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EARTH SCIENCE REVIEW Flashcards | StudBud
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EARTH SCIENCE REVIEW
EARTH SCIENCE REVIEW
70 terms
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Review Earth Science.
Flashcards
70 cards
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Practice quiz
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Questions
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Answers
1
Which of the following does NOT describe the process of upwelling?
Usually takes place along certain steep coastal areas.
Movement of nutrient-rich bottom water to ocean's surface.
During El Nino, it is reduced along the Peruvian coast.
Occurs when cold water is pushed away & warm water rises.
2
Please list the layers of the atmosphere in order (starting from layer nearest to surface).
Troposp., Stratosp., Mesosphere, Thermosp., Exosphere
Stratosphere, Troposphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere
Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere
Thermosphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Troposphere
3
What is a rock?
Contains large enough concentrations of a profitable mineral
A solid combination of one or more minerals found in crust.
It is made only of sediments.
A concentration of naturally occurring material from crust.
4
What is weathering?
The climactic changes in weather.
The different processes that break down rocks into soil.
Internal processes that build up the earth's surface.
When acid deposition quickly breaks down monuments.
5
About 75-80% of the earth's air mass is found in the
Thermosphere
Troposphere
Exosphere
Stratosphere
6
What is the Tectonic Cycle?
Sum of processes that build up & break down the lithosphere
Climate change, geographic barriers, extinction, & volcanoes
Sum of methods that build up & break down the asthenosphere
Theory that lithosphere made up of plates that always move.
7
All of the following describe internal geologic processes except:
Processes driven directly or indirectly by solar energy.
Processes generated by heat from the earth's interior
Processes that build up the earth's surface
Processes that may form mountains and volcanoes.
8
What is salinity?
The measure of turbidity and salt averaged together.
The measure of salinity and its impact on turbidity.
The measure of dissolved salt in oceanic water.
The measure of dissolved salt in water in general.
9
What is foliation?
The texture of metamorphic rocks due to alignment & pressure
Ability of a mineral to break, when struck, along directions
Scratchability, or hardness, of
The ratio of mass of substance to mass of volume of water
10
The largest circulation of water on earth is a direct result of changes in:
Wind patterns and salinity.
Temperature and wind patterns.
Temperature and precipitation
Temperature and salinity.
11
What are the most widely used nonmetallic minerals?
Phosphate salts and gravel.
Sand and gravel.
Sand and phosphate salts.
Sand and limestone.
12
Why does climate vary in different parts of the earth?
Global air circulation patterns distribution
Ocean currents distribute heat and precipitation unevenly.
Uneven heating of the earth's surface by the sun.
All of the options are correct reasons.
13
What is seafloor spreading?
Spreading of ocean crust solely due to earthquakes.
Movement & spreading of ocean crust above continental crust.
Formation of new ocean crust as result of magma pushing up.
When lava pushes & spreads seafloor u from subsurface.
14
All of the following describe a
source zone
except:
Water tumbles downward over obstacles, dissolving O2
Where headwaters are usually shallow, cold, clear, and swift
Populated by warm-water fish needing dissolved oxygen.
Most of the plants are algae and mosses attached to rocks.
15
What is the Coriolis effect? (Choose all that may apply).
It is the weakest at the poles, strongest at equator.
The apparent curvature of global winds and ocean currents.
The effect is strongest at the poles, nonexistent at equator
Occurs due to the rotation of the Earth on its axis.
16
What is a watershed?
Upper surface of the zone of saturation.
Land area that delivers water & sediment to a major stream.
Rough measure of volume of water we use to support ourselves
The saturation of soil with water, flooding the water table.
17
Which of the following events are capable of causing mudslides? (Choose all that apply).
Volcanic eruptions
Heavy rains
Droughts
Earthquakes
18
Which of the following is not an effect of El Nino?
Droughts in southern Africa, India, Sri Lanka, and Australia
Hurricanes in Tahiti and Hawaii.
