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Duplicate of AP Psych Exam Review
Duplicate of AP Psych Exam Review
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1
classical conditioning involves __________; operant conditioning involves __________
pairing stimuli; rewards and punishments
schedules; punishers
learned responses; physiological reactions
fixed intervals; variable ratios
2
James is interested in the processing strategies children use to learn new information. He is a
cognitive psychologist
sociocultural psychologist
personality psychologist
clinical psychologist
3
You girlfriend dumps you. "I always knew she was bad news" your friend says. This demonstrates
self-serving bias
a theory
overconfidence
hindsight bias
4
which of the following most impacts the speed of motor development
myelination of brain neurons
secure attachment with parents
early gross motor practice
concrete operational exercises
5
which kinds of personality theorists would make use of a projective test
trait
psychoanalyst
social-cognitive
humanist
6
authoritarian parents demonstrate
low warmth and low control
high warmth and low control
low warmth and high control
high warmth and high control
7
which psychologist would agree w/the following: behavior results from reinforcers & punishers
Albert Bandura
B.F. Skinner
William James
Carl Rogers
8
which type of therapist is most likely to prescribe lithium for a patient with bipolar disorder
clinical psychologist
psychoanalyst
psychiatrist
cognitive psychotherapist
9
Ani believes she is capable of succeeding in nursing school. Her mindset is associated with
high self-efficacy
a strong superego
low self-esteem
an extraverted personality
10
Sigmund Freud made this perspective popular in Western Europe at the turn of the 20th century
cognitive
evolutionary
behavioral
psychoanalytic
11
Which theory would assert that a key motivation for people is spreading their genetic material
humanistic
psychodynamic
cognitive
evolutionary
12
a test which places someone into personality categories (e.g.extravert/introvert) is based on
social cognitive theroy
psychodynamic theory
trait theory
biological theory
13
Julie is more alert in the morning; John in the evening. This is because of differences in
daily activities
personalities
circadian rhythm
sleep cycles
14
Garcia and Koelling's research on aversions established which UCS/CS pairs as most powerful
punishment and aversion
nausea and food or drink
movement and electrical shocks
performing a task and receiving food
15
How would a person with schizophrenia most differ from a person with a dissociative disorder
a person with schizophrenia has more than one personality
a person with schizophrenia experiences hallucinations
a person with dissociative disorder has trouble keeping jobs
a person with a dissociative disorder has delusions
16
Which question would be most useful to test Kohlberg's idea of pre & post-conventional morality
what is the best way to respond to a baby crying in her crib
If 3 are taken from a group of 12, how many are left
should you tell a small lie to not hurt someone's feelings
at what age can children reason abstractly
17
patients who are described as "split brain" have had what structure removed
hippocampus
corpus callosum
prefrontal cortex
medulla oblongata
18
If a distribution of scores includes outliers, which measure of central tendency should be used
mean
median
range
standard deviation
19
if the College Board left out questions about neuroscience on the AP exam, the test would lack
test-retest reliability
content validity
predictive validity
split-half reliability
20
REM sleep deprivation generally causes what kinds of side effects
heightened manifest dream content
sleep apnea and night terrors
interference with memory tasks
intense, prolonged periods of Stage 3 & 4 sleep
21
The fact that our ears are located on opposite sides of our head best helps us with
sensory adaptation
detecting absolute threshold
hearing high frequencies
sound localization
22
which structure in the eye is most responsible for color vision
rods
optic nerve
cones
cornea
23
which brain structure is involved in hunger motivation
hypothalamus
cerebellum
amygdala
medulla
24
which 2 competing theories explain the effects of hypnosis
manifest content and latent content
role theory and dissociation theory
circadian rhythm and paradoxical sleep
conscious level and non conscious level
25
children who suffer brain damage can regain function more quickly than older patients due to
contralateral control
