*Human Physiology 2 Body System* Blood immunology - Compilation

The main function of leucocytes is

The two major markers of blood antigens are?

Immune response can be innateor acquired/adaptive

Aggregation of platelets in haemostasis can also be described as the

Bilirubin taken up by the liver is converted to 1._____ bilirubin which is 2.____

There are 4 major types of Haemoglobin (Hb) found in adult blood?

Vaccination is recognized by immune system and stimulates formation of

what vaccine is moderately protective (40-60%) against what disease?

The clonal expansion process occurs in

If there is a decrease in tissue oxygenation what is secreted into the blood from the kidney?

What slowly dissolves a fibrin clot?

Treg cells are responsible for _______ the immune system after an infection has been dealt with

Aggregated platelets release which factor that activates a clotting cascade?

Plasma is comprised of

Immune system has the ability to distinguish its own cells from foreign cells, this is called?

In the effector phase which of the following is not involved with a histamine response

Which classes are involved in the Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) for T cells

The universal recipient blood type is

_? allergy response is mediated by Ab & mast cells occurs after exposure to Ag called allergens

Some leucocytes engulf foreign material by what action?

Secondary lymphoid organs are

Ciliated epithelial cells line respiratory & urogenital tracts and are covered by layer of

Macrophages can ingest bacteria either directly or after coating them with?

The main function of Globulins?

The most common antibody found in 75% of body fluids is?

Primary lymphoid organs are

Which of the following is not one of the most likely ways HIV can be transmitted

Platelets live for approx ______? in the blood, until removed by the spleen/liver

Which cells respond causing tissue damage & discomfort to things like poison ivy/ chemicals

Kaposi’s sarcoma is

What is the arrow pointing to from (<Blank>)

What does the reticulo-endothelia system do? (BM-= Bone marrow)

Membrane attack complex helps actions of antibodies & cells, they are plasma proteins produced

Eosinophils are mainly involved in what?

For the following plasma protiens which are the correct %'s?

Plasma proteins also contribute to the blood’s _____?

Which of the following substances are not released in the presence of inflammation?

In 1796 Edward Jenner used _____to immunize people against smallpox

When an allergen enter the vascular system it is engulfed by phagocytes & presented to ______

Which 2 components of blood can initiate blood clot formation?

Neutrophils are phagocytic and primarily do what?

Which of the following are the correct 3 steps of Haemostasis?

Histamine are found in the granules of what cells

Which of the following is diseases is not considered solid immunity through vaccination

IgE is specifically very important in

Viruses are

Activated B cells produce what?

Helper T cells (Th cells) possess what surface antigen?

A patient with type O- blood can only receive from O+ donors

What does a Natural killer cell secrete to prevent viral reproduction?

What is the arrow pointing to from (<Blank>)

In a viral response Ab acts as 1.___ coating the virus for destruction by macrophages

HDN is very common in

B cells then differentiate into plasma cells and secrete specific antibodies which are?

ABO Blood Groups are based on how many glycolipid isoantigens?

Substances that interact with the immune system and elicit an immune response are either

Kinins act directly on local smooth muscle and causes muscle relaxation

Serum lacks the blood protein?

Vitamin K is involved in the synthesis of 4 clotting factors including?

Erythropoietin (EPO) is produced by the?

__? begins when enzymes are exposed to collagen fibres at the injury site

Which are the correct 4 steps in the conversion of firbrinogen to fibrin? (Form = fromation)

Which Cytokine increases the number of RBC precursors?

The basis for vaccinations is the acquired system has “memory” of previous exposures

What is the final result in EPO that causes a haemopoietic stem into a mature RBC

A patient with type AB- blood can receive from all ABO and Rh blood types

__? begins with release of tissue factor by damaged peripheral tissues and aggregated platelets

The universal donor blood type is

In Cytotoxic T lymphocyte after contact TC cells release ___? to kill target cells by apoptosis

Which of the following is not one of the causes of elevated Haematocrit (HCT)?

TCR coreceptors, aβ TCRs only recognise Ag in presence of MHC, they will NOT recognise Ag alone

T lymphocytes provide

In the stages of HIV infection Seroconversion is

When a blood vessel is damaged and blood escapes the vessel wall it undergoes what?

Flexibility of the cell membrane allows the cell to change shape and respond to ______

What copies viral genetic material from RNA into double-stranded DNA?

The complement soluble factor is a major defence mechanism against what?

