In anthropology, "nature and kinship" debates often ask...

Are kin ties based on biology or social construction?

Yam gardens in Trobriand society are cultivated by...

Men for their sisters' husbands

Intensification occurs when...

Increased investment yields more output per area

Neolocal residence is when...

Couples establish an independent household

A matriclan is defined by...

Ancestry through the female lines

One class-based difference in industrial family forms is...

Working class families rely more on kin

Ranked layers within a hierarchy

An institution, anthropologically speaking, is best defined as:

A set of practices governed by social norms

Transfer of goods from the groom's family to the bride's family

In the Trobriands, political leadership is influenced by...

Wealth in yams, shells, and matrilineal status

A corporate group serves to...

Manage resources, inheritance, and social identity collectively

Compared to foraging, industrialism uses...

More energy and external inputs

The idea of gender beyond "male" and "female" emphasizes that...

Many cultures recognize multiple or fluid gender categories

Leaving a plot fallow is meant to...

Restore ecological fertility after cultivation

The kula exchange is best described as...

A ceremonial system of delayed gift exchange

Exogamy is the practice of marrying...

Outside one's social or kin group

The Nuer segmentary lineage systems functions as...

A flexible political organization based on kin groups

Bilateral descent means...

Kinship is traced equally through both parents

Patriarchy is best described as...

Rule or dominance by male authority figures

A matrilineage include

Individuals descended through female links from a common female ancestor

Gender stratification refers to...

Unequal access to resources and status based on gender

Ascribed status is...

Social position inherited or assigned at birth

The incest taboo is unique because...

It's definition varies across cultures

Age grades and age sets among the Masai serve to...

Organize social roles and reponsibilities

Pre-industrial agriculture is distinct for its...

Non dependence on mechanization

Domestication involves...

Adapting wild plants and animals for human use

Class systems differ from caste in that...

They permit mobility between ranks

Trobriand funerals emphasize...

Social reproduction through exchange

Generalized reciprocity reflects...

Long-term exchange without immediate balance

A lineage is different from a clan in that...

It fully traces genealogical ties to a common ancestor

Descending generations include...

Ego's children, grandchildren, etc.

A chief is distinguished from a headman by...

Holding a permenant position of power

Unilineal descent traces lineage through...

A single parent consistently across generations

Biological kin types are used to...

Represent genealogical connections with standard notation

Fathers in Trobriand society contribute to child development primarily through...

Contributing food and affection

Terracing and irrigation technologies demonstrate...

Adaptation of agriculture to difficult terrains

An extended family typically includes...

Multiple generations in one household

Holism in anthropology refers to...