effective psychological environment
hemispheric lateralization
neuroplasticity
26
If Pavlov's dogs began to salivate when they heard a sound similar to a bell they would show
unconditioned response
spontaneous recovery
stimulus discrimination
stimulus generalization
27
What number will tell Matt whether his research is statistically significant
a standard deviation of 4 or more
a correlation coefficient close to .75
a probability of chance less than 5%
a mean that is the same as the median
28
Most people can taste 1g of salt in 1qt of water. Which concept is related to this statement
frequency theory
absolute threshold
sensory adaptation
difference threshold
29
The ability to solve a new computer game based on logical puzzles probably depends on
multiple intelligences
fluid intelligence
aptitude intelligence
crystallized intelligence
30
10 YO Genna underwent a right hemispherectomy. What action best shows her neuroplasticity
speaking aloud
understanding what was said to her
solving a logic problem
moving her left hand
31
which would a researcher need to use to determine whether experiment data is significant
inferential statistics
standard deviation
descriptive statistics
counterbalancing
32
At what age is the onset of schizophrenia most typical
early 20s
puberty
mid 30s
late 40s
33
Which concept is most relevant to Noam Chomsky's theory of how children learn language
serial position effect
linguistic relativity hypothesis
phonemes and morphemes
language acquisition device
34
light enters the eye through an opening in the
blind spot
iris
fovea
retina
35
An American's prototype of a chair is most likely to include
pens, pencils, and a computer
an armchair, chairlift, and wheelchair
a desk and/or table
four legs and a seat
36
Which best describes how neurons communicate with one another
electrical signals between two myelin sheaths
hormones jump from one axon to the next
chemical signals at the synaptic cleft
physical contact between dendrites
37
Which structure is located at the most central and protected part of the brain
sensory cortex
cerebellum
medulla
cerebral cortex
38
a charity includes free address labels in its fundraising letters to increase contributions
fundamental attribution error
reciprocity norm
out-group homogeneity
self-fulfilling prophecy
39
the somatic nervous system is part of the
autonomic nervous system
peripheral nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
central nervous system
40
Bandura's Bobo doll experiment evidenced the importance of __________ in social learning
latent learning
mirror neurons
modeling
sublimation
41
What was one of the factors that increased conformity in Asch's studies
presence of an authority figure
placebo effect
wearing guard uniforms
size of the group
42
Intelligence researchers like Gardner and Sternberg argue that schools focus too much on
environmental factors that influence intelligence
meeting the needs of students with disabilities
traditional and analytical subjects and methods
nonessential subjects like art and music
43
Withdrawal symptoms are most directly caused by this process
activation-synthesis
antagonists
tolerance
dissociation
44
According to Kohlberg, in order to reason at the postconventional level, people must
resolve the integrity vs. despair conflict
believe in God
be able to take another person's perspective
have been exposed to good, moral role models
45
Which is a common criticism of Freud's personality theory
Genetics was not advanced enough to be used as Freud tried
his research wasn't representative of the population
his evidence comes from therapy sessions, not empirical data
it doesn't apply to people with disorders
46
what kind of symptom is common among all somatic symptom disorders
disconnection from reality and delusions
substance abuse and dependence
inappropriate or flat affect
experiencing a physical problem without a physical cause
47
Maria slams the car door and yells at her kids. Now when they hear a car door slam they cringe
operant conditioning
instrumental learning
classical conditioning
observational learning
48
When Jake is late to basketball practice his coach makes him run laps. Jake is not late again
negative reinforcement
modeling
positive punishment
positive reinforcement
49
A variable ratio of reinforcement is often preferable to a fixed ratio because
variable ratio schedules are more resistant to extinction
variable ratio schedules produce the quickest results
fixed ratios allow both classical and operant learning