Which of the following is incorrect for antibodies making antigens more visible?

Which of the following is not a function of the immune system

Which vaccine is absolutely protective (100%) against what disease

What binds to viral Ag on macrophage MHC class II molecules?

which of the phagocytic leucocytes arrive first to the injury site?

In acquired immunity the body requires an initial exposure, the cell then undergoes ________

Acute phase proteins are released early and these plasma proteins include

Plasma cells do not express Ab on their membrane, instead they synthesize and secrete Ab

Antibody structure is comprised of 1._____ chains linked into a 2.______ molecule

Which of the following is not one of the 3 layers in the bodies immune response

Haemophiliacs are unable to?

MHC Class I molecules are found

Ab-bound viruses cannot enter target cells

Which of the following foreign substances can not act as an antigen?

Antibodies can also enhance inflammation by which two actions?

Erythrocytes originate from progenitor stem cells called ________?

Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils are known as______?

Erythrocyte contain high intracellular 1.___ and low 2.___

Fill in the blank

The main function of Fibrinogen?

Which of the following is not one of the major functions of blood?

In phagocytosis what is the correct sequence of events

Smallpox declared eradicated by the WHO in what year

Haematocrit (HCT) measures what? in the total volume of blood

Type "A" blood possess

Cells in the spleen monitor for specifically what?

Leucocytes contain _______ and other chemicals which they use to kill invading pathogens

Some blood clotting factors are released by platelets

Saliva in mouth contains 1._____ enzymes, stomach and vaginal fluids are 2._____

Most plasma proteins are produced where?

Haemophilia B is loss of clotting

HDN also known as

Which of the following is not one of the advantages of being anucleate?

RhoGAM ___ any foetal Rh+ cells before mother’s immune cells can find them & produce anti-Rh Ab

IgM is associated with the

T cells continuously ________ via the blood and lymph through different lymph nodes

B cells primarily do what?

In coagulation cascade both intrinsic/extrinsic pathways lead to the formation of ______?

The ______ immune response can occur by either a T cell-independent or -dependent mechanism

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes also induce apoptosis on target cells through activating Fas receptor

Bone marrow provides structural support for 1.___ as well as a microenvironment for 2.___

Anaphylaxis is characterised by

Monocytes are precursors to macrophages and are

Haemoglobin is composed of 2 parts: 1.____ and 2.____

Natural killer cells are large cytotoxic lymphocytes containing

Antihistamines do what

Which of the following is not one of the sites of erythropoiesis in the foetus

What phase is initiated when re-exposure to allergen occurs?

Megakaryocytes are what?

In blood clotting pathways, which is most true for intrinsic pathways?

The acquired immune response is primarily mediated by what?

In vasoactive substances platelets release the contents from their granules which is reversible

Most vaccines are delivered

Which of the following is not one of the causes of reduced Haematocrit (HCT)?

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) use viral _______ complexes to recognize infected host cells

Which cytokine increases platelet production?

NK cells bind to Fc stem and elicits a response, this non specific response is called

Blood comprises approximately how much of body weight?

After 20 yrs, erythropoisis only occurs where?

Bacteria are cells capable of 1.____ while viruses 2.____ unless they are inside another cell

An allergy causes an inflammatory immune response to a

A cause of pernicious anaemia is?

How much of the population are Rh+?

Which of the following statements about anticoagulant drug (warfarin) is true

Smallpox is caused by the

T cells primarily do what?

Lymphocytes and monocytes are known as?

Which of the following is not a causative factor in thrombocytopaenia?

Anaemia can occur in patients suffering renal failure due to insufficient ____ production.

B lymphocytes provide

Tissue repair begins early, isn't completed until all products have been neutralized/removed

Iron is removed from the haem molecule which in turn is converted to ______?

Which are the regulatory roles of blood?

The HIV virus binds to ______ on helper T cells

In aggregation platelets swell and adhere to ____ in the surrounding connective tissue

If antigens binds to Antibodies this stimulates B cells to become a 1._____ or a 2._____

Which Cytokine increases the number of platelet precursors?

_______ is also present on erythrocytes

Effector cells

Within antibody structure, both light chains and both heavy chains are?

What is the first step in cell-mediated response?

Plasma contains isoantibodies or ______? to the A or B antigens not found in your blood

Physical symptoms of Hyperbilirubinaemia are?

In erythropoiesis normoblasts are converted to _____?

