
emergent properties
the structure and function of DNA
2
Which of these ecosystems has the LOWEST net primary production per square meter?
a tropical rainforest
a salt marsh
an open ocean
a coral reef
3
Cyanide binds to at least 1 molecule involved in producing ATP. If the cell is exposed to it, most of it will be in the
ribosomes
lysosomes
peroxisomes
mitochondria
4
In the term trace element, the adjective trace means that
element enhances health but is not essential for the organism's survival
element can be used as label to trace atoms through a organism's metabolism
the element is very rare on earth
the element is required in very small amounts
5
Measurements show that the pH of a particular lake is 4.0. What is the hydrogen ion concentration of the lake?
4.0 M
10^-10 M
10^-4 M
10^4 M
6
Which of the following is true about innate behaviors?
Their expression is only weakly influenced by genes
They occur in invertebrates and some vertebrates but not mammals
They occur with or without environmental stimuli
They are expressed in most individuals in a population
7
Which of the following is true of UNSATURATED fats?
They have double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids
They are more common in animals than plants
They contain more H than do saturated fats having the same # of C atoms
They generally solidify at room temperature
8
What coefficients must be placed so that all atoms are accounted for in the products C^6H^12O^6 to ____C^2H^6+____CO^2
2;2
3;1
2;1
1;3
9
Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell?
nuclear envelope
chloroplast
ribosome
mitochondrion
10
Which of the following is an example of qualitative data
the six pairs of robins hatched an average of three chicks each
the fish swam in a zigzag motion
the contents of the stomach are mixed every 20 seconds
the temperature decreased from 20 degrees to 15 degrees
11
Scientific study of the population cycles of the snowshoe hare and its predator, the lynx, has revealed that
both hare and lynx populations are regulated mainly by abiotic factors
predation is the dominant factor affecting prey population cycling
the hare population is r-selected and the lynx population is k-selected
they are so dependent that the species cannot survive without the other
12
When climbing a mountain we can observe transitions in biological communities that are analogous to the changes...
in biomes at different latitudes
in a community through different seasons
in an ecosystem as it evolves over time
in different depths in the ocean
13
The reactivity of an atom arises from
existence of unpaired electrons in the valence shell
the potential energy of the valence shell
average distance of the outermost electron shell from the nucleus
the sum of the potential energies of all the electron shells
14
The main cause of the increase in the amount of CO
2
in Earth's atmosphere over the past 150 yrs. is
increased worldwide standing crop
increased worldwide primary production
an increase in the amount of infrared radiation absorbed by the atmosphere
the burning of larger amounts of wood and fossil fuels
15
Which of the following has the greatest effect on the rate of chemical cycling in an ecosystem?
the production efficiency of the ecosystem's consumers
the rate of decomposition in the ecosystem
the trophic efficiency of the ecosystem
the location of the nutrient reservoirs in the ecosystem
16
According to Hamilton's rule, (NS is natural selection)
NS favors altruistic acts when resulting gain of recipient exceeds altruist
NS does not like altruistic behavior that causes death of altruist
NS more likely favors altruistic behavior that helps offspring than sibling
effects of kin selection are larger than effects of direct NS on individual
17
Which statement about dispersal is FALSE?
the ability to disperse can expand the geographic distribution of species
colonization of areas after floods or volcanic eruptions depends on it
dispersal is a common component of the life cycles of plants and animals
dispersal occurs only on an evolutionary timescale
18
During exponential growth, a population always
quickly reaches its carrying capacity
cycles through time
has a constant, instantaneous per capita growth rate
loses some individuals to emigration
19
Which of the following areas of study focuses on the exchange of energy, organisms, and materials between ecosystems?
organismal ecology
community ecology
ecosystem ecology
landscape ecology
20
Which of the following strategies would most rapidly increase the genetic diversity of a pop. in an extinction vortex?
Sterilize the least fit individuals in the population
Control pops of the endangered pops predators and competitors
Establish a reserve that protects the populations habitat
Introduce new individuals transported from other pops of the same species
21
The principle of competitive exclusion states that
2 species that have exactly the same niche cannot coexist in a community
two species cannot coexist in the same habitat
two species will stop reproducing until one leaves the habitat
competition between 2 species always causes extinction or emigration of 1
22
Nitrifying bacteria participate in the nitrogen cycle mainly by
releasing ammonium from organic compounds, thus returning it to the soil
incorporating nitrogen into amino acids and organic compounds
converting ammonium to nitrate, which plants absorb
converting nitrogen gas to ammonia
23
The feeding relationships among the species in a community determine the community's
ecological niche
secondary succession
trophic structure
species richness
24
Which of the following is a hydrophobic material?
