What does Hermann Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve show about the nature of storage decay?

slow initial decline followed by a rapid loss after several years

Which of the following is an example of an assessment likely to be used by a social-cognitive psychologist?

a student teacher is formally observed & evaluated in the classroom

Superstitious behavior can be produced by

the accidental timing of rewards

Which of the following is the best example of learning?

a child flinches when he sees lightning because he is afraid of thunder

When is prosocial modeling most effective?

When the model acts in a way consistent with the procsocial lession

Which of the following illustrates a heuristic?

using 3 news reports of corporate fraud to estimate how often it occurs

All of the following are examples of primary reinforcers except

high score on an exam for which a student studied diligently

Meloni's new friend gave her his phone number. As she's about to record it, she cant remember the order of numbers cause

being 10 digits long, it is beyond Meloni's "magic number"

Humanistic psychologists may assess personality by

asking a person to compare their ideal self to their actual self

Regarding therapist-guided "recovered" memories of sexual abuse in infancy, what represents an appropriate conclusion?

brain can't accurately store memories before age 4, so they aren't reliable

A psychoanalytic psychologist might use the TAT & the Rorschach test in order to

gain insight about a person's unconscious mind

Which of the following is likely to be true of a person from an individualist culture?

his behavior would be a reflection of his personality & attitudes

In Bushman & Baumeister's research, how did those with unrealistically high self-esteem react when they were criticized?

became exceptionally aggressive

Research on the role of the amygdala in memory has found that

it helps make sure we remember events that trigger strong emotions

Researchers studying the links among emotion, stress, & memory have discovered that

both stress & emotion make events more memorable

Which of the following is an example of source amnesia?

Steve misremembers a dream as something that really happened

Which of the following demonstrates the representativeness heurtistic?

deciding that new kid in school is a nerd becasue he looks like a nerd

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Cognition, Personality, & Learning