Hurricanes in Hawaii, Brazil, and Ecuador.
Flooding in Bolivia, Ecuador, Northern Peru, and Cuba.
19
All of the following are characteristics of the stratosphere except:
It volume of water vapor is 1/1000 that of the troposphere.
Extends about 17 to 48 km above earth's surface.
It contains less matter than the troposphere
Its concentration of ozone is extremely low.
20
Briefly describe the process of subduction.
Oceanic plate rides over and pushes continental into mantle.
When oceanic and continental plates collide and rise up.
When oceanic plates move apart, creating ocean ridges.
Continental crust rides over and pushes down oceanic plate.
21
What are aquatic life zones? (Choose all that apply).
They include only lakes, rivers, streams.
They only contain oceans, bays and estuaries.
They are portions that are able to support life.
Saltwater and freshwater portions of the biosphere
22
What are tectonic plates?
The outermost and thinnest zone of the earth.
Areas of the lithosphere that move slowly around the mantle.
The flows of energy and heated material in convection cells.
A zone of hot, melted rock that flows like plastic.
23
Which of the following describe the characteristics of a cinder cone volcano?
Steep conical hill with straight sides.
Very gentle slopes; convex upward.
Very large, approx. 1-10km in diameter.
Gentle lower slopes, but steep upper slopes; concave upward
24
What is sedimentary rock?
Examples include sandstone, shale, slate, and marble.
Made of dead plant and animal remains and weathered rocks.
Forms below or on earth's surface when lava cools.
Forms when rock undergoes high temperatures or pressures.
25
Where do active volcanoes occur?
Never along plate boundaries.
Where lava reaches the earth's surface through a vent/crack.
Where magma reaches the earth's surface through a vent/crack
Only in hotspots, such as Hawaii.
26
What is biological extinction?
The complete disappearance of a species from the earth.
The destruction of an entire ecosystem.
The disappearance of a population, or group of organisms.
The depletion of a commercially-valuable species.
27
All of the following are characteristics of P waves except:
They can travel through both solid rock and liquid material.
It moves like sound waves (spreads out, compresses, dilutes)
It shears rock sideways at right angles
They are fastest type of wave
28
What is an earthquake?
Shaking caused by formation of convergent plates
Shaking caused by fracturing of divergent plate boundary
Shaking of ground caused by fracturing/displacement of rock
When energy suddenly forms and causes underground vibrations
29
What are/were CFCs used for?
All of the following are/were uses for CFCs.
Propellants in aerosol spray cans
Cleaners for electric parts such as computer chips
Coolants in air conditioners and refrigerators
30
All of the following can cause tsunamis except:
A landslide caused by an earthquake
When the ocean floor suddenly rises or drops
When certain types of faults in ocean floor move up or down
All of these can cause tsunamis.
31
What is high-grade ore?
It contains a large concentration of the desired mineral.
It contains a small concentration of the desired mineral.
It is not as profitable as low-grade ore.
Identified resources from which we can extract minerals
32
Which of the following describe the characteristics of a shield volcano?
Steep conical hill with straight sides; explosive
Gentle lower slopes, but steep upper slopes; explosive
Very small; less than 300m high
Very gentle slopes; convex upward; quiet; fluid lava flows
33
Which of the following describe volcanic hotspots? (Click all that apply).
An example is the Hawaiian volcanoes within the Pac. Plate
They are places within the mantle where magma is generated.
They are created by anomalous volcanism
They are located along the Pacific Plate boundaries
34
Which indirect effect directly impacts seasons?
The earth's rotation and its tilt of 23.5 degrees.
Differences in solar intensity and day length.
The angle of the moon.
The rotation of the earth around the sun.
35
What are inland wetlands?
Lands away from the coast covered in water for a short time
Lands near coastal areas covered in salty water.
They are always seasonal wetlands.
Lands located away from coastal areas covered in freshwater.
