Who was affected by the Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932–1972)?

Black men with syphilis in Alabama

Individuals with lower SES are more likely to live:

In neighborhoods near industrial areas or highways

What is the concept of critical periods in the Life Course Perspective?

Periods in which exposures lead to irreversible damage

According to Karl Marx, social position is based on

Relationship to the means of production

Redlining is an example of:

Zoning practices reinforcing social inequities

What was a major consequence of eugenics for affected individuals?

Forced sterilization without consent

What is the Healthy Migrant Effect?

Only healthy individuals are more likely to migrate

World Health Organization (WHO) Conceptual Framework on Social Determinants of Health explains?

Health disparities arise from social, economic, and political environments.

What were the effects of the gasoline baths on the affected individuals?

Skin burns and breathing problems

Historical Determinants?

Long-standing systems that create health inequalities.

What did the Whitehall Studies demonstrate about social mobility and health?

Socialmobility can resultin driftinginto lowersocial classesaffectinghealth

What is the psychosocial approach to health about?

The stress& perception of social hierarchies increase disease vulnerability

During slavery, healthcare was primarily focused on:

Protecting the economic interests of slave owners

What does income primarily provide access to?

Better healthcare and nutrition

What were some health consequences faced by enslaved women due to exploitation?

Adverse psychological and emotional outcomes

Health is influenced by your enviornment and history

What is an example ofvsocial selection in health?

Health status influencing social mobility

What was the purpose of the 1662 Virginia Law regarding enslaved women?

To make slavery inheritable through the mother’s status

What is allostatic load?

The wear and tear on the body due to chronic stress

What are health disparities?

Differences in risk incidence& prevalence of health outcomes between groups

What did the Whitehall Studies reveal about health disparities?

Health disparities are linked to social class, not just poverty

Why is using race as a proxy for social class problematic in health research?

It ignores historical factors like displacement and segregation

What damaging stereotype exists regarding pain perception in Black individuals?

They feel less pain than white individuals.

What was the finding of the Whitehall study?

Health improves with higher social class.

Intermediary Determinants

Things that come after that directly impact your daily life

What is political determinants?

How government policies and power distribution influence health outcomes

What was the impact of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study on Black communities?

Reduced use of healthcare services due to mistrust.

What does Socioeconomic Status (SES) capture

Social circumstances across the life course

What do intermediary determinants of health include?

Material factors, behaviors, and psychosocial factors

Theories of social determinants of health?

Ecosocial Framework, Psychosocial Approach, Social Production of disease

What was a key effect of the 1807–1808 ban on the transatlantic slave trade?

Slaveowners focused on enslaved women fertility to sustain population

How does the Life Course Perspective explain health?

Healthisinfluenced by exposures throughoutlife frompreconceptiontoadulthood

What happens when there is low control and high demand in a person's life?

It increases stress and is associated with poor health

How does occupation relate to SES?

It represents social hierarchy and job security

Status in society that affects your health and opportunities

What is a health inequity?

Inequalities in health caused by unjust distribution of social conditions

What is the graded effect of social position on health?

Health outcomes improve as social position rises

What is the epidemiological Parado/Hispanic Paradox?

Hispanics have better health outcomes despite lower SES

What is Socio-Economic Status(SES)?

Measure of a person's social and economic position affecting health.

Specific process through which these special factors impact body and health

What are the two main concepts in the study of social determinants of health?

Social factors and social processes

People with higher education levels are less likely to:

Engage in risky health behaviors

What does the "social production of disease" focus on?

Disease resulting from historical, political, and economic factors

How did the gasoline baths contribute to health disparities?

Reinforced negative stereotypes and neglect of health needs

What does narrowing health gaps aim to achieve?

Reducing health outcome disparities between advantaged&disadvantaged groups

Slave breeding refers to:

Forced sexual exploitation of enslavedwomen to increase slaveholders wealth

What is one example of SES influencing health behaviors?

Low SES individuals are more likely to engage in smoking and heavy drinking

What does reducing the social gradient involve?