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Answers

1
Which of the following is the best term or phrase for a characteristic pattern of behavior/disposition to feel/act?
factor analysis
trait
myers-briggs indicator
extroversion
2
Ella was an aggressive child in middle school but is now a 3-sport athlete because she channels her aggression into them
projection
displacement
sublimation
repression
3
Elephants appear to have excellent ------ because they can remember large sections of their territory
insight
latent learning
cognitive maps
mirror neurons
4
After observing his sibling go across a balance beam, Joe's brain reacts in a way that will enable him to imitate later
reward system
motor cortex
mirror neurons
somatosensory cortex
5
What does Hermann Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve show about the nature of storage decay?
rate of forgetting doesn't change as time passes
slow, steady decrease as time goes on
rapid initial decline, followed by a leveling off
slow initial decline followed by a rapid loss after several years
6
Which of the following is an example of an assessment likely to be used by a social-cognitive psychologist?
a defendant in a criminal case is interviewed by a court-appointed doctor
someone applying for a new position takes the Myers-Briggs Type Indicactor
in a pre-marriage counseling session, a couple responds to inkblots
a student teacher is formally observed & evaluated in the classroom
7
Tom believes that his senator is honest. He looks for examples of her giving to charity & ignores her ethics violations
confirmation bias
intuition
mental set
availability heuristic
8
The prefix "pre" in "preview" or the suffix "ed" in "adapted" are examples of
morphemes
phonemes
babbling
language development
9
Superstitious behavior can be produced by
possession of a large number of traditionally lucky items
placing a CR before a CS
the accidental timing of rewards
cognitive awareness of superstitious behavior in others
10
Which of the following is the best example of learning?
a child flinches when he sees lightning because he is afraid of thunder
a child cries when hit brother hits him
a dog salivates when food is placed in its mouth
a honeybee stings when the hive is threatened
11
Which of the following theories offers a special focus on the potential for healthy personal growth
functionalist
humanistic
neo-freudian
behavioral
12
When is prosocial modeling most effective?
When the model acts in a way consistent with the procsocial lession
when the observer has a close personal relationship with the model
when the model is predisposed to the prosocial conduct
when the model verbally emphasizes the prococial lession but acts different
13
Which of the following illustrates a heuristic?
using 3 news reports of corporate fraud to estimate how often it occurs
following a new recipe to bake a cake for your friend
looking in each room of your house to find your cat
calculating area of a rectangle by multiplying LxW
14
Tom still believes his senator is an honest person even after she is arrested and sent to jail, he is now experiencing..
belief perseverance
insight
confirmation bias
framing
15
People are more concerned about a medical procedure when told it has a 10% death rate than a 90% survival rate
framing
belief perseverance
confirmation bias
intuition
16
When asked to think of a bird, many people think of a robin. In this case a robin is a ---------- for a bird?
creative idea
concept
convergent grouping
prototype
17
Carl Rogers felt we are our best selves when we feel accepted for who we are. What did he call this accepting attitude?
self-transcendence
a peak experience
humanistic psychology
unconditional positive regard
18
All of the following are examples of primary reinforcers except
rat's food reward in a Skinner box
high score on an exam for which a student studied diligently
cold drink on a hot day
hug from a loved one
19
Meloni's new friend gave her his phone number. As she's about to record it, she cant remember the order of numbers cause
she lacks photographic memory
her iconic memory disrupted her encoding of the number
she was so excited, she couldn't write it down fast enough
being 10 digits long, it is beyond Meloni's "magic number"
20
Maslow & Rodgers would explain that adolescents who are struggling to form their identity are seeking to discover their
self-worth
self-esteem
self-concept
self-actualization
21
Which of the following is not one of Robert Sternberg's components of creativity?
imaginative thinking skills
creative environment
incubation
venturesome personality
22
Humanistic psychologists may assess personality by
asking people to fill out lengthy questionnaires about their beliefs
getting people to describe what they see in ambiguous inkblots
asking a person to compare their ideal self to their actual self
putting people in a stressful situation to see how they behave
23
Who of the following is considered the leading advocate of personality's social-cognitive approach?
Carl Rogers
Gordon Allport
Carl Jung
Albert Bandura
24
Elaine's friends know she is untrustworthy. However, Elaine complains she can't trust her friends, making use of...
sublimation
projection
rationalization
displacement
25
The purpose of reinforcement is to ...
strengthen the spontaneous recovery process
cause a behavior to stop
cause a behavior to continue
cause a behavior to diminish
26
When asked to think of a "desk," many students think of desks in the classroom instead of other types of desks
prototype
phoneme
concept
heuristic
27
Regarding therapist-guided "recovered" memories of sexual abuse in infancy, what represents an appropriate conclusion?
only true recovered memories are emotionally upsetting
one you're unable to retrieve a memory, you will probably never be able to
therapists who use hypnosis help their patients retrieve repressed memories
brain can't accurately store memories before age 4, so they aren't reliable
28
A psychoanalytic psychologist might use the TAT & the Rorschach test in order to
determine if a person is conscientious
get a glimpse of the person's ideal self
determine if a person is an introvert
gain insight about a person's unconscious mind
29
The most widely used scientifically validated personality test is the
TAT
MMPI-2
Rorschach
Myers-Briggs
30
Which of the following is likely to be true of a person from an individualist culture?
he would choose a career based on the needs of his community
his behavior would be a reflection of his personality & attitudes
he would strive to develop a few close & enduring relationships
he would view his life task as fitting in and maintaining connections
31
In Bushman & Baumeister's research, how did those with unrealistically high self-esteem react when they were criticized?
quit task without completing it
became exceptionally aggressive
many were more receptive to the criticism
some became easily depressed
32
Which term describes questionnaires that cover a wide range of feelings/behaviors & are designed to assess many traits?
factor analysis studies
personality inventories
peer reports
achievement tests
33