Viewing culture as interconnected

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Anthro 2A Midterm 2

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Questions 156

Answers

1
In anthropology, "nature and kinship" debates often ask...
Are kin ties based on biology or social construction?
Should we use kin terms scientifically or use cultural terms instead
Are cousins related?
Is kinship outdated
2
Yam gardens in Trobriand society are cultivated by...
Men for their wives
Chiefs for their ancestors
Men for their sisters' husbands
Women for their husbands
3
Intensification occurs when...
Grazing replaces farming
Increased investment yields more output per area
Farmers expand territory without increasing their inputs
Groups limit cultivation
4
Neolocal residence is when...
Children live with grandparents
Couples live in the same place as the groom's siblings
Couples establish an independent household
Families live in clans
5
A matriclan is defined by...
Shared wives
Lack of male inheritance
Female co-residence within households
Ancestry through the female lines
6
One class-based difference in industrial family forms is...
Wealthy families often emphasize bilateral descent
Working class families rely more on kin
Middle class families always live patrilocally
Upper-class families avoid affinal ties
7
Social strata are...
Ranked layers within a hierarchy
Overlapping descent groups
Symbols of family lineage
Age sets in chiefdoms
8
An institution, anthropologically speaking, is best defined as:
A unit of economic production
A ritual site controlled by religious elites
A set of practices governed by social norms
A phsyical location where authority is enacted
9
Bridewealth is a...
Transfer of goods from the groom's family to the bride's family
A gift to religious leaders during marriage ceremonies
Transfer of goods from the bride's family to the groom's family or groom
Dowry given to the groom
10
In the Trobriands, political leadership is influenced by...
Female only inheritance
Wealth in yams, shells, and matrilineal status
Warfare tactics and strategy
Control of male labor
11
San social organization reflects...
Egalitarian decision-making
Hierarchical clan lineages
Redistribution by age grades
Centralized political authority
12
A corporate group serves to...
Produce goods that will be exported out of the corporate group
Manage resources, inheritance, and social identity collectively
Replace state functions
Conduct trade negotiation with other corporate groups
13
Compared to foraging, industrialism uses...
Comparable energy systems
More intercropping
Less energy per person
More energy and external inputs
14
The idea of gender beyond "male" and "female" emphasizes that...
Many cultures recognize multiple or fluid gender categories
All societies enforce a binary
Sex and gender are always alligned
Gender identity has no social effects and is up to the individual alone
15
Foraging societies often challenge Western assumptions about...
Leisure and abundance
Class mobility
Animal domestication
Technological innovation
16
Land tenure systems define...
Ritual participation
Inheritance rights to land
Kinship naming rules
Age grades in tribes
17
In a supply and demand system, high demand and low supply result in...
Increased pricing
Stable pricing
Surplus production
Resource conservation
18
Leaving a plot fallow is meant to...
Restore ecological fertility after cultivation
Enable ritual healing of land
Preserve land for future privatization
Prevent theft
19
Kayasa is a...
Form of punishment for criminals
marriage negotiation
Kinship classification
Ritualizes yam-growing contest
20
The kula exchange is best described as...
A one-time transfer of land from a husband to a wife's family
A symbolic burial rite
A legal marriage contract
A ceremonial system of delayed gift exchange
21
In Nuer marriage systems, descent is...
Denied to children who are adopted
Independent of cattle transactions
Traced only through the mother
Negotiated through bridewealth
22
Affinal relatives are those who are...
Related by blood
Related through marriage
Part of the same descent line
Raised in the same home
23
Exogamy is the practice of marrying...
Within your group
After inheritance is granted
Only within a clan
Outside one's social or kin group
24
The Nuer segmentary lineage systems functions as...
A confederation of warriors based on tribe groups
A hierarchy of clans and castes
A rotational leadership council based on clans
A flexible political organization based on kin groups
25
Bilateral descent means...
Kinship is traced equally through both parents
Inheritance comes from the mother's side only
Only males are considered kin
Aaffinal kin are the only kin excluded
26
Marriage exchanges often serve to...
Redistribute wealth
Determine birth order