Addressing systemic factors causing disparities at every level of society

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Answers

1
Who was affected by the Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932–1972)?
White men with syphilis in Georgia
Black men with syphilis in Alabama
Immigrant workers in California
Black women in Mississippi
2
Individuals with lower SES are more likely to live:
In neighborhoods near industrial areas or highways
In quieter, less crowded neighborhoods
In environmentally safer areas
Near parks and green spaces
3
What is the concept of critical periods in the Life Course Perspective?
The moment when individuals adopt new health habits
Times when diseases are completely reversible
Periods in which exposures lead to irreversible damage
The cumulative effect of all risk factors across a lifetime
4
According to Karl Marx, social position is based on
Relationship to the means of production
Education level
Political affiliation
Occupational status
5
Redlining is an example of:
Health promotion
Zoning practices reinforcing social inequities
Effective urban planning
A public health campaign
6
What was a major consequence of eugenics for affected individuals?
Greater social mobility
Forced sterilization without consent
Increased reproductive rights
Improved healthcare access
7
What is the Healthy Migrant Effect?
Immigrants have worse health when they migrate
Only healthy individuals are more likely to migrate
Migrants have lower access to healthcare
Migration always improves health outcomes
8
World Health Organization (WHO) Conceptual Framework on Social Determinants of Health explains?
Lifestyle choices are the sole cause of health outcomes.
Health is only affected by genetics and biology.
Health disparities arise from social, economic, and political environments.
Everyone has equal access to healthcare services.
9
What were the effects of the gasoline baths on the affected individuals?
Skin burns and breathing problems
Increased access to healthcare
Enhanced social status
Improved health conditions
10
Historical Determinants?
Individual health choices.
Long-standing systems that create health inequalities.
Recent health policies and practices.
Current environmental conditions.
11
Max Weber’s model of social position includes all of the following EXCEPT:
Class
Status
Education
Party (Power)
12
What did the Whitehall Studies demonstrate about social mobility and health?
Socialmobility can resultin driftinginto lowersocial classesaffectinghealth
Health remains the same regardless of social mobility
Social mobility has no effect on health outcomes
Health always improves as people move up the social ladder
13
What is the psychosocial approach to health about?
Direct impacts of public policies on health
Engaging biological processes through social conditions
The stress& perception of social hierarchies increase disease vulnerability
Determining genetic susceptibility to diseases
14
During slavery, healthcare was primarily focused on:
Improving the well-being of the enslaved
Protecting the economic interests of slave owners
Ensuring family health and welfare
Preventing disease outbreaks
15
What does income primarily provide access to?
Only impacts social status.
Better healthcare and nutrition
Income has no effect on health.
Higher education
16
What were some health consequences faced by enslaved women due to exploitation?
Lower maternal mortality rates
Improved birth outcomes
Adverse psychological and emotional outcomes
Increased legal rights
17
Main Factors of SEC?
Education, income, occupation.
Age, gender, ethnicity
Location, hobbies, health.
Personality, interests, diet.
18
Ecosocial framework?
Health is influenced by your enviornment and history
Health is influenced by wealth
Health is influenced by stress levels
Health is influence by your genetics
19
What is an example ofvsocial selection in health?
Health is influenced by social factors
Health status influencing social mobility
Health is related to poverty
Social position determining health risk
20
What was the purpose of the 1662 Virginia Law regarding enslaved women?
To grant enslaved women healthcare
To promote women’s health
To make slavery inheritable through the mother’s status
To improve the fertility of enslaved women
21
What is allostatic load?
The wear and tear on the body due to chronic stress
A method of medical treatment to reverse disease
The process of healing through social interactions
The positive impact of stress on the body
22
In highly stratified societies, income inequality leads to:
Fewer health disparities
Higher mortality rates
Better healthcare for the poor
Improved access to housing
23
What are health disparities?
Differences in risk incidence& prevalence of health outcomes between groups
The rate at which diseases spread in urban areas
Differences in health outcomes between different age groups
Access to healthcare only for low-income groups
24
What did the Whitehall Studies reveal about health disparities?
Health disparities are only about poverty
Middle-class individuals should always have better health
Health disparities are linked to social class, not just poverty
Healthcare access eliminates all health disparities
25
Why is using race as a proxy for social class problematic in health research?
It leads to better health outcomes for minority groups
It ignores historical factors like displacement and segregation
It helps address health disparities more effectively
It solves issues of social inequity
26
What damaging stereotype exists regarding pain perception in Black individuals?
They feel more pain than white individuals.
They feel pain the same as white individuals.
They have no pain sensitivity.
They feel less pain than white individuals.
27
What was the finding of the Whitehall study?
Lower social class linked to higher mortality.
Health improves with higher social class.
All civil servants had the same health outcomes.
Work stress has no impact on health.
28
Intermediary Determinants
Health status
Things close to you that impact health
Things that have no impact
Things that come after that directly impact your daily life
