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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
Flashcards
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Questions
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Answers
1
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a contravened stereotype
a self-serving attribution
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a heuristic observation
2
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
mnemonic
phonemic
platonic
morphemic
3
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
sleep apnea
insomnia
narcolepsy
pseudoinsomnia
4
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
5
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
anal
genital
latency
oral
6
Negative reinforcement involves...
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
7
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
alpha
delta
gamma
beta
8
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
episodic
procedural
fluid
crystallized
9
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the triarchic level of encoding
dyadic encoding
the semantic level of encoding
attention encoding
10
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
industry vs. inferiority
initiative vs. guilt
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
trust vs. mistrust
11
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
preconventional
concrete
conventional
postconventional
12
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
independently of autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
13
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
group polarization
deindividuation
conformity
social loafing
14
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
cognition
intelligence
introspection
mentalism
15
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
lens
vitreous humor
iris
cornea
16
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
narcotics
cannabis
sedatives
alcohol
17
Anhedonia is when a person...
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
has trouble getting along with people
experiences mild manic states
has two different psychological disorders
18
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
psychoanalytic
behavioral
humanistic
cognitive
19
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the cephalocaudal trend
encephalitis
the cephalopedal trend
the proximodistal trend
20
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
development of secondary sex characteristics
formal operations
post-conventional moral reasoning
21
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
semantic network
schema
script
chunk
22
A valid test is one that...
measures what it is supposed to measure
is consistent
has been standardized but not normed
is reliable
23
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the confirmation bias
the gambler's fallacy
the conjunction fallacy
overestimating the improbable
24
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
lesioning
ESB
tumor ligation
stereotaxic inversion
25
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
long-term
short-term
sensory
intermediate-term
26
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the experimental group
the control group
the observational group
the correlational group
27
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
low in extraversion
high in agreeableness
low in openness
high in neuroticism
28
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
coping mechanisms
defense mechanisms
offense mechanisms
id mechanisms
29
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
prejudices
stereotypes
attributions
self-serving bias
30
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
social charm
aggressiveness
manipulative behavior
excessive guilt
31
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
phonemes
morphemes
syntax
linguistic heuristics
32
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
groupthink
conformity
obedience
cognitive dissonance
33
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he's just like his father
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he always gets in fights
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
34
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
spontaneous recovery
stimulus generalization
stimulus discrimination
conditioned emotional reactions
35
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
spinal cord
cortex
location of injury
thalamus
36
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
escape learning
avoidance learning
an unconditioned response
positive reinforcement
37
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
instinct theory
incentive theory
evolutionary theory
drive theory
38
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
encoded
retrieved
modeled
ablated
39
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
William James
Wilhelm Wundt
G. Stanley Hall
Rene Decartes
40
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an aptitude test
an intelligence test
an achievement test
a personality test
41
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
reiteration
relearning
recognition
recall
42
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
limbic system
brainstem
cerebellum
reticular formation
43
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
parietal lobe
thalamus
pineal gland
corpus callosum
44
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
psychological tests
direct observation
physiological recordings
questionnaires
45
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
availability heuristic
law of small numbers
representativeness heuristic
conjunction heuristic
46
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
thyroid gland
pituitary gland
pancreas
sebaceous gland
47
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
REM
stage 1
stage 4
stage 2
48
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
the unconscious
behavior
conscious experience
the brain
49
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test scales
test levels
test scores
test norms
50
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
hallucinations
illusions
delusions
obsessions
51
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
corpus callosum
cerebral cortex
medulla
hypothalamus
52
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender stereotypes
gender behaviors
gender differences
gender roles
53
What is cognitive dissonance?
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
54
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
a variety of environmental factors
genetic influences on IQ
group differences in basic intelligence
changes in testing procedures
55
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
functionalism
psychoanalysis
behaviorism
neodynamism
56
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
flashbulb memories
episodic memories
sensory memories
non-declarative memories
57
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
stirrup
temporal lobe
oval window
cochlea
58
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
schematizing
cognitive structuring
cultural direction
stereotypes
59
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
loudness
pitch
timbre
decibels
60
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
hearing a sound
smelling an odor
seeing a flash of light
moving a part of his body
61
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
remain in continuous sleep
remain in continuous wakefulness
become aggressive
become fearful/cautious
62
Framing refers to...
presenting irrelevant information
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting only part of the information required
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
63
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
panic disorder
fugue
conversion disorder
bipolar disorder
64
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
psychotherapy
aversion therapy
systematic desensitization
avoidance therapy
65
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
endorphin
dopamine
acetylcholine
serotonin
66
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
tree-bird
fill-feed
car-nose
boat-goat
67
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
68
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
correlation coefficients
percentiles
standard deviation
means
69
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
bipolar
dissociative
unipolar
cyclical
70
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
antagonists
agonists
neurotransmitters
action potentials
71
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
extinction
conditioned forgetting
unconditioning
spontaneous remission
72
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
light purity
color
brightness
saturation
73
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
personality
attachment
behavioral quality
temperament
74
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
the personal qualities of the residents
crowded living conditions
poor police protection
job discrimination experienced by the residents
75
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
sensation
consciousness
hypnosis
perception
76
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
systematic hypothesis testing
abstract operations
logical reasoning
physical interaction
77
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-to-top processing
top-down processing
lateral processing
bottom-up processing
78
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
were put into a simulated prison
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
79
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
investment differentiations
parental investments
display rules
social scripts
80
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
a percentile score
IQ
a potential score
mental age
81
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
put information into long-term memory
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
hold information for a lifetime
82
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
displacement
regression
fixation
compensation
83
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
intelligence
insight
reasoning
creativity
84
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
operant conditioning
insight learning
classical conditioning
latent learning
85
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
amount of time alseep
exposure to light
amount of time awake
cultural practices
86
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
halo effect in aggression
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
basis for performing pro-social behavior
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
87
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
observational learning
positive reinforcement
classical conditioning
superstitious behavior
88
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
conflict
change
pressure
frustration
89
What is somnambulism?
