Why does global warming focus on global mean surface temperature?

other climate changes are responses to it, best data, most direct impact

What are the ways we can measure and visualise GMST change?

comparison of means for two time periods, Trend line

-> COOLING, decreases energy IN or increases energy OUT

How do slides differ from slumps?

no rotation of the sliding rock mass along a curved surface.

What are some more climate change 'confusers'?

Volcanic sulfates, Land use change, Internal variability, Ozone

Which engineering techniques can be used to make a slope more stable?

Sprayed with chemicals, Retaining walls

What is an interplate?

where plate margins are in contact with one another

What happens with climate feedback?

Climate response reduced by climate system, Climate response amplified by climate system

What are the types of granular flows?

Grain Flows, Earth Flows, Creep, Debris Avalanches

What are the scales used for measuring earthquakes?

Richter Scale, Moment Magnitude

Why is it essential to monitor the world we live in?

Ecosystems at risk, Not only about understanding the past but also the future, Humans can be very sensitive to change

the ratio of the amount of water vapour in the air, to the amount of water vapour required for saturation, at that particular temperature.

-> WARMING, increases rate of energy IN or decreases rate of energy OUT

What is a sediment flow?

debris flows down hill mixed with water or air.

Why can landslide losses be high?

lack of information about mass-wasting hazards, lack of zoning laws, higher population densities, lack of emergency preparedness

Which factors influence volcanic hazard intensity?

Temperature of eruption products, Frequency of occurrence, Velocity of eruption products, Distance from volcano eruption products travel

What are major hazards associated with earthquakes?

Fire, Building collapse, Landslides, Tsunamis

What are the two types of body waves?

Secondary waves (which DON'T pass through liquid outer core), Primary waves (which can pass through liquid outer core)

A change in rate of energy transfer per unit area

What are some characteristics of volcanoes at divergent zones?

Basaltic magma with low silica content, Bubbles, Low viscosity magma, Lava flows

What is mass balance?

ice gained - ice lost, Delicate balance between forces that create and destroy ice

What type of orbit do Earth Observation satellites have?

polar orbit, geostationary orbit

At which plate boundaries do volcanoes occur?

Convergent, Divergent, Intra-plate

How can extreme weather affect humans?

agricultural yields, physical injury, malaria

Where do 85% of earthquakes occur?

0-70km underground (shallow focus)

What does run-up mean?

and sea-level at time of the tsunami., Difference between elevation of maximum tsunami penetration

What happens when CO2 dissolves in the ocean?

Ocean acidification, Increased ocean acidity

What are volatile content and magma viscosity influenced by?

Plate tectonic setting (geographic location)

What are some characteristics of volcanoes at convergent zones

Higher volatile content, Medium to low eruption temperature, More silica (explosive)

What are the types of earthquake faults?

Normal (pulled away from each other), Strike-slip (blocks moving laterally to each other), Reverse (moving towards each other)

What does solifluction do?

produces distinctive lobes on hill slopes, Flow on order of cm per year, regolith containing water., Occur where soil is saturated with water for a long time.

An aggregate of water droplets/ice crystals suspended in air

What is an alternative definition of climate change?

Change in stats over at least 30 years in climate patterns.

What are the characteristics of wave propagation in the shallow ocean?

Waves slow down, Become nonlinear, Wave height increases, Conservation of mass

The sudden draining away of the ocean.