What is the arrow pointing to from (<Blank>)

MHC Class II molecules present 1.______ which has been 2.______ and processed eg bacteria

In acquired immune respone each lymphocyte only has a ____ antigen target and is called a clone

1_____ and long term use of antibiotics reduces 2_____ production by bacteria in the gut

Leucocytes are formed where?

The main function of Albumin is to

Inside the cell the pathogen is encapsulated in a

Which cells are responsible for immune surveillance?

When there is a lack of immune response the classified types are?

Which of the following is not one of the disadvantages of being anucleate?

In soluble immune factors, the complement factor does what?

What are the correct normal reference ranges for Haematocrit (HCT) in males and females?

In blood clotting pathways, which is most true for extrinsic pathways?

In coagulation most are synthesized in the ____ & circulate in an inactive form until activated

In antigen presenting cells B cells express

Memory cells

IgA is found where

Main anticoagulants produced in the body are?

Iron (Fe) is transported around in the blood attached to the protein _____?

__? caused by roughened vess, imbalanced CF & release of tPA from big amounts of injured tissue

Erythrocytes (RBC) are biconcaved shaped 1.____ cells and their main protein is 2.____

An unwanted blood clot is called a

Which of the following are the 2 types of cytokines that increase the number of WBC precursors?

Thrombopoietin (TPO) is produced where?

In soluble immune factors, the chemotaxins factor does what?

What is the arrow pointing to from (<Blank>)

In soluble immune factors, the phagocytes factor does what?

Anaemias are defined as having

Polycythaemia is due to the?

Active bone marrow is red because of 1.___, Inactive bone marrow is yellow due to 2.___

Vaccines are 1._____ (thus immunogenic) but they are not 2._____

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is considered

The main T cell groups are

The study of haemostasis is the human body's response to blood vessel injury and bleeding

Bacteria do not possess a cell wall

Factor X is crucial for blood clotting, along with factor X the enzyme _____ is formed

Blood helps distribute?

In transfusion Antibodies bind to antigen, causing cells to clump together and?

Which of the statements about interleukins is true?

___? allergy response mediated by helper T cells & macrophages & takes hours to days to develop

Platelets (thrombocytes) are made in bone marrow as fragments of?

The 2 major mechanisms which limit clotting within a blood vessel are?

The primary type of Polycythaemia is?

In antigen presenting cells Dendritic cells express both

All cells originate from a single precursor cell _____?

Basophils are mainly involved in what?

Erythrocytes contain glycolytic enzymes and carbonic anhydrase

The Allergen and IgE attach to _________ which sensitises these cells to this allergen

T cell receptor Consists of _______ glycopolypeptide chains

Pluripotent Haematopoietic Stem Cell give rise to two committed progenitor cells, these are?

What are some microbes covered with that makes them "invisible" to phagocyte receptors?

1.______ stimulates erythropoiesis, while 2.______ inhibits the process

Components of bacterial wall activates the what system

Which 2 components of blood that are apart of the immune system prevent infection?

Autoimmunity results from a breakdown of tolerance, and results in the production of

IgD is also found on surface of

First vaccination takes place in North America in what year?

what is the main defence against intracellular viruses?

Any substance which stimulates an immune response is a/an?

When the same antigen is encountered, the secondary immune response is _________

______ grow around the pathogen & it is internalised into a phagosome where it is broken down

In acquired immune response, each cell contains ___? which bind to different ligands (antigens)

Haemophilia A is a loss of clotting

Regulatory T cells (Treg) have to be presented with Ag to become activated

What is the process called when healing takes place and unnecessary clots are removed?

Which of the following pharmaceuticals prevent blood clot formation

In antigen presenting cells macrophages express both

An overactive immune response can cause what in the body

Blood clotting is the formation of a fibrin clot and is called

A patient with blood type B+ can receive blood from B+, B-, O+, O- donors

In blood centrifugation which components sit on the top and bottom?

In the sensitisation phase the production of IgE by B cells is?

The antibody structure are chains linked by Monosulfide bonds?

T cells are formed in the bone marrow but mature where?

A piece of a thrombus or any other traveling piece of debris in a blood vessel is called a/an?

At site of infection which cells will be activated if they encounter antigens they recognise?

A deficiency of clotting factor VIII or IX is due to what

In leucocyte migration, ____________ emigrate from blood vessels to injury site

Erythrocyte formation is called erythropoiesis?

Which "other elements" are not in plasma?

Once the clot has formed what causes the clot to retract

Blood consists of 2 main parts these are?