Compensate for labor loss
Build social alliances
27
Patriarchy is best described as...
Rule or dominance by male authority figures
A system that emphasizes lineage equality
A society where all leaders are elders
The absence of gendered roles
28
A matrilineage include
Individuals descended through male links from a common male ancestor
Individuals descended through female links from a common female ancestor
Everyone on the father's side
Everyone on the mother's side
29
Matrilateral kin are from...
Your parallel cousins
Your father's side
Your spouse's descent group
Your mother's side
30
Gender stratification refers to...
Ritual status based on age
Equal power and labor division across genders
Unequal access to resources and status based on gender
Marriage laws for different genders
31
Ascribed status is...
A rotating leadership role
Social position inherited or assigned at birth
Gained through personal achievement
Always temporary
32
In many pastoral societies, livestock provide...
Primarily meat for rituals
Fire creation substitutes
Social wealth
Vehicles for travel
33
The incest taboo is unique because...
It's definition varies across cultures
It prohibits all cousin marraige
It is absolute in all societies
It applies only to affines
34
Age grades and age sets among the Masai serve to...
Tracking biological aging and lineage
Assign crop quotas
Organize social roles and reponsibilities
Distribute cattle and property fairly
35
Pre-industrial agriculture is distinct for its...
Centralized state management
Use of imported machinery
Emphasis on monocropping
Non dependence on mechanization
36
Domestication involves...
Avoiding contact with wild populations
Planting seeds in regulated and controlled patterns
Trading wild species for controlled ones
Adapting wild plants and animals for human use
37
A headman's leadership is typically...
Based on personal influence
State sanctioned and formal
Based on inheritance
Coercive and militarized
38
Class systems differ from caste in that...
They forbid economic changes
They restrict marraige
The forbid movement between ranks
They permit mobility between ranks
39
Trobriand funerals emphasize...
Strict inheritance lines
Social reproduction through exchange
Mourning without ritual
Avoidance of death
40
Generalized reciprocity reflects...
Ritual potlatching
Long-term exchange without immediate balance
State-sponsored redistribution
Strategic negotiation of price in quick succession
41
San mobility is most closely related to...
Avoiding intergroup conflicts
Ritual pilgrimage
Political alliance shifts
Resource distribution
42
A lineage is different from a clan in that...
It includes unrelated affines and fictive kin
It is always larger than a clan
It fully traces genealogical ties to a common ancestor
It does not regulate marriage
43
Descending generations include...
Ego's parents, grandparents, etc.
Ego's cousins
Ego's children, grandchildren, etc.
Ego's own generation
44
A chief is distinguished from a headman by...
Having no religious authority
Leading a smaller group with minimal power
Holding a permenant position of power
Being a ritual leader
45
Unilineal descent traces lineage through...
A single parent consistently across generations
Marriage alliances
Ego's generation only
Any parent across generations, which parent depends on the generation
46
Biological kin types are used to...
Represent genealogical connections with standard notation
Compare cousin marriage practices
Describe friendship based relations
Refer to culturally constructed relations among many family members
47
Fathers in Trobriand society contribute to child development primarily through...
Contributing food and affection
Inheritance planning
Naming ceremonies
Teaching rituals and spiritual practices
48
Terracing and irrigation technologies demonstrate...
Adaptation of agriculture to difficult terrains
Expansion of nomadic herding
Symbolic control of the landscape
Egalitarian land sharing
49
An extended family typically includes...
Multiple generations in one household
Only unmarried siblings
Married couples without children
Corporate groups among family members
50
Holism in anthropology refers to...
Viewing culture as interconnected
Diving cultures into unique parts
Analyzing economic and biological systems only
Studying a society's government in isolation
51
Among the San, gathering is...
Performed mostly for ritualistic purposes
Less calorically significant than hunting
A reliable source of calories
Replaced by plant cultivation
52
Matriliny and patriliny differ primarily in...
The rules associated with polygamy
Gender roles within rituals
The line through which descent and inheritance are traced
The gender of the marriage partner
53
According to Bourdieu, cultural capital includes...
Agricultural land
Education
Clan rights