36
All of the following are characteristics of a mineral except:
Contains large enough concentration of particular mineral
It is an element or inorganic ompound
Occurs naturally in the earth's crust as crystalline solid
May have a regularly repeating internal atomic arrangement
37
What is weather? (Click all that may apply).
The averaged conditions of a given area over much time.
The general pattern of atmospheric conditions over time.
A set of physical conditions of the lower atmosphere
Includes several factors in a given area over a short period
38
What is natural recharge?
Natural replenishment of an aquifer by precipitation.
Natural process of restoring nitrates into soil.
Natural restoration of valuable resources such as trees.
Natural replenishment of a watershed in a sensitive area.
39
What is the lithosphere?
It includes only the continental and oceanic crusts.
The combination of both the crust and the outer mantle.
It is the outermost and thinnest zone of the earth.
It consists only of the layer above the asthenosphere.
40
What is the focus of an earthquake?
Place where an earthquake begins, below surface.
Located directly above epicenter
Located above the surface.
Located where an earthquake ends.
41
What is the atmosphere?
Blanket of gases that increases in pressure with altitude.
A thin blanket of gases surround earth, divided into layers.
A blanket of gases with a homogeneous density of molecules.
A thick blanket of gases consisting of spherical layers.
42
Several volcanoes have erupted in Fremont since 2010. What is a plausible prediction?
A volcanic summer.
A volcanic winter.
A decrease in the amount of sulfur in the air.
A decrease in the amount of air pollution.
43
Which of the following regarding tectonic plates is true?
Continental plates usually ride below oceanic plates.
Tectonic plates' boundaries are not active at the surface.
They do not cause/form mountains, volcanoes, or earthquakes.
Much geologic activity at the surface occurs at boundaries
44
What is mass extinction?
When global changes occur in climactic conditions.
When a single species can no longer be found on Earth.
When an existing species outcompetes another.
The extinction of many species in a relatively short period
45
Please list the different concentric zones of the earth, starting from the inner-most layer.
Core, asthenosphere, mantle, crust
Core, mantle, asthenosphere, crust
Crust, asthenosphere, mantle, core
Asthenosphere, crust, mantle, core
46
Describe the process in which stratospheric ozone forms.
Oxygen molecules interact with particulate matter
Oxygen molecules in the stratosphere interact with UV
Oxygen reacts with UV to form photochemical smog.
Oxygen in the troposphere interacts with UV radiation.
47
What are trade winds? (Choose all that apply).
They form the Ferrel cells
Surface winds that blow East to West
Pattern of easterly surface winds in the tropics
In N. Hemisphere: N to E; in S. Hemisphere: S. to E
48
Which of the following correctly lists, by (%), the present-day composition of the atmosphere?
CO2, nitrogen, oxygen, argon, water vapor, trace gases.
Nitrogen, oxygen, CO2, argon, water vapor, trace gases
Oxygen, nitrogen, argon, CO2, water vapor, trace gases
Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon, CO2, Water vapor, trace gases
49
All of the following are benefits of volcanic eruptions except:
They form lakes (e.g. Crater Lake)
They form majestic mountains
They reduce the loss of human life.
The weathering of lava contributes to fertile soil.
50
Characterize the following by plate boundary: Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Himalayas, San Andreas fault
Transform; convergent; divergent
Convergent; divergent; transform
Divergent; convergent; transform
Divergent; transform; convergent
51
What type of boundary forms when oceanic plates slide & grind past one another along fractures?
A trench boundary
A subduction zone
A transform fault
Oceanic ridges
52
All of the following are characteristics of a stratovolcano except:
Gentle lower slopes, but steep upper slopes; concave upward
large, approx. 1-10 km in diameter
Explosive; numerous layers of lava
Very quiet; volcanic materials consist of cinders.
53
All of the following are characteristic of floodplain zones except:
Fairly large populations are usually supported.
