When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...

an avoidance-avoidance conflict

If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...

the other boy started it and he was defending himself

What is cognitive dissonance?

a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions

Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...

personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level

A valid test is one that...

measures what it is supposed to measure

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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review

150 termsStudBud Administration73 plays

A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.

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Questions 150

Answers

1
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
sebaceous gland
thyroid gland
pancreas
pituitary gland
2
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
stimulus discrimination
spontaneous recovery
stimulus generalization
conditioned emotional reactions
3
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test scales
test norms
test levels
test scores
4
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
frustration
change
pressure
conflict
5
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
stereotypes
cultural direction
schematizing
cognitive structuring
6
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
industry vs. inferiority
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
initiative vs. guilt
trust vs. mistrust
7
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
perception
hypnosis
consciousness
sensation
8
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an approach-avoidance conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
an approach-approach conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
9
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
fill-feed
boat-goat
car-nose
tree-bird
10
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
repression
neurogenic amnesia
avoidance
suppression
11
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a delusion
a compulsion
an obsession
a phobia
12
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
semantic network
schema
script
chunk
13
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
an internal attribution
a situational attribution
an external attribution
a distinctive attribution
14
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a deceptive test
a self-report inventory
a projective test
a behavior rating
15
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
reduction of inhibitions
hallucinations
resistance to pain
total loss of personal control
16
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
alpha
gamma
delta
beta
17
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
morphemes
phonemes
linguistic heuristics
syntax
18
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
low in extraversion
high in agreeableness
high in neuroticism
low in openness
19
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a narcotic
an amphetamine
a hallucinogen
a sedative
20
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
light
food/meat powder
tone
salivation
21
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a false alarm
subliminal perception
a superimposed stimulus
a just noticeable difference
22
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
he always gets in fights
he's just like his father
23
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-to-top processing
lateral processing
bottom-up processing
top-down processing
24
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
feeling is to thinking
behavior is to motive
thought is to perception
attitude is to action
25
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
long-term
intermediate-term
sensory
short-term
26
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
egocentrism
reversibility
centration
conservation
27
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
displacement
fixation
regression
compensation
28
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
cognitive dissonance
obedience
conformity
groupthink
29
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
group polarization
social loafing
deindividuation
conformity
30
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
the autonomic nervous system
memory
the endocrine system
feeding
31
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 4
stage 2
stage 1
REM
32
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
phonemic
platonic
mnemonic
morphemic
33
What is cognitive dissonance?
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
34
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
unrealistic demands from family/friends
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
35
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
procedural
episodic
fluid
crystallized
36
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
self-serving bias
attributions
stereotypes
prejudices
37
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
amount of time awake
cultural practices
amount of time alseep
exposure to light
38
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
happiness
sadness
surprise
fear
39
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
acetylcholine
serotonin
dopamine
endorphin
40
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
partial retrieval
complete storage failure
partial storage
complete retrieval failure
41
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
pseudoforgetting
retroactive interference
retrograde amnesia
anterograde amnesia
42
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
after autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
43
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
conditioned forgetting
unconditioning
extinction
spontaneous remission
44
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
intelligence
mentalism
introspection
cognition
45
A valid test is one that...
measures what it is supposed to measure
is consistent
is reliable
has been standardized but not normed
46
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
superstitious behavior
positive reinforcement
observational learning
classical conditioning
47
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
non-declarative memories
sensory memories
episodic memories
flashbulb memories
48
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
encephalitis
the cephalopedal trend
the cephalocaudal trend
the proximodistal trend
49
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
fear reaction
rabbit
loud noise
rat
50
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
limbic system
cerebellum
reticular formation
brainstem
51
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
anal
genital
latency
oral
52
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
just noticeable difference
sensory memory
subliminal threshold
absolute threshold
53
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
brightness
color
saturation
light purity
54
Homeostasis is a state of...
physiological stability
psychological stability
physiological instability
psychological instability
55
Framing refers to...
presenting only part of the information required
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting irrelevant information
56
Anhedonia is when a person...
has two different psychological disorders
experiences mild manic states
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
has trouble getting along with people
57
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
electrographic tomography
computerized tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
positron emission tomography
58
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
variable-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-ratio schedule
fixed-interval schedule
59
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
pineal gland
corpus callosum
thalamus
parietal lobe
60
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
relearning
recall
reiteration
recognition
61
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
opiates
prenatals
pathogens
teratogens
62
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the reciprocity norm
display rules
the law of cognitive dissonance
the principle of collectivism
63
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
overestimating the improbable
the confirmation bias
the conjunction fallacy
the gambler's fallacy
64
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
the absolute refractory period
transduction incapacity
transduction capacity
the relative threshold period
65
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
gonads
pituitary
thyroid
thalamus
66
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
cookie
I eated a cookie
i wanted a cookie
give cookie
67
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
are using the representativeness heuristic
use the elimination by aspects strategy
are using the availability heuristic
use a holistic decision model
68
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
tumor ligation
lesioning
ESB
stereotaxic inversion
69
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
70
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
medulla
hypothalamus
corpus callosum
cerebral cortex
71
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the triarchic level of encoding
dyadic encoding
attention encoding
the semantic level of encoding
72
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
anxiety
schizophrenic
personality
mood
73
What is somnambulism?
sleep-talking
difficulty breathing when asleep
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-walking
74