18 month Becca is in the telegraphic speech stage. What is something she might say?
"mama"
"katie fall"
"yogurt please"
"the dog is fuzzy"
34
Someone from a collectivist culture is more likely to do what?
form casual, often temporary relationships
develop a strong sense of self
give priority to group goals
achieve personal goals
35
Your teachers ask how many uses you can think of for a pencil. She is testing your...
convergent thinking
divergent thinking
intrinsic motivation
prototypes
36
By waiting until the last minute to study for an exam, you're using an unrecommended strategy called
imagery
distributed practice
semantic memory
massed practice
37
Many people prefer meat that is 80% lean instead of 20% fat even though they are the same thing due to
insight
perseverance
intuition
framing
38
Research on the role of the amygdala in memory has found that
it produces long-term potentiation in the brain
it helps make sure we remember events that trigger strong emotions
it helps process memories of happy experiences
it's active when the retrieval of a long-term memory is primed
39
A woman had been pondering a problem for days & was about to give up when suddenly the solution came to her
insight
unconscious associative learning
operant conditioning
cognitive mapping
40
Researchers studying the links among emotion, stress, & memory have discovered that
both stress & emotion make events more memorable
emotion blocks memory
stress increases memory, excitement decreases memory
excitement increases memory, stress decreases memory
41
Which of the following is best described along a continuum ranging from ruthless & suspicious to helpful & trusting?
conscientiousness
agreeableness
openness
neuroticism
42
Which of the following is an example of source amnesia?
Mary forgot an incident in 1st grade until her friend reminds her
Steve misremembers a dream as something that really happened
Ava repressed the details of a horrifying event
Mike can't remember his new locker combo, but he remembers his old one
43
The mental activity associated with remembering, thinking, & knowing is called
a concept
cognition
convergent thinking
a prototype
44
Critics of humanistic psychology suggest that this theory fails to appreciate the reality of our own human capacity for
love
self-acceptance
evil
empathy
45
Which of the following demonstrates the representativeness heurtistic?
deciding that new kid in school is a nerd becasue he looks like a nerd
fearing air travel because of memories of seeing plane crashes
applying to several grocery stores cause your friend got a job at hyvee
checking in every drawer to find some matches
46
What did Carl Jung call the shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history?
terror management
neurosis
archetypes
collective unconscious
47
Which of the following processes is the best term for explaining how we learn languages?
insight
biofeedback
discrimination
modeling
48
The way we explain negative & positive events is called
reciprocal determinism
situational assessment
attrubution
personal control
49
Players remembered the main points of their coach's halftime talk, but not her exact words because they encoded the info
automatically
semantically
iconically
implicitly
50
Which ability is likely to predict good adjustment, better grades, & social issues
self-control
problem-focused coping
learned helplessness
an external locus of control
51
Producing valuable & novel ideas best defines which of the following?
prototyping
creativity
cognition
intrinsic motivation
52
Which of the following is most likely to be encoded automatically?
names of the last 10 U.S. presidents
side-angle-side geometry theorem
the names of your cousins
what you ate for breakfast
53
Which of the following in an example of self-efficacy?
Saundra believes it rained because she's been wishing for it to happen
Rasheed has placed in many competitions which makes him believe he is good
Abraham believes he is a good person
Manuela believes others are always watching her
54
Scott gets soaked in the rain because he doesn't think of using his backpack to shield himself due to...
availability
representativeness
fixation
insight
55
According to Freud, which of the following defense mechanisms buries threatening events in the unconscious?
regression
displacement
projection
repression
56
Tom is 6. How would Freud explain his resolving of his Oedipus Complex?
he'll displace his anger onto his sister
he'll develop a strong interest in what his father is interested in
he'll continue to resent his father, but also come to resent his mother
he'll develop a strong superego
57
Albert Bandura proposed the social-cognitive perspective, which
describes our personality using 5 main traits
focuses on how our environment controls us
emphasizes the interaction of our traits with our situations
predicts human behavior
58
Benjamin Lee Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis relates to what aspect of the power of language?
role of language acquisition device
how thinking determines language
importance of critical periods in language development
how language determines thinking
59
Which refers to the narrowing of available problem solutions with the goal of determining the best solution?
allowing for incubation
convergent thinking
experiencing other cultures
divergent thinking
60
Which of the following best describes negative reinforcement?
Jon stops shooting bad free-throws because his coach benches him if he does
Brian studies hard because it earns him "A" grades in math
Charles smokes because his anxiety is reduced when he does
Lily used to walk to school but stopped because she a dog attacked her
61
Caitlin is asked to remember her 2nd grade teacher's name. What measure of retention will Caitlin use to answer?
Relearning
Recall
Storage
Recognition
62
Which of the following is true based on "Big Five" personality traits research?
highly conscientious people get poor grades
introverts are more likely to prefer communicating through email
partners scoring the same on agreeableness are likely to be successful
highly conscientious people are likely to be "night owls"
63
In classical conditioning, a person learns to anticipate events by
employing cognitive learning
associating 2 stimuli
avoiding spontaneous recovery
associating a response with its consequence
64
Carl damaged his cerebellum in a car accident & will now have trouble remembering...
how to ride his therapy bike
his new physician's name
the time of his next doctor appointment
his new license plate number
65
A methodical, logical rule that guarantees solving a particular problem is called...
insight
mental set
algorithm
heuristic
66
Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely to be repeated is known as...
operant conditioning
law of effect
respondent behavior
shaping
67
What do we call the process of fulfilling our potential?
self-concept
unconditional positive regard
self-efficacy
self-actualization
68
The perception that we control our own fate is also called what?
external locus of control
emotion-focused coping
internal locus of control
self-control
69
The reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished response is called