Water has higher temperatures and less dissolved oxygen
Water is never muddy, and contains low amounts of silt.
Streams join into wider, deeper rivers
54
All of the following are characteristics of an S wave except:
it shears rock sideways at right angles
They are a slower type of secondary wave
Not very damaging to structures.
It cannot propagate in the liquid parts of the earth
55
The roots of most plants and the majority of a soil's organic matter are concentrated in:
The A horizon and E horizon
The A horizon and B horizon
The O horizon and A horizon
The O horizon only.
56
Which of the following is NOT a problem associated with widespread use of desalination?
High cost due to expensive energy needed for removing salt.
Huge amounts of salty wastewater produced.
All of these options are problems regarding desalination.
Need for large pipes and chemicals, which kills marine life
57
What are estuaries?
Unproductive ecosystems with low nutrient levels.
Harsh coastal ecosystems with only occasional water changes
When rivers meet the sea, mixing water as well as nutrients
Coastal land areas covered with water all/part of the year.
58
Which of the following is NOT a true statement regarding earth's water composition?
The atmosphere contains 3% of the surface freshwater.
Ground ice & permafrost hold only 30% of surface freshwater
Glaciers and ice caps make up 68.7% of the freshwater.
Groundwater makes up 30.1% of earth's freshwater.
59
Two examples of igneous rock include:
Sandstone and shale
Marble and slate
Limestone and lignite
Lava rock and granite
60
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of floods?
Kill thousands of people and cause much property damage.
Support biodiversity & aquatic ecological services.
Create and deposit nutrient-rich silt in floodplains.
Recharge groundwater & help refill wetlands.
61
What is the major benefit of having a healthy ozone layer?
It blocks all harmful waves of radiation.
It prevents both UV-B and UV-C from reaching earth.
It prevents most UV-B from reaching earth's surface.
It prevents UV-C from reaching earth's surface.
62
A soil with 30% clay, 50% sand, and 20% silt is called:
Sandy Loam
Sandy Clay
Loamy Sand
Sandy Clay Loam
63
Describe the process that forms oceanic ridges.
When continental plates move apart, causing magma to rise.
When plates slide and grind past one another.
When two oceanic plates collide.
When oceanic plates move apart, magma flows through cracks.
64
A crown fire recently broke out in Fremont, destroying many trees. What is a valid projection?
Soil erosion will increase b/c of the lack of trees.
It will start raining more in the area for compensation
Another fire will break out soon.
Soil erosion will decrease due to new plants after the fire.
65
Which of the following statements regarding freshwater is NOT true?
1/6 people do not have sufficient access to clean water
It is one of the most important forms of natural capital.
Only about 0.024% of all water is readily available to us.
Water is a well-managed & appreciated resource.
66
List examples of the following, in order: sedimentary rock, metamorphic rock, igneous rock.
Dolomite; granite; marble
Granite; slate; dolomite
Bituminous coal; marble; granite
Lava rock; marble; lignite
67
Which of the following describe the Ring of Fire?
It is where about 90% of all earthquakes occur.
Located at edges of Pacific Ocean, at plate boundaries.
All of preceding options are correct.
String of volcanoes and seismic activity sites
68
Which of the following is NOT a correct statement regarding water on the earth?
Salty oceans cover 71% of the earth's surface.
Interconnected oceans cover 90% of earth's ocean hemisphere
Freshwater systems cover over 2.2% of the earth's surface.
Salty oceans contain 97% of the earth's water.
69
All of the following describe air circulation cells except:
They include, from equator to poles: Hadley, Ferrel, Polar.
They are caused by the Coriolis effect.
Global air circulation patterns caused by uneven heating.
They are also known as ENSO.
70
Which of the following is NOT true regarding nutrient cycling in tropical rain forests?
Decaying matter is processed quickly b/c of many decomposers
The nutrients sit within the bedrock.
Nutrient uptake by plants is improved by fungi.
The majority of nutrients are locked up in vegetation.