Access to livestock
54
A status set refers to...
The birth order within a household
Kinship terms
A collection of privileges in elete families
All the roles a person occupies simultaneously
55
In Bourdieu's framework, social capital is...
Networks of relationships
Financial investments
Military power
Access to ritual leaders
56
Trobriand chiefs differ from commoners by...
Practicing matrilineal inheritance and polygyny
Having no marital obligations
Living outside the clan
Being elected democratically with a vote every 2 years
57
Trobriand wealth is distinguished by...
Yams and banana leaf bundles
Access to currency and riches
Gold and silk
Cattle and metals
58
Egalitarian societies are marked by...
Organized standing armies
Unilineal descent
Minimal differences in wealth and status
Strict political offices
59
A bigman in Melanesian societies gains influence by...
Ritual purity
Accumulating and redistributing resources through skill
Serving in a high government position
Commanding tribute from people in a lower class than them
60
Gender roles are...
Biologically fixed and unchangable
Uniform across any and all societies
Social expectations assigned based on perceived gender
Determined strictly by reproductive ability
61
A nuclear family includes...
Parents and their children living together
Cousins and affines
Ancestral lineages and their various lands
Any family that lives under a single roof
62
Overgrazing in pastoral systems is problematic because...
It increases meat yields
It leads to political instability
It can lead to desertification
It reduces herd fertility
63
Ascending generations include...
Ego's children
Ego's children, grandchildren, etc.
Ego's siblings
Ego's parents, grandparents, etc.
64
What do kin terms reflect most clearly?
Territorial alliances and associations
Cultural categorizations of relatedness
Legal paternity
Genetic relationships
65
Pastoralism is most effectively practiced in...
Terraced mountains highly suited for large plots of farmable land
Costal areas with lots of fishing access
Arid environments unsuitable for full-scale agriculture
Densly forested areas with lots of water nearby
66
"Relations of production" are best illustrated by...
The legal system's control over labor
Power dynamics between workers and owners
Distribution networks
Differences between pastoral societies and horticultural societies
67
Reciprocity refers to...
Ritual exchanges within clans
Transactions enforced by state law
Mutual exchange shaped by social relationships
Competitive gift giving
68
The caste system of India enforces:
Unilineal descent
Endogamy within caste groups
Exogamy across caste lines
Egalitarian social relations
69
Achieved status refers to...
State-appointed roles
Social position through action/merit
Ritual titles given or assigned through birth
Status based on descent
70
In anthropology, "sex" and "gender" are distinguished because...
Sex is determined by behavior, gender is not
Sex is biological, gender is socially constructed
Gender is innate, sex is up to interpretation
None of the above, they are the same concept
71
Dowry differs from bridewealth because...
Given by the bride's family to the groom
It is only symbolic
It's a loan
Given by the groom's family to the bride's family
72
The Hijra and Berdache are examples of...
Affinal kin terms
Third gender or non-binary roles
Exogamous marriage partners within specific cultural contexts
Matrilineal descent groups
73
A clan differs from a lineage because...
It has no founding ancestory
It doesn't trace exact genealogical connections
Its members cannot marry to each other
It is based solely on residence at a location
74
Redistribution differs from market exchange by...
Central collection and controlled distribution
Involving ceremonial performance
Emphasizing impersonal relationships
Depending on direct bartering
75
Horticulturalists often emphasize...
Extensive land use with shifting plots and simple tools
Mechanized irritagion and other crop harvesting methods
Portable gardens with minimal labor investment
Pasture management
76
A state differs from other political forms due to...
Its centralized government
Its use of religious leadership
Its focus on kin-based rule
Its egalitarian nature
77
What shows diversity in the logic behind kinship ties?
Kinship is always traced bilaterally
All cultures assign equal roles to affinal kin
Descent rules vary, shaping obligations and inheritance patterns
Kinship always corresponds to biology
78
A patrilineage includes...
Everyone on the father's side
Individuals descended through female links from a common female ancestor
Everyone on the mother's side
Individuals descended through male links from a common male ancestor
79
A trend in North America has been...
Patrilineal inheritance becoming dominant