the physical state of the atmosphere at aparticular time

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KCL CNE1 QUIZ

117 termsStudBud Administration6 plays

A quiz to test memory for the CNE exam

Flashcards117 cardsFPractice quizPHost liveL

Questions 117

Answers

1
Why does global warming focus on global mean surface temperature?
other climate changes are responses to it
best data
most direct impact
2
What does tsunami celerity in deep ocean depend on?
Gravity
Marine life
Water depth
Boats
3
What are the ways we can measure and visualise GMST change?
compare two large retail outlets
comparison of means for two time periods
Trend line
Buoy line
4
Negative forcing...
-> COOLING
-> WARMING
decreases energy IN or increases energy OUT
decreases energy OUT or increases energy IN
5
How do slides differ from slumps?
no rotation of the sliding rock mass along a curved surface.
Rotation of rock
Twisting of rock
Dancing of rock
6
Ice cores are an example of what type of data?
Direct
Proxy
First-hand
Second-hand
7
As water vapour condenses orliquid water freezes, it releases___
Mobile heat
Latent heat
8
What are some more climate change 'confusers'?
Volcanic sulfates
Land use change
Internal variability
Ozone
9
Which engineering techniques can be used to make a slope more stable?
Reducing light on the slope
Sprayed with chemicals
Removal of water
Retaining walls
10
What is an interplate?
Inter Milan's ceramics department
A new crockery set from IKEA
Like interrailing, but with plates instead
where plate margins are in contact with one another
11
What happens with climate feedback?
Climate response reduced by climate system
Climate response neutral by climate system
Climate response amplified by climate system
12
What are the types of granular flows?
Grain Flows
Earth Flows
Creep
Debris Avalanches
13
What are the scales used for measuring earthquakes?
Richter Scale
Scale Factor
Moment Magnitude
Minute Magnitude
14
Why is it essential to monitor the world we live in?
Ecosystems at risk
To save the cheese
Not only about understanding the past but also the future
Humans can be very sensitive to change
15
Relative Humidity:
the ratio of the amount of water vapour in the air
to the amount of water vapour required for saturation
at that particular temperature.
16
If a volcanic product is above ground, is it called:
magma
lava
17
Positive forcing...
-> WARMING
increases rate of energy IN or decreases rate of energy OUT
increases rate of energy OUT or decreases rate of energy IN
-> COOLING
18
What is a sediment flow?
debris flows down hill mixed with water or air.
sudden failure of slope resulting transport of debris down
19
Why can landslide losses be high?
lack of information about mass-wasting hazards
lack of zoning laws
higher population densities
lack of emergency preparedness
20
Which factors influence volcanic hazard intensity?
Temperature of eruption products
Frequency of occurrence
Velocity of eruption products
Distance from volcano eruption products travel
21
What are major hazards associated with earthquakes?
Fire
Building collapse
Landslides
Tsunamis
22
What are the two types of body waves?
Secondary waves (which DON'T pass through liquid outer core)
Quad waves
Tertiary waves
Primary waves (which can pass through liquid outer core)
23
What is a forcing?
A break-in
A change in rate of energy transfer per unit area
Getting jumped
24
What are some characteristics of volcanoes at divergent zones?
Basaltic magma with low silica content
Bubbles
Low viscosity magma
Lava flows
25
The Earth’s atmosphere only emits about ___ of the surface radiation out to space.
70%
40%
60%
50%
26
What is mass balance?
ice gained - ice lost
Delicate balance between forces that create and destroy ice
A Wii Balance Board
27
What type of orbit do Earth Observation satellites have?
rainforest orbit
geomotion orbit
polar orbit
geostationary orbit
28
Positive feedbacks lead to instability. Negative feedbacks lead to...
instability
Mr Greedy
jelly babies
stability
29
At which plate boundaries do volcanoes occur?
Convergent
Divergent
Kitchen shelf
Intra-plate
30
What else might be causing climate change?
greenhouse gases
Fewer sunspots
Coca-cola
red-house liquids
31
How can extreme weather affect humans?
Increased numbers of hours logged gaming
agricultural yields
physical injury
malaria
32
Where do 85% of earthquakes occur?
0-70km underground (shallow focus)
70-300km underground (intermediate focus)
300-800km underground (deep focus)
33
What does run-up mean?
and sea-level at time of the tsunami.
Difference between elevation of maximum tsunami penetration
34
Atmospheric pressure is the consequence of the atmosphere’s ___
weight
height
35
What is the most potent greenhouse gas?
Methane
Carbon Dioxide
Fluoride
36
What happens when CO2 dissolves in the ocean?
Ocean acidification
Ocean alkalinity
Increased ocean acidity
Increased ocean alkalinity
37
What are volatile content and magma viscosity influenced by?
Vegetation
Human factors
Plate tectonic setting (geographic location)
Shape of the caldera
38
What are some characteristics of volcanoes at convergent zones
Higher volatile content
Medium to low eruption temperature
Steep sides
More silica (explosive)
39
Where is a Hadley cell found?