fixed ratio schedules are more time intensive
50
One group receives an ad for 99% fat free milk; the other for 1% fat milk. What being tested
inattentional blindness
framing effects
confirmation bias
representativeness heuristic
51
In people, rods, unlike cones,
are unable to detect motion
have a lower absolute threshold for light
are located in the center of the retina
respond more quickly to colors
52
After repeated firings, neural connections are strengthened. What is this process
long-term potentiation
semantic encoding
state-dependent memory
proactive interference
53
a musicians ability to discern between 2 similar pitches depends on which concept
absolute threshold
signal detection theory
difference threshold
bottom up processing
54
the limbic system plays an important role in
processing sensory information
regulating emotion
planning for the future
maintaining balance
55
Which personality theory is criticized for its overly optimistic view of human nature
cognitive
psychoanalytic
trait
humanistic
56
which of the following terms applies to IQ tests
projective
standardized
triarchic
achievement
57
Reading a job description written with masculine pronouns, people think of the employee as male
the social role hypothesis
principle of continuity
gender schema theory
linguistic relativity hypothesis
58
what is the first step in any example of classical conditioning
rewarding a conditioned response with a conditioned stimulus
pairing an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus
following a response with a reinforcement or punishment
reinforcing for a behavior similar to the desired behavior
59
A test that identifies people with the potential to be great lawyers is an example of a(n)
achievement test
aptitude test
IQ test
EQ test
60
which newborn reflex helps infants find and eat food
Moro
stepping
Babinski
rooting
61
Which of the following is LEAST likely to contribute to prejudice
out-group homogeneity
stereotyping
scapegoating
superordinate goals
62
which structure is part of the inner ear
auditory canal
tympanic membrane
malleus (hammer)
basilar membrane
63
an A+ grade in a class is which kind of reinforcer
primary
secondary
partial
continuous
64
According to Freud, what is the dominant factor in determining our personality traits
genetics and nutrition
secondary drives and needs
parenting styles
unconscious conflicts
65
When Susie went to prom with Dan, Max channeled his feelings of frustration into artwork
sublimation
displacement
reaction formation
projection
66
What is true about experiments that is not of other research methods
they involve more research participants than other studies
they can gather data from a large number of people quickly
they can determine causal relationships between variables
they take place in more realistic, real-life settings
67
A person with a painful skin rash finds hard scratching temporarily relieves the pain
gate-control theory
frequency theory
opponent-process theory
transduction theory
68
Vance's psychiatrist diagnoses him with bipolar disorder. Which medication would he prescribe
SSRIs
L-Dopa
benzodiazepines
lithium
69
What is the purpose of the DSM
describe the biopsychosocial causes of disorders
list the diagnostic criteria and symptoms of disorders
discuss theories related to the treatment of disorders
explain the symptoms and cures of disorders
70
Which is most closely associated with creativity
hypothesis testing
contextual intelligence
divergent thinking
functional fixedness
71
A therapist who tells a client to write down their depressed thoughts is using this perspective
structuralist
behavioral
pharmacological
cognitive
72
What kind of personality theorist would be most interested in the results of the MMPI
biological
trait
psychoanalytic
humanistic
73
Which of the following has been linked to a deficit of dopamine
Alzheimer's disease
major depressive disorder
autism
Parkinson's disease
74
the "c" in the word
cat
is best described as a
phoneme
holobase
grapheme
morpheme
75
which technique controls for both experimenter and subject bias
double blind study
counterbalancing
Hawthorne effect
single blind study
76
Sherif's Robbers Cave study indicates that this principle best reduces tensions between groups
superordinate goals
diffusion of responsibility
group polarization
deindividuation
77
An EEG of Cyrus after he has been asleep for about an hour would show primarily
delta waves
beta waves
sleep spindles
alpha waves
78
After a natural disaster Faye says, "Serves them right for not having better warning systems."