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender behaviors
gender differences
gender roles
gender stereotypes
75
The function of sensory memory is to...
put information into long-term memory
hold information for a lifetime
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
76
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
representativeness heuristic
law of small numbers
availability heuristic
conjunction heuristic
77
Negative reinforcement involves...
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
78
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
mode
midpoint
median
mean
79
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
operant conditioning
state-dependent learning
observational learning
classical conditioning
80
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
dissociative
cyclical
bipolar
unipolar
81
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
concrete
preconventional
postconventional
conventional
82
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
conscious experience
the brain
behavior
the unconscious
83
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an intelligence test
an aptitude test
a personality test
an achievement test
84
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
longitundinal
sequential
cross-sectional
time of testing
85
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
fugue
bipolar disorder
panic disorder
conversion disorder
86
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
similiarity
closure
constancy
symmetry
87
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
display rules
social scripts
investment differentiations
parental investments
88
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Broca's area
Sperry's area
Cannon's area
Wernicke's area
89
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
smell buds
gustatory bulbs
sciatic receptors
olfactory cilia
90
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
id mechanisms
offense mechanisms
coping mechanisms
defense mechanisms
91
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
accuracy of inference
representativeness
predictability
consistency
92
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
the internal state causes the facial expression
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
93
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
correlation coefficients
percentiles
standard deviation
means
94
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
aversion therapy
avoidance therapy
psychotherapy
systematic desensitization
95
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
sleep apnea
pseudoinsomnia
insomnia
narcolepsy
96
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
censoring dissent from group members
97
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
cornea
iris
vitreous humor
lens
98
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
fast-mapping
metalinguistic awareness
overextension
semantic slanting
99
A perceptual set implies that...
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
people often see what they expect to see
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
100
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
basis for performing pro-social behavior
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
halo effect in aggression
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
101
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
spinal cord
thalamus
location of injury
cortex
102
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
become aggressive
become fearful/cautious
remain in continuous wakefulness
remain in continuous sleep
103
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
construct
absolute
content
criterion-related
104
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
logical reasoning
systematic hypothesis testing
abstract operations
physical interaction
105
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
oval window
cochlea
temporal lobe
stirrup
106
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
obsessions
illusions
hallucinations
delusions
107
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
retrieved
encoded
ablated
modeled
108
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
collectivism
attributionism
individualism
functionalism
109
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
psychoanalysis
functionalism
behaviorism
neodynamism
110
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
positive reinforcement
avoidance learning
escape learning
an unconditioned response
111
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
pitch
timbre
decibels
loudness
112
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
Rene Decartes
William James
Wilhelm Wundt
G. Stanley Hall
113
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
print letters
tie shoe laces
fear the dark
sing a song
114
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the correlational group
the control group
the experimental group
the observational group
115
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
cognitive
behavioral
humanistic
psychoanalytic
116
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
not been dreaming
not really been asleep
a headache
been dreaming
117
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
hypothalamus
occipital cortex
prefrontal cortex
medulla
118
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
were put into a simulated prison
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
119
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
alcohol
cannabis
sedatives
narcotics
120
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
action potentials
agonists
neurotransmitters
antagonists
121
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
the conscious
irrational thoughts
the unconscious
maladaptive behaviors
122
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
problem-solving theory
None of the Above
activation-synthesis theory
wish fulfillment theory
123
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
heroin
cocaine
mescaline
marijuana
124
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
logical-mathemathical
musical
mechanical
spatial
125
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
psychological tests
questionnaires
physiological recordings
direct observation
126
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a social psychologist
a clinical psychologist
a forensic psychologist
a developmental psychologist
127
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
stimulus discrimination
selection
step-wise conditioning
shaping
128
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
moving a part of his body
hearing a sound
smelling an odor
seeing a flash of light
129
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
intelligence; personality
standardized; intelligence
personality; standardized
intelligence; standardized
130
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
incentive theory
evolutionary theory
drive theory
instinct theory
131
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
observational learning
operant conditioning
punishment
classical conditioning
132
The superego is Freud's term for...
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the moral component of personality
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the conscious aspect of personality
133
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
perception
processing
sensation
attention
134
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
strange situation
shared inhibition
attachment probing
secure-avoidant
135
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
a potential score
mental age
a percentile score
IQ
136
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
insight
creativity
reasoning
intelligence
137
According to the medical model...
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
138
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
anxiety disorders
schizophrenia
bipolar disorder
marital problems
139
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
development of secondary sex characteristics
post-conventional moral reasoning
formal operations
140
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
reinforcement
observational learning
141
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
leftbrain/right brain communication
endocrine system
limbic system
reticular formation
142
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
social charm
aggressiveness
manipulative behavior
excessive guilt
143
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
content validity
criterion-related validity
standardized validity
predictive validity
144
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
changes in testing procedures
group differences in basic intelligence
a variety of environmental factors
genetic influences on IQ
145
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
crowded living conditions
poor police protection
job discrimination experienced by the residents
the personal qualities of the residents
146
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
latent learning
insight learning
147
An antagonist...
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
extends the absolute refractory period
148
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a contravened stereotype
a heuristic observation
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a self-serving attribution
149
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
temperament
behavioral quality
personality
attachment
150
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
afferent nerves
efferent nerves
sympathetic nerves
autonomic nerves

AP Psychology - AP Exam Review Flashcards | StudBud