29
What is political determinants?
How government policies and power distribution influence health outcomes
Genetic factors that determine health status.
Personal choices that directly impact individual health.
Environmental conditions that affect community health.
30
What was the impact of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study on Black communities?
Greater participation in medical research.
Improved access to medical care.
Reduced use of healthcare services due to mistrust.
Increased trust in the healthcare system.
31
What does Socioeconomic Status (SES) capture
Life satisfaction
Social circumstances across the life course
Personal interests
Genetic predispositions
32
What do intermediary determinants of health include?
Genetics and hereditary conditions
Governance and policies
Social mobility and economic status
Material factors, behaviors, and psychosocial factors
33
Theories of social determinants of health?
Psychosocial Approach, Social Production of diease
Social selection, Psychosocial Approach, Life cource Perspective
Ecosocial Framework, Psychosocial Approach, Social Production of disease
Ecosocial Framework, Social Production of diease, Social selection
34
What was a key effect of the 1807–1808 ban on the transatlantic slave trade?
Enslaved women were freed from reproductive exploitation
The enslaved population decreased drastically
Slaveowners focused on enslaved women fertility to sustain population
Enslaved individuals gained more freedom
35
How does the Life Course Perspective explain health?
Health is influenced by social positions
Health is influenced by genetics
Health is only affected by early childhood conditions.
Healthisinfluenced by exposures throughoutlife frompreconceptiontoadulthood
36
What happens when there is low control and high demand in a person's life?
It only affects financial status, not health
It increases stress and is associated with poor health
It improves job performance and mental health
It leads to less stress and better health outcomes
37
How does occupation relate to SES?
It represents social hierarchy and job security
It is unrelated to income and education
Has no impact on health or lifestyle.
Only determines job satisfaction.
38
Social positions
Positions that are given to someone in society
Positions you hold at your jobs
Status in society that affects your health and opportunities
Requirments of someone in order to function in society
39
What is a health inequity?
Differences in health due to individual choices
Natural variations in health across populations
Inequalities in health caused by unjust distribution of social conditions
Equal access to healthcare services
40
What is the graded effect of social position on health?
Health is unrelated to social class
Health outcomes only improve for the wealthiest individuals
Health outcomes are the same for all social classes
Health outcomes improve as social position rises
41
What is the epidemiological Parado/Hispanic Paradox?
Hispanics have the same health outcomes regardless of SES
Hispanics have worse health outcomes despite higher SES
Hispanics have better health outcomes despite lower SES
Hispanics have worse health outcomes due to poor diet
42
What is Socio-Economic Status(SES)?
Measure of a person's social and economic position affecting health.
A ranking of education levels only.
A factor that does not influence health outcomes.
Only related to income level.
43
Mechanism
Specific process through which these special factors impact body and health
Risk and Negative exposures that impact health
Certain life stages that are crucial for development
Explains how social conditions and ecperiences affect health
44
What are the two main concepts in the study of social determinants of health?
Health outcomes and healthcare systems
Social factors and social causation
Governance and macroeconomic policies
Social factors and social processes
45
People with higher education levels are less likely to:
Have higher fertility rates
Earn a full-time income
Engage in risky health behaviors
Have access to healthcare
46
What does the "social production of disease" focus on?
Biological explanations for diseases
Disease caused by individual lifestyle choices
The role of family genetics in disease development
Disease resulting from historical, political, and economic factors
47
How did the gasoline baths contribute to health disparities?
Created more jobs in healthcare
Led to better healthcare access
Improved representation in healthcare
Reinforced negative stereotypes and neglect of health needs
48
What does narrowing health gaps aim to achieve?
Reducing healthcare costs for the wealthy
Reducing health outcome disparities between advantaged&disadvantaged groups
Providing the same healthcare for all groups
Improving health outcomes only for middle-class individuals
49
Slave breeding refers to:
A method to train enslaved individuals for skilled labor.
Forced sexual exploitation of enslavedwomen to increase slaveholders wealth
A practice of freeing enslaved individuals to improve labor conditions.
A system to sell enslaved people in different markets
50
What is one example of SES influencing health behaviors?
Low SES individuals have better access to gyms
Higher SES individuals do not have health concerns
Low SES individuals are more likely to engage in smoking and heavy drinking
Higher SES individuals are more likely to eat junk food
51
What does reducing the social gradient involve?
Addressing systemic factors causing disparities at every level of society
Increasing wealth for the richest individuals
Focusing only on improving health for the poorest people
Ignoring social class differences in health
52
What highlights the need for change in healthcare practices today?
Increased funding for hospitals
Historical injustices and ongoing barriers
New medical technologies
Better training for healthcare providers
53
Intragenerational mobility?
Changes in social positions affects health
Causes a of death due to health issues in your family
Health problems throughout your family
How your soical status compares to that of your parents
54