Earlier marriages and larger households
Delayed marriage and raised divorce rates
Endogamy becoming more common
80
In Trobriand marriage systems...
Marriage is confirmed through shared meals
Bridewealth is required before even courtship begins
Gifts are exchanged between fathers only
Dowry is central to the marriage ceremony
81
Exchange systems in anthropology include...
Market, reciprocity, and redistribution
Redistribution and taxation only
Distribution, ritual sacrifice. and redistribution
Trade, prayer, and ritual
82
A "role" in a sociopolitical system is:
Based on economic class
Only religious in scope
The expected behaviors associated with a particular status
The same as a status
83
Brother-sister avoidance in Trobriand society serves to...
Promote intimacy
Enforce marital rules and status
Reinforce the sister's role as economic partner
Prevent disease from spreading across the household
84
Intercropping contributes to...
High water efficiency
Increased soil erosion
Livestock protection
Soil nutrient balance
85
A subsistence strategy is most fundamentally...
The spiritual significance of food across cultures
The technique used to satisfy material survival needs
A form of ritual ensuring harvests
A diet determined by ecological zones
86
Intensive agriculture is marked by...
Mobility and ecological rotation
Kin-based harvest cycles
High labor and technical inputs
Low-energy yeild
87
Sagali reinforces kinship by...
Breaking inheritance ties
Avoiding reciprocity
Redistributing wealth
Replacing descent lines
88
The Samoan Fa'afafine are recognized as...
A third gender category accepted in Samoan society
Elite spiritual leaders in Samoan society
Warriors within Samoan society
Outcasts to the general society outside of Samoan society
89
The "mode of production" includes...
Regional trade policies and practices
The interaction of labor, ownership, and production
A society's spiritual approach to producing various outputs
The sophistication of technology in a society
90
Stratification is a system of...
Kin-based status equality
Culturally constructed myth
Rotating social positions
Hierarchical social ranking
91
Bourdieu's economic capital refers to...
Income and assets that convert to wealth
Religious and spiritual tribute
Kin-based education and knowledge
Clan gifts
92
Marriage can function to...
Obscure allinaces
Create alliances
Confuse descent
Equalize clan sizes
93
Primogeniture ensures...
The eldest child inherits
Property becomes communal
Land passes to the youngest child
Land is divided equally
94
Trobriand sexuality is notable for...
Open courtship and pre-martial sex
State control over marriage
Strict monogamy
Late initiation of sexual activity and practicing absination young
95
Bride service refers to...
Groom living with bride's family to labor as part of a marriage agreement
An exchange of wives between two new grooms, typically within clans
Market work done by the bride
A naming ritual for the couple's eldest child
96
Polygamy includes which of the following?
Matrilocal residence
Incestuous union
Only widow inheritance
Multiple marriage partners concurrently
97
What best illustrates diversity in kinship terms cross-culturally?
Some societies group parallel cousins with siblings, others don't
Kinship always corresponds to biology
Kinship terms are biological and fixed, and don't change across cultures
All cultures use the same terms for siblings
98
Papua New Guinea is significant in anthropology because...
It lacks ritual practices often found in other parts of the world
It includes highly diverse societies with unique gender and exchange system
It practices state level bureaucracy
It was the first place studied using survey research
99
Compared to industrial societies, San leisure time is...
Substantial, revealing flexible work rhythms
Greatly reduced due to constant food seeking
More structured and controlled
Focused almost entirely on ritual practices
100
A potlatch ceremony enables...
Agricultural planning
Pastoral exchange of animals
Equitable land distribution
Status competition through wealth redistribution
101
Industrial production transforms human labor through...
Pastoral exchange networks
Mechanization and surplus extraction
Kin based distribution
Elder-based decision-making
102
Wet-rice cultivation relies on...
Natural fallowing
Controlled flooding and transplanting in paddies
Soil tilling using oxen
Intercropping legumes with grains
103
Matrilineal descent refers to...
Inheriting land and property from both parents
Living in a matriarchy
Tracking kin through the mother's lineage
Avoiding paternal cousins
104
A patriclan is based on...
Unilineal descent through male ancestors
Matrilocal residence
Shared female ancestors
Bilateral descent through female ancestors
105
The moka ceremony involves...