just world bias
self-serving bias
false consensus effect
Barnum effect
79
People who are easily hypnotizable are likely to score highly on which Big 5 trait
openness
extraversion
neuroticism
conscientiousness
80
what kinds of motivations best encourage positive behaviors to persist over time
extrinsic motivation
need for achievement
primary drives
intrinsic motivation
81
When like-minded groups take more extreme positions than individuals comprising the group
social facilitation
group polarization
groupthink
deindividuation
82
When running for class president, Edy puts pictures of herself everywhere. Why might this help
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
central route persuasion
mere-exposure effect
deindividuation
83
What percent of people score between 70 and 130 on the WISC (M: 100, SD:15)
95
68
50
84
84
psychogenic amnesia is an indication of which kind of psychological disorder
dissociative
anixety
schizophrenic
personality
85
What area of psychology focuses on subjective well-being, optimism, self-esteem, and happiness
social psychology
positive psychology
health psychology
psychometrics
86
Which of the therapies below is no longer used to treat patients
gestalt therapy
free association
prefrontal lobotomy
electro-convulsive shock therapy
87
What kind of therapy involves both cognitive and behavioral interventions
rational emotive behavior therapy
aversion therapy
counterconditioning
systematic desensitization
88
people who catch violent movies are more likely to behave violently: this statement reflects
observational learning
counterconditioning
latent learning
insight learning
89
4YO Kate sits right in front of all the other kids to watch a magician. According to Piaget,
Kate is demonstrating egocentrism
Kate has a lack of conservation
Kate cannot reason hypothetically
Kate lacks object permanence
90
testing the problem-solving skills of 10, 20, and 30-year-olds in a study uses this method
developmental study
social-cognitive study
cross-sectional study
longitudinal study
91
Research indicates that which factor most influences one's sexual orientation
parenting style
masculine/feminine personality traits
hormones released in the womb
traumatic childhood experiences
92
physiological reactions like surprise or shock are controlled by which part of the NS
somatic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
endocrine system
serotonin system
93
Which is most directly involved in the electrical aspect of neurotransmission
synaptic cleft
terminal button
neurotransmiters
myelin
94
A personality test which calls Jan an extravert the first time and an introvert the next lacks
aptitude measures
standardization
test-retest reliability
construct validity
95
Amy has a cat. The first time she sees a rabbit she calls it a cat. Her mistake is due to
discrimination
assimilation
accommodation
habituation
96
What factors are ignored when people commit the fundament attribution error
social
situational
behavioral
dispositional
97
A musician who signs a recording contract stops playing for fun. This is best explained by
the overjustification effect
latent learning
social learning theory
the law of effect
98
An artist making a drawing could use which of the following to add depth to the picture
retinal disparity
convergence
linear perspective
closure
99
which disorder would respond best to cognitive behavioral therapy
dissociative identity disorder
bipolar disorder
major depressive disorder
schizophrenia
100
Delusions and hallucinations are most characteristic of
dissociative identity disorder
antisocial personality disorder
schizophrenia
obsessive-compulsive disorder
101
After studying for weeks and taking an AP exam, Conrad gets the flu. What theory explains this
James-Lange theory of emotion
Yerkes-Dodson law
Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory
Selye's general adaptation syndrome
102
Which theory explains how experiences from infancy through old age influence personality
Erikson's psychosocial stage theory
Harlow's contact comfort theory
Piaget's cognitive development theory
Kohlberg's moral development theory
103
According to Piaget, when we can't ______ new information, we change our schemas through ______
ignore : adaptation
reward : punishment
assimilate : accomodate
reduce : stereotypes
104
turning up the volume on a radio changes which aspect of sound
transduction of the wave
pitch of the tone
amplitude of the wave
frequency of the wave
105
The case study of Phineas Gage was significant because it was one of the the first examples of
treatment with drugs that alter neurotransmission
treating a brain-damaged patient with psychotherapy
a specific brain area associated with emotional changes
using a CAT scan to document the extent of the injury
106
How would drive reduction theory explain a person eating half a bowl of M&M's and stopping
the person stopped when their body had reached homeostasis
people eat in moderation to prevent being seen as selfish
humans are instinctively driven to eat sugar and fat
they were satisfying the 2nd step on the hierarchy of needs