discrimination
spontaneous recovery
acquistion
operant conditioning
70
In class, James is effortfully connecting the new material to what he has learned in the past. This best describes...
echoic memory
working memory
long-term memory
iconic memory
71
The idea that language develops because of an inborn language acquisition device was proposed by
broca
wernicke
chomsky
skinner
72
A question on the MMPI such as "I get angry sometimes" is included to determine what about the test taker?
whether the person is answering the questions truthfully
whether the person has a personality disorder
if the person needs immediate help for anger management
if the person is more extraverted or introverted
73
You're more likely to remember happy memories when you're presently happy than when you're sad due to
proactive interference
mood congruence
context effects
state-dependency
74
Which of the following is the most likely consequence of the brain's tendency to vicariously experience something we see
risk of misremembering our own actions
actual physical injury
confusion between reinforceres & rewards in an operant conditioning setting
interference with associative learning
75
Which of the following is the best advice to give parents whose young children refuse to eat their dinner?
require that they do extra chores if they don't finish
give a small reward at the end of a week if they ate dinner every night
give them a small reward each day they eat their dinner
don't allow them to watch TV for a week for each day they don't eat
76
Which of the following is an example of anterograde amnesia?
Maddie can't remember the details of when she was mugged 6 months ago
Will has lost his memory of the 2 weeks before he had brain surgery
Halle can remember her new locker combo, but not her old one
Louis can remember his past, but nothing since experiencing a brain injury
77
Which of the following is an example of the serial position effect?
remembering the beginning & end of a grocery list, but not the middle
remembering the most important assignment due tomorrow
remembering where you left your cell phone after losing it
remembering the skills you learned early in life, like walking
78
In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus...
naturally triggers a response
is a reward offered for completing a behavior
is initially neutral, & then comes to trigger a response
is a naturally recurring response
79
Mave got a new license plate, but accidentally gives her old one instead when the school parking clerk asks
retroactive interference
retrograde amnesia
proactive interference
anterograde amnesia
80
After seeing a news story about a kidnapping, we are more afraid of kidnapping, even though it is rare, due to
belief perseverance
intuition insight
availability heuristic
confirmation bias
81
Which of the following is most likely to lead to semantic encoding of a list of words?
practicing the words for a single extended period
breaking up the practice into several relatively short sessions
noticing where in a sentence the words appear
thinking about how the words relate to your own life
82
Which psychologist is incorrectly matched with the theory?
Bandura----Social/Cognitive
Maslow----Trait
Freud----Psychoanalytic
Rogers----Humanistic
83
Which term is defined as all the thoughts & feelings we have in response to the question "Who am I?"
self-concept
ideal self
real self
self-esteem
84
Athletes who often credit their wins to their own abilities, and losses to bad breaks or lousy officiating exhibit...
spotlight effect
pessimism
a low self-esteem
self-serving bias
85
What two parts of the brain are most involved in implicit memory?
amygdala & cerebellum
cerebellum & basal ganglia
frontal lobes & hippocampus
amygdala & hippocampus
86
Suzanne keeps giving people her old phone number because it is interfering with the memory of her new phone number
proactive interference
retrograde amnesia
retroactive interference
anterograde amnesia
87
Which of the following statements concerning memory is true?
1 aspect of memory that's usually accurate is the source of remembered info
memories are often a blend of correct and incorrect info
Hypnosis usually improves the accuracy of memory when used in therapy
kid's memories of abuse are more accurate than other childhood memories
88
A phoneme, such as the "c" in cows, is best described as a
unit of sound in a language
stage in language development
form of syntax
unit of meaning in a language
89
Which of the following is an example of flashbulb memory?
Bob remembers things his teacher keeps re-emphasizing
Kris has more memories of her 1st grade teacher who had the same name
Barry remembers a very bright sunrise reflected by the ocean he was at
Sam remembers her father returning from the military cause it was emotional
90
Bandura's famous Bobo Doll experiment is most closely associated with which of the following?
latent learning
observational learning
classical conditioning
operant learning
91
Which of the following is an example of unconditional positive regard?
Chris's parents praise him when he does well in school
Michaela is only given her allowance when she does her chores
John got a promotion & raise after filling in for a sick manager
Mr. & Mrs. Smith are happily married because they accept each others flaws
92
Alice significantly underestimated how long it would take to write her term paper because of
intuition
overconfidence
belief perseverence
framing
93
The Freudian concept of the ego is best described as
operating on the pleasure principle
operating on the reality principle
repression of disturbing thoughts
focusing on the morality of an issue
94
Jane refuses to cheat on a test many friends have showed her copies of, Jane would rank high on the Big 5 trait of...
consientioussness
agreeableness
neuroticism
openness
95
Carly's therapist asks her to simply say what's on her mind instead of asking her specific questions
sublimation
identification
the ego
free association
96
Which of the following illustrates the serial position effect?
she can't remember the middle items of a list as well as the first/last
only name she remembers from the party is Spencer because he was cute
she can't remember names of all her new coworkers until the second week
she has trouble remembering info from the first unit when she reviews
97
In the word "prepare," each "r" can be considered a
phoneme
semantic
morpheme
babble
98
When providing a phone number to another, we usually pause after the area code and again after the next 3 numbers
chunking
semantic encoding
auditory encoding
serial position effect
99
Hermann Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve shows that
forgetting is relatively constant over time
we are more likely to forget items in the middle of a list
most forgetting occurs early on & then levels off
we forget more rapidly as time passes
100
Matt has been in his school many times, but when his teacher asks how many pillars there are, he as difficulty answering
encoding failure
proactive interference
retroactive interference
storage decay

Cognition, Personality, & Learning Flashcards | StudBud