Table Salt
Paper
Wax
Sugar
25
Which pair of terms most accurately describes life history traits for a stable population of wolves?
semelparous; K-selected
semelparous; r-selected
iteroparous; r-selected
iteroparous; K-selected
26
Which cell would be best for studying lysosomes?
nerve cell
bacterial cell
phagocytic white blood cell
muscle cell
27
We can be sure that a mole of vitamin C are equal in their
Mass
Volume
Number of molecules
Number of atoms
28
A slice of pizza has 500 kcal, and use all the heat to warm a 50-L container of cold water how much would the temp go up
100 degrees C
5 degrees C
50 degrees C
10 degrees C
29
Which structure-function pair is MISMATCHED?
ribosome; protein synthesis
Golgi; protein trafficking
nucleolus; production of ribosomal subunits
microtubule; muscle contraction
30
Which lake zone would be absent in a very shallow lake?
aphotic zone
benthic zone
littoral zone
pelagic zone
31
Based on the number of valence electrons in a sulfur atom, predict the molecular formula of the compound,sulfur+hydrogen
HS
HS^2
H^2S
H^4S
32
Analyzing ecological footprints reveals that
its not possible for tech. improvements to increase carrying capacity
industrialized countries resource demand is smaller than the footprint
Earths carrying capacity would go up if percapita meat consumption increase
the ecological footprint of the US is big because percapita resource use is
33
Which of the following is a correct sequence of levels in life's hierarchy, proceeding downward from a individual animal
nervous system, brain, nervous tissue, nerve cell
organ systen, nervous tissue, brain, nerve cell
organism, brain, organ system, nerve cell
organism, organ system, tissue, cell, organ
34
Systems biology is mainly an attempt to
build high-throughput machines for rapid acquisition of bio. data
simplify complex problems by reducing the system into smaller units
understand the behavior of systems by studying how the dif. parts interact
analyze genomes from a different species
35
Which of the following best describes the logic of scientific inquiry
if I generatea testable hypothesis, tests and observations will support it
If my prediction is correct, it will lead to a testable hypothesis
if my observations are accurate, they will support my hypothesis
if my hypothesis is correct, I can expect certain test results
36
Population ecologists follow the fate of same-age cohorts to
determine the factors that regulate the size of a population
determine the birth rate and death rate of each group in a population
determine a population's carrying capacity
determine if a population is regulated by density-dependent processes
37
Glucose is C6-H12-O6. What would the formula be of 10 glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions?
C60-H102-O51
C60-H111-O51
C60-H120-O60
C60-H100-O50
38
Which of the following would be considered an example of bioremediation? (2=to)
adding nitrogen-fixing microorganisms to degraded ecosystems to increase it
using a bulldozer to regrade a strip mine
adding seeds of chromium-accumulating plant 2 soil contaminated by chromium
reconfiguring the channel of a river
39
Which of the following statements about human population in industrialized countries is INCORRECT?
The survivorship curve is Type I
Life history is r-selected
Average family size is relatively small
The population has undergone the demographic transition
40
which of the following catagories includes all others in the list
monosaccharide
carbohydrate
polysaccharide
starch
41
What is the single greatest threat to biodiversity?
pollution of earths air water and soil
habitat alteration fragmentation and destruction
introduce species that compete with native species
overharvesting of commercially important species
42
Which of the following statements best distinguishes hypotheses from theories in science
theories are proved true; hypotheses are often contradicted by exp. results
hypotheses=relatively narrow in scope; theories=broad explanatory power
hypotheses are guesses; theories are correct answers
theories are hypotheses that have been proved
43
organic chemistry is currently defined as
the study of natural (as oppose to synthetic) compounds.
the study of compounds made only by living cells
the study of carbon compounds
the study of hydrocarbons
44
The most plausible hypothesis to explain why species richness is higher in tropical than in temperate regions is that
tropical communities are younger
diversity increases as evapotranspiration decreases
tropical regions have more available water and higher levels of radiation
higher temperatures cause more rapid speciation
45
Which structure is common to plant and animal cells?