107
Ryan suffers from constant, low-level arousal of his autonomic NS. He most likely suffers from
major depressive disorder
post-traumatic stress disorder
generalized anxiety disorder
obsessive-compulsive disorder
108
what is the principle tool used in all forms of psychotherapy
cognitive-behavioral interventions
talking to a patient
biomedical interventions
secondary preventions
109
A person who experiences flashbacks after a serious car accident is likely to be diagnosed with
dissociative identity disorder
bipolar disorder
panic disorder
post-traumatic stress disorder
110
seeing someone at the grocery store and remembering their name is an example of
recall
retroactive memory
episodic memory
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
111
What theory of emotion are cognitive psychologists likely to support
Schachter two-factor theory
James-Lange theory
opponent process theory
social facilitation theory
112
Which best explains the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
perceived control over life reduces stress and improves mood
an event causes an emotion and a physiological response
physiological reaction and cognitive labeling cause emotion
people follow a pattern of alarm, resistance, exhaustion
113
which of the following statistics provides most information about how spread out a data set is
range
standard deviation
mean
median
114
Someone who can't move the muscles needed for accurate speech might have brain damage where
hippocampus
Gage's area
Wernicke's area
Broca's area
115
learned helplessness is most likely to be directly related to
the Oedipus complex
an external locus of control
the self-serving bias
unconditional positive regard
116
Knowledge of different categories of trees is an example of what type of long-term memory
procedural memory
semantic memory
eidetic memory
episodic memory
117
Choosing 20 people at random from a large lecture class of 400 is an example of
assignment to conditions
representative assignment
random sampling
random assignment
118
How would a psychometrician interpret an IQ score of 145
well below the average of 200
slightly above average
three standard deviations above the mean of 100
the person has high verbal bot low logical intelligence
119
According to humanist theory, psychological disorders are most likely caused by
unfulfilled needs
neurochemical imbalances
learned associations
unhealthy attributional styles
120
Which of the following is found in Jung's model of the collective unconscious
archetypes
functional fixedness
repressed memories
inferiority complexes
121
A librarian gives a prize for every five books students read. Her schedule of reinforcement is
variable interval
continuous
fixed variable
fixed ratio
122
Which part of the brain is "newest" in an evolutionary sense
hypothalamus
cerebellum
cerebral cortex
pons
123
when first born, humans' dominant sense is
sight
hearing
touch
smell
124
which social psychology principle best explains prejudice
in-group bias
compliance strategies
individualism
self-serving bias
125
In the 3-box model of information processing, memories are first stored in
short-term memory
long-term memory
sensory memory
procedural memory
126
which of the following is most likely to lead to a confabulated memory
relearning effect
leading questions
proactive interference
brain injury
127
Lara is attracted to Craig but can't stand his friends and family. Her conflict is classified
approach-avoidance
avoidance-avoidance
she does not have a conflict
approach-approach
128
A medication prescribed for major depression would most likely act on which neurotransmitter
adrenaline
serotonin
acetylcholine
dopamine
129
Erikson's initiative vs. guilt stage is most closely related to Freud's
phallic stage
latency period
anal stage
oral stage
130
Which statement best represents the relationship between performance and arousal
performance steadily increases as arousal increases
too little or too much arousal is harmful to performance
performance continually decreases as arousal increases
performance is best at low and high levels of arousal
131
damage to the occipital region of the brain would most likely affect which sense
balance
hearing
touch
sight
132
What research method could study the relationship between owning a hybrid car and being vegan
experiment
case study
naturalistic observation
correlation study
133
which is an example of an implicit memory
remembering how to tie your shoelace
recalling the name of your JH math teacher
describing the taste of a birthday cake
recognizing a celebrity
134
A teacher ignoring her students' prior grades so her opinion of them is not influenced avoids
cognitive dissonance
fundamental attribution error
self-fulfilling prophecy
self-serving bias
135
Of the following, children will most likely develop this skill first
write with a pencil
clap their hands
cut with a knife
say a sentence
136
Lana learns how to be goalie as her coach gradually rolls the ball faster at parts the goal
law of effect
behavior shaping
token economy
higher-order conditioning
137