Private gifting to gain personal relationships
Competitive public exchange to gain prestige
Agricultural rituals to help crop yield
Bridewealth negotiation
106
Patrilocal residence involves...
Couples living independently
Alternating between both the husband's and wife's families
Residence with the husband's familly
Living in clan compounds
107
A tribe differs from a band in that it...
Is strictly sedentary
Contains organized kin groups with informal leadership
Has permanent bureaucracies
Contains kin groups that lack all forms of leadership
108
Transhumance is a system of...
Seasonal movement of herds
Settled field rotation
Forest clearance
Urban commuting
109
"Fourth World Peoples" are defined as...
marginalized indigenous groups lacking full state recognition
Post-industrial elites who are at the top of their social hierarchy
Stateless conquerors
A group of nomads within nation-states
110
Among the San, sharing is...
Tied to kinship debts
A strategy to ensure personal accumulation
Enforced to ensure group survival
Limited to close blood relatives
111
The Trobriand Islands are located in...
The Amazon
Off the coast of Madagascar
Papua New Guinea
New Zealand
112
Negative reciprocity is characterized by...
Sacrificial giving
Balanced trading among kin
Delayed redistribution of traded products
Attempting to profit or exploit in an exchange
113
Authority and labor mobilization differ across leaders because...
Chiefs compel labor through force while state leaders must use politics
Only state leaders use kin networks
Bigmen use formal law while chiefs rely on spiritual practices
Bigmen must persuade while cheifs can enforce obligations
114
Polygyny is best defined as...
Same sex marriage
A woman marrying multiple men
One man having multiple wives
One marriage followed by another
115
Transgender identity refers to...
Religious third-gender roles that are outside the scope of "typical"
Having no gender identity attached to one's self
Kinship terms related to sex or gender
A gender identity that doesn't align with one's assigned sex at birth
116
In Himalayan agriculture, polyandry helps...
Promote patrilocal residence
Increase genetic diversity
Encourage matrilineal descent
Prevent land from dividing among brothers
117
In sagali exchanges, women's wealth is...
Restricted to affinal kin
Symbolic only and has no real value attached to it
Essential for legitimizing the redistribution of status
Displayed but never actually given
118
In kinship terms, a genitor is...
A symbolic ancestor
The social father
The ritual leader
The biological father
119
Sociopolitical organization refers to...
How societies rank religious leaders
Tribal naming conventions
Ritual rules across cultures
The way societies organize power and authority
120
The San tend to form groups of 20-50 individuals because...
They are ruled by extended kin councils
The climate forced the San to frequently relocate
It balances social connection and resource sustainability
It is easier to defend larger groups rather than smaller groups
121
Among San foragers, men and women contribute differently, but...
Men's hunting provides the foundation of the diet
Women's gathering provides the foundation of the diet
Gender roles are strictly hierarchical
Women's roles are undervalued
122
Monogamy refers to...
Endogamous unions
One spouse at a time
Having multiple spouses
Serial marriage over time
123
Trobrianders view conception as...
Dependent on yams eaten before intercourse
The union of sperm and egg
A gift from the father's lineage
A spirit child entering the womb
124
The public domain in Trobriand society includes...
Public and celebratory funeral ceremonies
Men's competitive displays of wealth and exchange
Women's ritualistic bathing practices
Yam gardening by women
125
Ethnographic fieldwork requires...
Phone interviews
Long term participation
Satellite imaging
Experimental testing
126
Balanced reciprocity involves...
Exploitative gift giving
Socially expected but not immediate return of value
Precise and immediate equivalence
Gifting among unrelated strangers
127
Valova exchanges involve...
Barter between women using banana bundles and skirts
Dowry given at marriage
Men trading yams for various spices
Public warfare over pricing and trade disputes
128
"Intersex" refers to individuals who...
Marry and produce offspring outside of their clan
Are born with biological characteristics that don't fit just male or female
Reject kinship ties
Change their gender after it has been assigned at birth
129
"Enduring diffuse solidarity" means...
Kin ties persist through multiple roles and expectations over time
Households that share property
Families will work in the same industry until retirement or marriage
Political alliances that are based on economical terms
130
"Workers" in a sagali are...
