The correlation coefficient between student absences and student achievement = -0.78. This means that

as student absences increase, student achievement decreases

According to Jean Piaget’s stage theory, how do human beings learn?

through assimilation and accommodation

All of the following are stages of Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Stage Theory EXCEPT

sensorimotor versus preoperational

Ethical guidelines for psychological research are established by the _____.

American Psychological Association

The correlation coefficient between SAT scores and IQ scores = 0.82. This means that

as SAT scores increase, so do IQ scores

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AP Final Exam Review (2025)

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Questions 93

Answers

1
The correlation coefficient between student absences and student achievement = -0.78. This means that
as student absences increase, student achievement decreases
as student absences decrease, so does student achievement
as student absences increase, so does student achievement
student absences have little to no correlation to student achievement
2
Which best describes this distribution?
normal
bimodal
negatively skewed
positively skewed
3
A monocular depth cue in which objects that overlap other objects are perceived to be closer is called __________.
interposition
retinal disparity
linear perspective
shadowing
4
You receive a free sandwich after the fifth, eighth, and eleventh sandwich you buy. What type of schedule is this?
continuous
variable-ratio
fixed-ratio
fixed-interval
5
This part of the peripheral nervous system controls voluntary muscle movements.
parasympathetic nervous system
autonomic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
somatic nervous system
6
According to Piaget’s cognitive development theory, what is one of the first schemes that humans learn as infants?
information processing
conservation of volume
preconventional reasoning
object permanence
7
A statistically significant result is _____.
important
negative
positive
unlikely to be due to chance
8
According to Jean Piaget’s stage theory, how do human beings learn?
through retroactive and proactive memory
through operant and classical conditioning
through assimilation and accommodation
through reliability and validity
9
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-up processing
ateral processing
bottom-to-top processing
top-down processing
10
All of the following are stages of Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Stage Theory EXCEPT
initiative versus guilt
trust versus mistrust
autonomy versus shame and doubt
sensorimotor versus preoperational
11
Which of these is an example of top-down processing?
proximity
the Müller-Lyer illusion
perceptual set
the phi phenomenon
12
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
rabbit
rat
fear reaction
loud noise
13
Ethical guidelines for psychological research are established by the _____.
Department of Mental Health
U.S. Department of Ethics in Research
Institutional Review Board
American Psychological Association
14
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
operant conditioning
reinforcement
observational learning
classical conditioning
15
Weber’s law can help compute which of the following?
bottom-up processing
the difference threshold
perceptual set
top-down processing
16
Sweet, sour, salty, and bitter are all terms associated with which of the following?
gustation
ganglion cells
kinesthetic sense
place theory
17
Which of the following is a binocular depth cue?
texture gradient
interposition
relative size
convergence
18
This is a process used to put participants into a group (experimental or control) without bias.
random assignment
random sampling
structured interview
group matching
19
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
cortex
location of injury
thalamus
spinal cord
20
What is the most commonly occurring score in a distribution?
median
mode
standard deviation
range
21
Which research method should be chosen to answer a research question that includes a causal inference?
survey
case study
experiment
naturalistic observation
22
When you give a dog a treat when he sits on command, that is an example of __________.
negative reinforcement
observational learning
taste aversion
positive reinforcement
23
CAT and MRI scans provide what kind of information about the brain?
psychological diagnosis
neural activity
function
structure
24
According to this theory, we have 3 types of cones in our retinas and each detects a different primary color of light.
opponent-process theory
frequency theory
place theory
trichromatic theory
25
Bandura, Ross, and Ross’s Bobo doll experiment demonstrated __________.
insight learning
abstract learning
atent learning
observational learning
26
Which best describes this distribution?
negatively skewed
normal
bimodal
positively skewed
27
Opiates act as agonists for this neurotransmitter.
serotonin
endorphins
dopamine
GABA
28
When researchers opt to observe participants in their natural habitats without interacting with them, it is __________.
naturalistic observation
correlation method
case study method
single blind
29
The variable that the experimenter manipulates is the
independent variable
confounding variable
control variable