What legal framework established that a child's status follows that of their mother?
The Emancipation Proclamation
The Virginia Law of 1662
The 1807 Ban on Slave Trade
The Civil Rights Act
55
What impact did the elimination of Jim Crow laws have on health?
Significant improvements in life expectancy and infant mortality
Complete eradication of health disparities
No significant changes in health outcomes
Increased infant mortality rates
56
Structural Determinants
Factors that shape your personality
Factors that shape overall system and environment you live in
Factors that shape your SES
Factors that shape your health
57
James Marion Sims, known as the “Father of Modern Gynecology,” is controversial because:
He refused to treat Black patients
He experimented on enslaved women without anesthesia
He advocated for women’s rights in healthcare
He improved healthcare access for Black women
58
How does education impact health?
By reducing exposure to environmental hazards
By guaranteeing higher job satisfaction
By shaping occupational opportunities and earning potential
By improving sleep quality
59
Social Gradient
Only wealth impacts health, not social class.
The lower your social class, the worse your health, the higher the better
Health outcomes are equally distributed across all social classes.
Health improves with age, regardless of social class.
60
What is accumulation of risk in the Life Course Perspective?
Risk factors only influence health during adulthood.
Risk factors are only significant in childhood.
Health risks do not accumulate over time.
Risk factors accumulate gradually over life, impacting health
61
Which of the following historical periods directly influenced the health disparities seen today?
Industrial Revolution
World War I
Reconstruction Era
Slavery and Jim Crow
62
How do these historical events influence the power dynamics in healthcare today?
Increased trust and cooperation
Mistrust, access issues, and poor health outcomes
Universal healthcare for all
Equal representation in medical research
63
What is social causation in health?
Socio-economic status influencing health through intermediary factors
Personal behavior as the main cause of health problems
Genetics playing a central role in disease development
Health determining social mobility
64
What percentage of enslaved infants died within their first year during slavery?
70%
50%
10%
20%
65
What is the impact of universal healthcare coverage on SES-driven inequalities in health?
It reduces income inequality
It increases access to preventative care for low-income individuals
SES-driven inequalities still exist, even with universal healthcare
It eliminates all health disparities
66
Which approach focuses on improving health in the most disadvantaged groups?
Improving outcomes in the most disadvantaged groups
Increasing healthcare costs for higher-income groups
Reducing the social gradient
Narrowing health gaps
67
What is the Salmom Hypothesis?
Sick migrants are more likely to return to their home country
Migration increases the economic growth of the destination country
Migration always improves health outcomes
Migrants tend to live longer than natives.
68
Examples of historical determinants?
Recent healthcare reforms and policies.
Individual lifestyle choices and behaviors.
Colonialism, slavery, segregation, redlining, and discriminatory practices.
Environmental pollution and climate change.
69
What percentage of white medical students mistakenly believe that Black people have less sensitive nerve endings?
50%
25%
100%
75%
70
Intergenerational mobility?
Causes a of death due to health issues in your family
How your social status compares to that of your parents
Health problems throughout your family
Changes in social positions affects health
71
What modern implications can be traced back to the conditions experienced during slavery?
High levels of education
Improved healthcare access
Increased economic stability
Low birth weight and poor birth outcomes
72
Social Pathways
Risk and Negative exposures that impact health
Certain life stages that are crucial for development
Specific process through which these special factors impact body and health
Explains how social conditions and experiences affect health
73
What is the primary cause of current health disparities in Black communities?
Decreased community engagement
Transgenerational poverty rooted in slavery
Lack of modern healthcare
Poor individual health choices
74
To address health inequities for Black communities today, which of the following is most important?
Improving individual responsibility
Addressing social factors like poverty and discrimination
Ending all medical experiments
Focusing solely on healthcare access
75
Who was affected by the gasoline baths at the Mexican border in 1917?
White American soldiers
Mexican immigrants and Mexican Americans
Native Americans
European immigrants
76
Who was affected by eugenics in the U.S. (North Carolina: 1919-1977)?
Only wealthy individuals
Individuals deemed "unfit" especially POC and those with disabilities
All citizens regardless of status
Immigrants seeking asylum
77
What are examples of structural determinants of health?
Biological factors, genetics, and family history
Access to healthcare, smoking, alcohol consumption
Diet, exercise, and stress levels
Governance, public policies, social policies
78
How were participants in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study misled?
They were treated with experimental drugs.
They were provided financial support instead of medical care.
They were told they were being treated, but were left untreated.
They were given proper treatment but died anyway.
79
Jim Crow laws and redlining led to:
Increased access to healthcare
ecreased life expectancy and infant mortality
Segregation and restricted access to housing
Improvements in neighborhood conditions
80
What is fetal programming?
A technique to ensure a healthy birth.
A method to improve fetal health through medication.
Maternal conditions during pregnancy affect longterm health outcomes
A legal framework regarding child status.

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