Only the deceased's children
The people who receive and circulate gifts from owners
Chiefs and warriors
Political rivals of the owner
131
Pan tribal sodalites are...
Cross-cutting social groups that unite different tribes
Kin-based local institutions
Warrior clans confined to a single village
Ritual centers for different descent groups
132
Political leaders in states rely on...
Centralized institutions
Clan lineage and consensus
Ritual gift giving
Age grades
133
Overturning the yam house symbolizes...
The death of a high-status person
Agricultural failure
A divorce settlement being reached
A marriage dissolution
134
The "mode of production" includes...
Economic activities shaped by relations of relations of ownership and labor
Fertility patterns
Tools and technology that are used within a specific industry
Only substence activities
135
The relationship between yam gardens and a sister's husband demonstrates...
Competition among brothers
Yams reinforcing affinal alliances
Marriage avoidance rules
Ritual obligations by chiefs
136
Valova is most comparable to...
Economic exchange
Ritual debt
Agricultural taxation
A bridewealth
137
Parallel cousins are the children of...
Your parent's same sex sibling
Your parent's opposite sex siblings
Affinal relatives
Non-kin that are considered "family"
138
Swidden agriculture requires...
Land clearing and short-term cultivation
Permanent irrigation systems
Monocropping
Herd mobility
139
Nuer kinship structures sociopolitical life by...
Separating politics from kinship
Limiting marriage to be between only two clans
Using elders and sons in roles of power and reproduction
Avoiding hierarchy
140
Polyandry is practiced most often when...
Women outnumber men
Population growth is encouraged
Land fragmentation is a concern
Wealth is communally owned
141
Patrilineal descent is...
A bilateral system
Based on chosen affiliation
Lineage traced through the father's line
Used only by nomadic societies
142
A band typically...
A small, kin based, egalitarian group
A clan based agricultural system
A hierarchial unit with noble lineage
A market centered polity
143
A kindred is defined as...
A unilineal descent group within a single generation of Ego
Ego-centered network of bilateral, affinal and fictive kin
Ritual elders in a society
The clan of Ego's father
144
Matrilocal residence means...
Settling with the husband's parents
Couples live with or near the wife's kin
Moving yearly
Couples live apart from both families
145
The Massim cultural region is best known for...
The kula exchange system
Pastoralism
Nomadic herding of a wide variety of different animals
Caste-based kinship
146
The arket principle is unique in that it...
Is determined by kin obligations
Prioritizes gift giving
Emerges only in tribal societies
Functions via impersonal supply-demand forces
147
Ego's own generation includes...
Ancestors
Children
First ascending generation kin
Same generation kin
148
Authority is best defined as...
Symbolic marriage rights
Having a high cultural status in society
The ability to give ritual speech in times of need
The ability to command backed by legitimacy
149
A hallmark of industrialism is its reliance on...
Lineage based labor organization with minimal mechanization
Local food systems and kin exchange
Large scale mechanization with high fossil fuel usage
Gift economies
150
Survey research is used in anthropology to...
Perform genealogies
Observe rituals and spiritual practices
Conduct healing ceremonies
Gain data from many people
151
A chiefdom is characterized by...
Total economic equality
A group with a single source of authority that operates alone
Centralized hereditary authority over multiple groups
Rotating leadership based on age
152
Social structure refers to...
The symbolic meaning of societal roles
The recurrent aspects of social relationships
The collective rituals of various societies
Government imposed social hierarchies
153
"Means of production" differ from "relations of production" because they refer to...
Kinship duties tied to daily work
Ownership and class status in a society
The values attached to economic labor
Tools, land, and labor used in production
154
Material conditions influence social organization when...
Family size is chosen at random
Ecology and economy shape kinship
Marriage is no longer needed
Markets dominate subsistence
155
In a sagali, "owners" are those who...
Create the banana bundles
Conduct agricultural labor
Compose songs for the recently deceased
Provide women's wealth for public redistribution
156
Trobriand matrilineages and matriclans function to...
Encourage primogeniture
Limit mobility across different social classes
Support bride service
Define marriage eligibility and land inheritance through maternal lines

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