dependent variable
30
This refers to when new connections are formed in the brain to take over for damaged sections.
linguistic processing
brain plasticity
lesioning
contralateral control
31
The cocktail party effect (e.g., rerouting your attention when hearing your name at a loud party) demonstrates ________.
transduction
visuospatial sketchpad
proximity
selective attention
32
Which sampling method guarantees that every person in a population has an equal chance of being included in the sample?
stratified
representative
random
matrix
33
This netlike collection of cells throughout the midbrain controls body arousal and the ability to focus our attention.
cerebellum
reticular formation
amygdala
hippocampus
34
In this type of study, neither the participant nor the researcher knows to which group a participant has been assigned.
double-blind study
convenience sampling
stratified sampling
single-blind study
35
What is the process called when you are first teaching a new behavior and you reward the behavior each time it occurs?
instinctive drift
continuous reinforcement
variable-ratio schedule
fixed-interval schedule
36
What does the cerebellum regulate?
arousal
memory
emotions
muscle movement
37
Flip books create the illusion of motion by using which of the following?
the placebo effect
the visual cliff
relative size
the stroboscopic effect
38
Giving a child a new toy after she picks up her toys 3 times in a row is an example of which reinforcement schedule?
fixed-ratio
variable-ratio
variable-interval
fixed-interval
39
What method allows the researcher to show an independent variable has an effect on a dependent variable?
ethnography
correlational method
naturalistic observation
experimental method
40
Which of the following brain structures plays an important role in emotional regulation and directing thought processes?
reticular formation
amygdala
prefrontal cortex
cerebellum
41
Bo has collected a lot of data and organized it into charts & graphs. This is an example of
the experimental method
delusional behavior
descriptive statistics
inferential statistics
42
Bo has used the data he collected & organized to draw a conclusion and to make a prediction. This is an example of
descriptive statistics
a case study
inferential statistics
delusional behavior
43
Researchers used __________ to investigate how humans perceive images as a whole rather than by individual elements.
eclectic therapy
behaviorism
Gestalt psychology
humanism
44
The unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov’s experiments with dogs was __________.
salivation
the ringing of the bell
fear
food
45
The correlation coefficient between SAT scores and IQ scores = 0.82. This means that
as SAT scores increase, IQ scores decrease
as SAT scores increase, so do IQ scores
SAT scores have little to no correlation to IQ scores
as SAT scores decrease, IQ scores increase
46
You earned a perfect score on your test, but everyone else failed. If this distribution were graphed, it would be _____.
normal
positively skewed
symmetrical
negatively skewed
47
Which of these would be most helpful for smelling a fresh batch of cookies?
iris
olfactory bulb
papillae
tympanic membrane
48
The more students practice their band instruments, the fewer mistakes they make. This is a _____.
strong correlation
negative correlation
spurious correlation
positive correlation
49
Some people need glasses because this structure in their eye can no longer focus light effectively.
retina
lens
pupil
cornea
50
Which of the following could be an operational definition of excitement in an experiment?
being filled with enthusiasm
possessing anticipatory emotions
displaying a feeling of anticipation
having an increased heart rate
51
The iris is a muscle that regulates the size of the __________ through which light enters.
pupil
retina
cornea
lens
52
This diagnostic test detects brain waves and is used in sleep research to identify stages of sleep and dreaming.
magnetic resonance imaging
computerized axial tomography
electroencephalogram
positron emissions tomography
53
A perceptual set implies that...
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
people often see what they expect to see
54
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
temporal lobe
cochlea
stirrup
oval window
55
What principle is illustrated by going inside an air-conditioned building when it’s really hot outside?
negative punishment
positive punishment
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
56
Learning is synonymous with __________.
extinction
generalization
acquisition
spontaneous recovery
57
A(n) ________ is a conjecture that expresses a relationship between two variables.
observation
operational definition
hypothesis
sampling
58
According to the contingency model of classical conditioning, learning is due to the __________.
schedule of reinforcement
repeated pairing of the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
expectation the unconditioned stimulus will follow the conditioned stimulus
principle of continuous reinforcement
59
Which of these scenarios best illustrates negative punishment?
A parent takes away a cell phone when a teenager misses curfew.
A parent stops lecturing once the teenager cleans his room.
A parent gives a teenager his allowance once he cleans his room.