Mitochondrion
Central vacuole
centriole
Chloroplast
46
A controlled experiment is one that
is repeated many times to make sure the results are accurate
keeps all variables constant
tests experimental and control groups in parallel
proceeds slowly enough that scientist can make a careful record of results
47
Canary forebrain shrinks shrinks during non breeding and enlarges during mating seasons, this change is due to annual
elimination of the memorized template for songs sung the previous year
addition of new syllables to canary's song repetoire
sensitive period in which canary parents imprint on new offspring
crystalization of subsong into adult songs
48
Food chains are sometimes short because
extinction of species causes extinction for other species in its food chain
only a single species of herbivore feeds on each plant species
most energy in the trophic level is lost as energy passes to the next level
most producers are inedible
49
One characteristic that distinguishes a population in an extinction vortex from most other populations is that
its genetic diversity is very low
it is not well adapted to edge conditions
it is rare, top-level predator
its effective population size is much lower than its total population size
50
Which of the following is not an observation or inference on which Darwin's theory of natural selection is based?
a population can become adapted to its environment over time
There is heritable variation among individuals
overproduction of offspring, there is competition for limited resources
poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring
51
Which of the following is true with respect to oligotrophic lakes and eutrophic lakes?
Eutrophic lakes are richer in nutrients
Oligotrophic lakes are more subject to oxygen depletion
Rates of photosynthesis are lower in eutrophic lakes
Oligotrophic lakes contain larger amounts of decomposable organic matter
52
Which of the following statements correctly describes any chemical reaction that has reached equilibrium
reaction is now irreversible
rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal
both forward and reverse reactions have halted
concentrations of products and reactants are equal
53
The oceans affect the biosphere in all of the following ways EXCEPT
removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
moderating the climate of terrestrial biomes
regulating the pH of freshwater biomes and terrestrial groundwater
producing a substantial amount of the biosphere's oxygen
54
The structural level of a protein LEAST affected by a disruption in Hydrogen bonding is
Tertiary Level
Quaternary Level
Primary Level
Secondary level
55
Although many chimps live in environments with oil palm nuts, few use stones to break them. The likely explanation is
the cultural tradition of using stones to crack nuts has only risen in some
members of different populations have different nutritional requirements
the behavioral difference is caused by genetic differences in populations
members of different populations differ in learning ability
56
All the organisms on your campus make up
a community
a population
a taxonomic domain
an ecosystem
57
Based on the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, a community's species diversity is increased by
human intervention to eliminate disturbance
stable conditions with no disturbance
moderate levels of disturbance
frequent massive disturbance
58
A population's carrying capacity
may change as environmental conditions change
can be accurately calculated using the logistic growth model
increases as the per capita growth rate (r) decreases
can never be exceeded
59
Which structure is NOT part of the endomembrane system?
Plasma membrane
chloroplast
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
60
Which of the following is a consequence of biological magnification? (PC= primary consumers)
Only a small portion of energy captured by producers is transferred to C
Toxic chemicals in environments pose more risk to top predators than PC
Pops of top predators are smaller than pop. of PC
The biomass of producers in an ecosystem is higher than the biomass of PC
61
Which of the following is NOT required for a behavioral trait to evolve by natural selection?
The behavior varies among individuals
Some component of the behavior is genetically inherited
In each individual the form of the behavior is determined entirely by genes
Individuals reproductive success depends on how the behavior is performed
62
The # of bird species is determined by the # of vertical strata found in the environment. Which biome would most be in?
tropical rainforest
desert
temperate broadleaf forest
savanna
63
Which statement is true of all atoms that are anions
the atom has more neutrons than protons
the atom has fewer protons than does a neutral atom of the same element
the atom has more protons than electrons
The atom has more electrons than protons
64
Which of the following is characteristic of most terrestrial biomes?
clear boundaries between adjacent biomes
a distribution predicted almost entirely by rock and soil patterns
vegetation demonstrating vertical layering
cold winter months
65
Which of the following organisms is INCORRECTLY paired with its trophic level?
cyanobacterium; primary producer
zooplankton; primary producer
fungus; detrivore
grasshopper; primary consumer
66
Which of the following could qualify as a top-down control on a grassland community?
effect of grazing intensity by bison on plant species diversity
limitation of plant biomass by rainfall amount
influence of temperature on competition among plants
influence of soil nutrients on the abundance of grasses vs wildflowers
67
What is the hydroxide ion concentration of the lake described in the last question?