Near the equator
Near the poles
40
Atmospheric pressure ___ near-exponentially with height
decreases
increases
41
When does shallow-water theory apply?
D< λ/10
D< λ/30
D< λ/20
D< λ/40
42
What are the types of earthquake faults?
Jumpy (blocks moving up and down)
Normal (pulled away from each other)
Strike-slip (blocks moving laterally to each other)
Reverse (moving towards each other)
43
as an air parcel rises it moves into an area of ___ surrounding pressure.
lower
higher
44
What does solifluction do?
produces distinctive lobes on hill slopes
Flow on order of cm per year, regolith containing water.
Create different coloured soil
Occur where soil is saturated with water for a long time.
45
What are the types of slope failures?
Slides
Falls
Slip'n'slide
Slumps
46
What is a cloud?
A pillow
An oversized marshmallow
An aggregate of water droplets/ice crystals suspended in air
47
What is an alternative definition of climate change?
Change in stats over at least 30 years in climate patterns.
When the climate changes
48
What are the characteristics of wave propagation in the shallow ocean?
Waves slow down
Become nonlinear
Wave height increases
Conservation of mass
49
Which type of wave is responsible for most structural damage?
Surface
Secondary
Primary
50
What is drawback?
The sudden draining away of the ocean.
RETREAT!
51
What is weather?
whether
the physical state of the atmosphere at aparticular time
Clouds that look round
weva
52
What are minor triggers of landslides?
Slope modification
Undercutting
Fire
Added mass
53
What are the two categories of mass-wasting processes?
Sediment failures
Slope failures
Sediment flows
Slope flows
54
When does deep-water theory apply?
D> λ/2
D> λ/6
D> λ/4
D> λ/8
55
What is an intraplate?
A cup competition between plates
Within the interior of plates
56
What is a down slope movement of rocknear Earth's surface, mainly due to force of gravity?
Mass Wasting
Volcanic Eruption
Lahar
Regolith
57
How do we determine who the main global warming culprit is?
Estimate the fraction of influence from each fingerprint
Adjust fractions to find ‘best fit’ to temperature data
By playing Cluedo
58
What are the impacts of not having a single definition of climate?
Getting confused with weather
lack of political action
scepticism
Spelling weather incorrectly
59
What are the other types of volcanic phenomena?
Lava flows
Gas
Lahars
Pyroclastic flows
60
What is albedo?
An albatross with autism
the ratio between reflected radiation to incomingradiation
61
How does latent heat transfer work?
As ice melts or water evaporates, it absorbs heat
As condenses/freezes, it releases heat
This cools the surrounding environment
62
Is Earth storing energy? If yes, does it warm Earth?
No and no
Yes and no
Yes and yes
No
63
What suspects could confuse as to if global warming is really happening?
Black carbon
White carbon
Sulfates
Aerosols
64
Why are changes in precipitation, ice, snow, and sea level riseimportant?
Many live low-elevation coastal + be affected by changes
Ice + snow contribute to jobs, water resources and culture
Living things sensitive to amount + intensity rain received
Changes sea ice + snow affect Earth response to warming
65
Why do earthquake generated tsunamis follow shallow-water theory in deep ocean?
as depth is much less than tsunami wave wavelength.
as depth is much greater than tsunami wave wavelength
66
Why do many people die in earthquakes between Indonesia and the western Med.?
Religious beliefs
high frequency of earthquakes
human vulnerability (high pop. density, poor construction)
mountainous topography
67
Why did the predictions of long-term global cooling ‘melt away’?
Sea level rise
Overestimation of the amount of sulphur dioxide
Ice started to melt
the size of cooling effect
68
What are the main suspects for climate change?
Caravans
Black carbon which strongly absorbs radiation
Total solar irradiance
Green house gases
69
What is unconsolidated rock debris, including the basal soil horizons, overlying bedrock.
Chine
Landslip
Rockfall
Regolith
70
What are the main stages in the hydrological cycle?
Collection
Condensation
Precipitation
Evaporation
71
What are the two broad groups of seismic waves?
Surface waves
Goodbye waves
Body waves
Surfing waves
72
Relative humidity shows how close air is to saturation with _ rather than water vapour content.
Phosphate
Sulfur
Water vapour
CO2
73
Air gets ____ as it rises
warmer
cooler
74
What three types of risk management are there?
Safe
Geoengineering
Mitigation
Adaptation
75
What happens to wave energy at headlands and bays?
dispersed and concentrated
concentrated and dispersed
76
What can be used as a predictive method for a tsunami?
If there is a hurricane
Time between P (primary) and S (secondary) waves
If all the fish die
If a nearby volcano starts to erupt
77
What are examples of major landslide triggers?
Snowflakes
Heavy rainfall
Volcanic eruptions
Earthquake
78
What are the three factors which control eruptive style?
Silica content of magma
Cloud formations
Viscosity
Volatile content, especially water
79
How do we measure earthquake magnitude?
Richter Scale
Sliding Scale
Minute Magnitude
Moment Magnitude
80
What are the characteristics of wave propagation in the deep ocean?