A parent sternly lectures a teenager who misses curfew.
60
What is the correct term for drugs that block neurotransmitters from being absorbed into dendrites?
depressants
hallucinogens
antagonists
agonists
61
Transduction takes place in which structure in the eye?
retina
cornea
pupil
lens
62
This determines whether or not findings can be applied to the larger population from which the sample was selected.
descriptive statistics
correlational method
statistical significance
inferential statistics
63
What type of study is it when only the participants do not know to which group they have been assigned?
single-blind study
double-blind study
survey method
Likert scale study
64
All of the following have been categorized as core virtues or character strengths in positive psychology EXCEPT
extravagance
humanity
wisdom
justice
65
The 3 major categories of the entire human brain are the __________.
hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain
lower, middle, and upper brain
old brain, new brain, and cerebral cortex
neurons, synapses, and cerebral cortex
66
Identify the dependent variable: If teens play violent video games, then they will be more likely to commit violent acts
violent video games
violent acts
67
Recognizing that one whole pizza is the same as 8 separate slices is an example of what principle?
conservation of number
overregularization
conservation of area
zone of proximal development
68
QuizAn inability to think hypothetically reflects a lack of __________.
conservation
classification
concrete operations
formal operations
69
If your teacher quizzes you every three days, studying is being reinforced on a __________ schedule.
variable ratio
fixed-ratio
variable interval
fixed-interval
70
Cognition and reactions might be caused by the effects of all of the following EXCEPT
somnambulism
genes
neurotransmitters
hormones
71
This theory consists of 8 stages, each centering on a specific social conflict (e.g., trust vs. mistrust).
cognitive development theory
psychosocial stage theory
attachment theory
ecological systems theory
72
As per the correlational method, ______ between two things means the presence of one predicts the presence of the other.
a positive correlation
a third variable
a negative correlation
a neutral correlation
73
Which of the following are most numerous in the human eye?
rods
ganglion cells
cones
bipolar cells
74
As people get older, their __________ intelligence tends to stabilize or may even increase.
abstract
fluid
crystallized
analytic
75
Schizophrenia has often been linked to an excess of __________.
serotonin
GABA
epinephrine
dopamine
76
QuizResearch indicates that the lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus are important for which human drive?
sex
hunger
violence
affection
77
Identify the independent variable: If teachers assign more homework, then their AP scores will increase.
AP test scores
the amount of homework
78
Which of the following reflexes help babies find a food source?
Moro
rooting
grasping
Babinski
79
Behaviorists explain human thought and behavior in terms of __________.
validity
conditioning
introspection
the unconscious mind
80
Differences between experimental and control groups (other than the independent variable) are _____.
confounding variables
secondary variables
dependent variables
unreliable variables
81
Learning by watching and copying someone is called __________.
instrumental learning
modeling
the law of effect
latent learning
82
This part of the brain controls blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing.
pons
hindbrain
medulla
midbrain
83
This neurotransmitter is responsible for motor movement.
serotonin
GABA
acetylcholine
dopamine
84
Preferring stimuli we’ve seen before, even if we don’t remember seeing them, is an example of what phenomenon?
bottom-up processing
top-down processing
rapid eye movement
mere-exposure effect
85
Which of these is NOT a common measure of central tendency?
mean
standard deviation
mode
median
86
What is the brain structure most closely involved in our memory system?
reticular formation
corpus callosum
pons
hippocampus
87
Responsible for controlling the muscles involved in producing speech, Broca’s area is located where in the body?
parietal lobe
occipital lobe
frontal lobe
temporal lobe
88
Theoretically, random assignment should eliminate ________.
differences between participants in the experimental and control groups
sampling error
concerns over validity or reliability
the need to analyze data with statistics
89
This type of developmental psychology research method examines one group of participants over a long period of time.
cross-sectional research
a structured interview
debriefing
longitudinal research
90
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
latent learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
insight learning
91
Blindness could be the result of damage to the visual cortex in the __________.
frontal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital lobe
parietal lobe
92
All of these are primary reinforcers EXCEPT
water
food
money
rest
93
Which of the following is not considered ethical according to the APA's Code of Ethics?
sharing results that are undesirable to the participants
debriefing
informed consent
deception

AP Final Exam Review (2025) Flashcards | StudBud