Dan is a toddler who avoids eye contact and resists to changes to routine. He shows symptoms of
mental retardation
Down syndrome
autism spectrum disorder
fetal alcohol syndrome
138
counterconditioning lies at the heart of which therapeutic approach
REBT
client-centered therapy
systematic desensitization
token economies
139
Which of the following models of personality is the least deterministic
biological
humanistic
psychodynamic
evolutionary
140
Someone who fails an exam and reacts by studying longer probably has this locus of control
situational
fundamental
internal
external
141
A doctor determining whether an accident caused structural damage to the brain would use
MRI
EEG
rTMS
PET
142
Runners in a park increase their speed when another runner comes into view. This illustrates
social roles
disinhibition
social facilitation
conformity
143
in the nature vs. nurture debate, nature is most closely associated with
culture
temperament
family
environment
144
Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism states personality results from the interaction of
rewards, punishments, and reinforcers
id, ego, and superego
genetics, the unconscious, and social facilitation
traits, the environment, and behavior
145
Elizabeth Loftus' research on wording and misinformation effects on memory best demonstrate
the serial position effect
the rate at which people forget information
the role of the hippocampus in memory
the reconstructive nature of memory
146
A low level of glucose in Sam's bloodstream would most likely make him want to
go for a run
pursue a romantic interest
eat a meal
make new friends
147
Which is one of the key factors distinguishing major depressive disorder from sadness
normal sadness is much less intense than depression
specific changes in the brain
lasts longer than 2 weeks without an obvious cause
sadness is paired with heightened senses and mania
148
our ability to perceive depth depends on what other perceptual abilities
proximity and similarity
vestibular and kinesthetic senses
binocular and monocular cues
top-down and bottom-up processing
149
en route
to the visual cortex, information from the eyes' retinas crosses at the
optic nerve
fovea
feature detectors
optic chiasm
150
Restarting your printer over and over but failing to notice it is out of paper demonstrates
belief perseverance
divergent thinking
a mental set
low experiential intelligence
151
Harlow's rhesus monkey experiment illustrated
that primates can make and use tools
the danger of separating babies from their natural parents
the importance of physical contact to development
that language is a uniquely human skill
152
In a class of 25 students, all but 2 score between 82 and 94. The 2 scores of 47 and 55 are
modes
outliers
variances
normally distributed
153
Which is an important technique used by humanist psychologists during therapy
secondary central dispositions
defense mechanisms
unconditional positive regard
factor analysis
154
A teacher whose class culture encourages intrinsic motivation uses which management style
approach-avoidance
James-Lange
postconventional
theory Y
155
Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment studied what developmental concept
parenting style
motor development
attachment
assimilation
156
negative reinforcers __________ a stimulus in order to ___________ a behavior
remove : decrease
add : decrease
remove : increase
remove : punish
157
Which technique would be most helpful in avoiding the problems associated with groupthink
responding to deindividuation among group members
identifying approach-avoidance conflicts
encouraging contrary opinions within the group
increasing group polarization within different groups
158
Pat is laughing because she just won the lottery. Sal thinks she is a fun person. Sal's opinion
is influenced by the self-serving bias
is influenced by the fundamental attribution error
is influenced by the just world hypothesis
is influenced by the norm of reciprocity
159
Abraham Maslow theorized that people are motivated by
satisfying needs on a hierarchy
desire to achieve in the eyes of others
achieving physiological homeostasis
reinforcement of primary and secondary needs
160
Which best summarizes the results of Tolman's latent learning experiment
rats who explored the maze first ran faster when reinforced
reinforcement had little impact on the rats' performance
rats that were continually reinforced ran the maze faster
rats that received punishment ran the maze faster
161
Why are psychoanalysts interested in talking with patients about dreams
neurotransmitter anomalies cause dream disturbances
disturbing dreams are obstacles to self actualization
counter conditioned behaviors are often revealed in dreams
symbols in dreams represent unconscious conflicts
162
Milgram's obedience study was criticized based on what ethical grounds
lack of debriefing
risk of psychological harm
lack of informed consent
violation of confidentiality
163
What would Piaget test to see if a child is in pre-operational or concrete operational stage
conservation
object permanence
universal ethical principles
attachment