Long wave periods (mins)
Shallow-wave theory
Little loss of energy
Whole water column affected
81
What cycle might be causing climate change?
Lenin
Mendeleev
Milankovitch
Gorbachov
82
Which factors influence the impact of the hazard on the environment and society?
Reactions of of leaders to hazards and aftermath
External assistance
Individual perception of risk
Length of warning
83
What is the Environmental Lapse Rate?
the temperature of the atmosphere decreases with pressure
the temperature of the atmosphere decreases with mass
the temperature of the atmosphere decreases with altitude
84
What are examples of models which attempt to predict earthquakes?
Characteristic
Time-predictable
Slip-predictable
Probabilistic Hazard Assessment
85
What does λ mean in the context of wave propagation?
Water wave depth
Water wave wavelength
Water wave density
86
Does a supermoon have any tangible effect on tsunamis?
No
Yes
87
What types of ice can you get?
Earth
Negative
Grounded
Floating
88
How much damage do landslides cause each year in the US?
$2 thousand million
$1 thousand million
$1.5 thousand million
$0.5 thousand million
89
What is climate?
the statistical description of weather over aperiod of time
clima-cool shoes
measured over at least 30 years
air-conditioning
90
What happens after the cause of the tsunami?
The water column is vertically displaced
Rocks are flipped onto their back
The water column is horizontally displaced
91
What does radiative forcing do?
alters the energy in or the energy out.
this warms or cools the climate
Changes the amount of nachos we have to eat
92
What does the VEI measure?
qualitative observations
volume of products
eruption cloud height
the size of the next eruption
93
What depth are earthquakes usually at divergent plate boundaries?
Intermediate
Shallow
Deep
94
What does the Coriolis effect cause?
A cornea
Yellow shoe
wind to deflect rightwards in the Northern Hemisphere
wind leftward deflection in the Southern Hemisphere.
95
What are some positives of volcanic eruptions?
Abrasive and cleaning agents
Raw materials
Construction materials
Economic effect
96
We should burn fewer than _ if we wish to avoid ‘dangerous’ climate change.
1 trillion tonnes of carbon
1 million tonnes of carbon
1 billion tonnes of carbon
97
What can damage corals?
The fish
ocean acidification
ocean warming, more intense storms
‘pollution, storms, overfishing + unsustainable development’
98
What is a characteristic of earthquakes in transform plate boundaries?
Are shallow
Are reversal
Are strike-slip
Are deep
99
Ice-albedo feedback...
amplifies warming
amplifies cooling
100
What happens prior to an earthquake?
slow build up of strain due to tectonic movement
Nothing
Elasticity
deformation of crustal rocks and storage of elastic energy
101
What does mass wasting do?
Create toxic waste
Create huge landfills
Streams and glaciers pick up material.
Moves material from higher to lower elevations.
102
Which factors influence slope stability?
Fire
Gravity
Wind
Water
103
Why must results from satellites be calibrated against direct observations?
radiation can be scattered by the atmosphere
radiation can be concentrated by the atmosphere
104
When does a sediment flow occur?
When someone's eaten too much soup
When a dam has broken
when force is applied to rocks/ regolith -> flow down slope
When there's been a snowfall
105
What are the types of slurry flows?
Debris rushes
Solifluction
Debris flows
Mudflows
106
What are some observed impacts of climate and pH change?
Reduced krill density in Southern Ocean.
Many terrestrial species moved 17 km poleward per decade.
Decline in coral reefs in tropical African and Asian waters.
Increasing burnt forests in Europe + wildfires in N. America
107
Tephra is...
blasted into the air by volcanic explosions
carried up by hot gases in eruption columns/lava fountains
A new type of pizza
A misspelling of Tesla
108
What is the order of wave arrival?
Secondary then primary
Primary then secondary
109
What is a prediction?
Knowing when McDonalds will be open
Asking questions beforehand
Knowing the location, time and magnitude of an event.
110
The amount of radiation emitted depends on...
temperature
Bungee
Wavelength
111
What is a slope failure?
debris flows down hill mixed with water or air.
sudden failure of slope resulting transport of debris down
112
What are the potential mechanisms for generating a tsunami?
Meteorite impact
Nuclear explosion
Landslide
Earthquake
113
What are the types of sediment flows?
Syrup flows
Granular flows
Soup flows
Slurry flows
114
What are impacts of aerosols on climate?
Encourage water vapour to condense
Net effect for sulphates = warming.
Net effect for sulphates = cooling.
• Act as cloud condensation nuclei
115
What is the pressure gradient force?
Directed from higher->lower pressure at 90 angles to isobars
the driving force for wind motion
results from a change of air pressure over a given distance.
116
When sheer stress is greater than sheer strength, will an object...
move down slope
stay in the same place
move upwards
117
Why is measuring GMST to prove global warming controversial?
Highly contested data
Tell us nothing about regional variations
Bad science

KCL CNE1 QUIZ Flashcards | StudBud