10^-4 M
10^-10 M
10^-7 M
10.0 M
68
According to the logistic growth equation, dN/dt=rN(K-N/K)
the population grows exponentially when K is small
population growth is zero when N equals K
the per capita growth rate (r) increases as N approaches K
the # of individuals added per unit of time is largest when N is close to 0
69
Girl sandpipers forcefully court males and leave clutch with them until none are left, what best describes this behavior
polygyny
polyandry
certainty of paternity
promiscuity
70
Of the following statements about protected areas that have been established to preserve biodiversity which ISNT correct
About 25% of Earths land area is now protected
It is especially important to protect biodiversity hot spots
National parks are one of many types of protected areas
Management(M) of a protected area should be coordinated w/M of land around
71
The observation that members of a population are uniformly distributed suggests that
members of the population are neither attracted nor repelled by one another
resources are distributed unevenly
the members of the population are competing for access to a resource
the density of the population is low
72
Which of the following represents the 18O isotope of oxygen
8p^+, 10n^0, 8e^-
10p^+, 8n^0, 9e^-
7p^+, 2n^0, 9e^-
9p^+, 9n^0, 9e^-
73
Protists and bacteria are grouped into different domains because
protists eat bacteria
protists are photosynthetic
bacteria are not made of cells
protists have a membrane-bound nucleus
74
You apply fungicide to a cornfield. What would you expect to happen to the rate of decomp. and net ecosystem production?
Both decomposition rate and NEP would decrease.
Neither would change
Decomposition rate would decrease and NEP would increase
Decomposition rate would increase and NEP would decrease
75
Compared with 31P, the radioactive isotope 32P has
one more electron
one more proton
a different atomic number
one more neutron
76
What would happen to DNA molecules treated with enzymes that break down DNA?
All bases would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars
The pyrimidines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars
The two strands of the double helix would seperate
The phosphodiester linkages of the polynucleotide backbone would be broken
77
According to the island equilibrium model, species richness would be greatest on an island that is
small and remote
small and close to mainland
large and close to mainland
large and remote
78
The discipline that applies ecological principles to returning degraded ecosystems to a more natural state known as
biogeochemistry
eutrophication
thermodynamics
restoration ecology
79
The Hubbard Brook watershed deforestation experiment yielded all of the following results EXCEPT:
The nitrate concentration in waters draining the deforested area went up
Deforestation increased water runoff
Most minerals were recycled within a forest ecosystem
Calcium levels remained high in the soil of deforested areas
80
which action could produce a carbonyl group
the addition of a hydroxyl to a phosphate
the replacement of the nitrogen of an amine with oxygen.
the replacement of the -OH of a carboxyl group with hydrogen
the addition of a thiol to a phosphate
81
If the direction of Earth's rotation reversed, the most predictable effect would be
a loss of seasonal variation at high latitudes
a big change in the length of the year
the elimination of ocean currents
winds blowing from west to east along the equator
82
Predators that are keystone species can maintain species diversity in a community if they
prey on the communities dominant species
competitively exclude other predators
prey only on the least abundant species in the community
reduce the number of disruptions in the community
83
which of the following hydrocarbons has a double bond in its carbon skeleton.
C៴2H៴2
C៴2H៴6
C៴3H៴8
C៴2H៴4
84
which chemical group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base
phosphate
amino
hydroxyl
carbonyl
85
Amylase can break down glycosidic linkages in a form, which of the following could amylase break down?
cellulose and chitin
glycogen and cellulose
glycogen, starch, amylopectin
starch, chitin, cellulose
86
Which of the following pairs of base sequences could form a short stretch of a normal double helix of DNA?
5'-AGCT-3' with 5'-TCGA-3'
5'-GCGC-3' with 5'-TATA-3'
5'-ATGC-3' with 5'-GCAT-3'
All of these pairs are correct
87
What is the most likely pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by the cell?
ER to lysosomes to vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
Golgi to ER to lysosome
ER to Golgi to vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
nucleus to ER to Golgi
88
Based on current growth rates, Earth's human population in 2015 will be closest to
2 million
7 billion
10 billion
4 billion