difficulty remaining asleep
difficulty breathing when asleep
sleep-talking
sleep-walking
90
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
are using the representativeness heuristic
are using the availability heuristic
use a holistic decision model
use the elimination by aspects strategy
91
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
opiates
pathogens
prenatals
teratogens
92
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
censoring dissent from group members
93
A perceptual set implies that...
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
people often see what they expect to see
94
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
predictive validity
criterion-related validity
standardized validity
content validity
95
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a clinical psychologist
a developmental psychologist
a social psychologist
a forensic psychologist
96
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Wernicke's area
Cannon's area
Broca's area
Sperry's area
97
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
predictability
consistency
representativeness
accuracy of inference
98
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
problem-solving theory
activation-synthesis theory
None of the Above
wish fulfillment theory
99
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
irrational thoughts
the conscious
maladaptive behaviors
the unconscious
100
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
the relative threshold period
transduction incapacity
transduction capacity
the absolute refractory period
101
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
subliminal threshold
absolute threshold
just noticeable difference
sensory memory
102
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a behavior rating
a self-report inventory
a projective test
a deceptive test
103
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
criterion-related
content
absolute
construct
104
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a sedative
a hallucinogen
a narcotic
an amphetamine
105
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
a distinctive attribution
an internal attribution
an external attribution
a situational attribution
106
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
anxiety
mood
schizophrenic
personality
107
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
resistance to pain
total loss of personal control
hallucinations
reduction of inhibitions
108
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
attachment probing
shared inhibition
strange situation
secure-avoidant
109
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
retroactive interference
retrograde amnesia
pseudoforgetting
anterograde amnesia
110
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
sing a song
tie shoe laces
print letters
fear the dark
111
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an approach-approach conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
112
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
limbic system
leftbrain/right brain communication
endocrine system
reticular formation
113
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a phobia
a compulsion
a delusion
an obsession
114
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
partial retrieval
complete retrieval failure
partial storage
complete storage failure
115
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
behavior is to motive
feeling is to thinking
thought is to perception
attitude is to action
116
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
unrealistic demands from family/friends
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
117
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
mescaline
heroin
marijuana
cocaine
118
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
personality; standardized
intelligence; standardized
intelligence; personality
standardized; intelligence
119
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
mean
median
mode
midpoint
120
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
operant conditioning
punishment
classical conditioning
observational learning
121
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
light
tone
salivation
food/meat powder
122
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
schizophrenia
anxiety disorders
bipolar disorder
marital problems
123
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
a headache
been dreaming
not been dreaming
not really been asleep
124
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
attributionism
functionalism
individualism
collectivism
125
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
closure
constancy
symmetry
similiarity
126
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
variable-ratio schedule
fixed-interval schedule
127
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
afferent nerves
sympathetic nerves
autonomic nerves
efferent nerves
128
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
thalamus
gonads
thyroid
pituitary
129
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
sadness
fear
happiness
surprise
130
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
the internal state causes the facial expression
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
131
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
observational learning
operant conditioning
state-dependent learning
classical conditioning
132
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
memory
the autonomic nervous system
feeding
the endocrine system
133
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
perception
sensation
processing
attention
134
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
fear reaction
rat
rabbit
loud noise
135
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
step-wise conditioning
selection
shaping
stimulus discrimination
136
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
medulla
hypothalamus
prefrontal cortex
occipital cortex
137
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
repression
avoidance
neurogenic amnesia
suppression
138
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
I eated a cookie
i wanted a cookie
give cookie
cookie
139
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
semantic slanting
fast-mapping
overextension
metalinguistic awareness
140
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
time of testing
cross-sectional
longitundinal
sequential
141
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
subliminal perception
a just noticeable difference
a superimposed stimulus
a false alarm
142
The superego is Freud's term for...
the moral component of personality
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the conscious aspect of personality
143
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
reinforcement
classical conditioning
observational learning
operant conditioning
144
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
computerized tomography
electrographic tomography
positron emission tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
145
An antagonist...
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
extends the absolute refractory period
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
146
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the reciprocity norm
the law of cognitive dissonance
the principle of collectivism
display rules
147
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
centration
egocentrism
conservation
reversibility
148
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
gustatory bulbs
olfactory cilia
smell buds
sciatic receptors
149
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
mechanical
spatial
musical
logical-mathemathical
150
Homeostasis is a state of...
physiological stability
psychological instability
physiological instability
psychological stability
