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Research methods
Power depends on?
Two major categories of statitics
Research methods
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1
Two major categories of statitics
Descrpitive, Quantiative
Inferential, Qualitative
Descriptive, Inferential
Qualitative, Descrpitive
2
Power depends on?
Type I Error
Research question
Type II Error
Sample size
3
Systmatic Reviews
Detelied description of a single patiet on a medical case
Research question, hypothesis, synthesizing the control current Knowledge
Diamond and circle
A detalied description of a single patient, group or event
4
P-values only tell us Yes or No
True
False
5
Qualitative study is a
Subjective using descrptive statistics
Triangle and circle
Main results can be descriptions of patient perspective
Inferential statistics
6
Non-probability sampling
Randomization, may increase samplinge error.
No randomiozation, may increase sampling error
Randomization, May reduce sampling error, more representaive samples
No randomiozation, may reduce sampling error
7
Self-report scale 0-3 scale is what type of level of measurement
Interval
Ratio
Nominal
Ordinal
8
Where does evidence base practice come from?
Triangle and circle
Research questions
None of the above
Research Studies
9
If alpha is set at .05 and P=.13 then?
We accept the null/ there is a differencee
We fail to rejext the Null/ there is No difference
We reject the null/ there is a difference
We reject the null/ there is NO difference.
10
Type 1 error is a
Triangle and circle
False positive
neither
False negative
11
what is the purpose of Exclusion criteria?
Recruit study participants to answer the question adequately
Triangle and diamond
Protect individuals who are not safe to be included.
total group of interest
12
Failure of a measure to detect lower scores for patient whose status has declined
Ceiling Effect
Floor effect
13
the graph below represents what type of distribution
Symmetrical
Postive
Negative
Normal
14
Alternative Hypothesis is that there will be statistically differences or changes
True
False
15
Target population
Potential subjects who are available for study.
Total group of interest
all of the above
Individuals, organizations, or other units of analysis about infmaotion
16
What is descriptive statistics
All of the above
Describe a phenomenin of interest
Statistics provided p values
Drawing a hypothesis
17
Measures from two or more groups of unrelated subjects
Dependent
Indpendent
18
A Quantitative Study
Causal cause and effect relationship can be determined.
Presents as numbes
Inferential statistics
All of the above
19
Construct Validity
Test measure the concept that it is intended to measure
Extent to which an outcome measure of interest correlates gold standard
The measurement appears on the face of it, to assess what is intended
Refers to the observation of strong correlations between two test.
20
Accessible Population
Individuals, organizations, or other units of analysis about information
Potential subjects who are available for study.
All answers are incorrect
Total group of interest
21
Clinical trails include?
Intervention( Cohort, case-control)
Non-Experimental( Experimental and Quasi experimental
none of the above
Intervention( Experimental and quasi Experimental
22
A prospective study and give an example
Studies analyzing data that are collected at a single point in time. RCT,
Looking foward, Cohort studies, RCT, Cross-Selectional studues
Looking backwards, Cross-selectional, Case-control studies
Following partipants over time
23
Temperature is an example of what level of measurement?
Ratio
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
24
Sex, male , ethnicity is used to describe date. What is the level of measurement?
Nominal
Ratio
Interval
Ordinal
25
What type of distribution is shown?
Negative
Normal distubtion
Symmeterical
Positive
26
If alpha is set at .05 and P is .03 then
We accept the null/ there is a difference/ relationship
We accept the alterantive/ there is no difference
We accept Null Hypothesis, there is not a difference/ relationship
We reject the null, There is a difference/ relationship
27
Covariates, codunders
Extraneous
all of the above
Dependent
Independent
28
Exposures, predictors, factors are elements of?
Independent
All of the above
Extraneous
Dependent
29
Repeated measures on the same subject
Indpenedent
Dependent
30
Null Hypothesis is
Your hypothesis is WRONG
No statistically significant
Triangle and circle
Your research hypothesis may be true
31
Bias is
Results or inferences that systematically deviate from the truth
Data driven
Research questions.
Study design
32
Purposive Sampling
Recruit subjects who then recruit more subjects.
Each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected
Use of readily available subjects
Uses handpicked subjects that meet researches needs
33
Convergent Validity
Refers to the observation of strong correlations between two tests.
Extent to which an outcome measure of interest correlates gold standard
the answer is not here
The measurement appears on the face of it, to assess what is intended
34
Face validity
Extent to which an outcome measure of interest correlates gold standard
Refers to the observation of strong correlations between two test.
Test measure the concept that it is intended to measure
The measurement appears on the face of it, to assess what is intended
35
Three examples of Non-Probability sampling
Convience, Purposive, snowball
Purposive, Snowball ,Probability
Non probility, Snowball, convince
Snowball, Random, Purposive
36
Classification with order but w/o equal intervals between levels
Norminal
Ratio
ordinal
interval
37
Cross-sectional studies
Investigate the causes of a particular diesease or condition retrospectivel
Looking back
Looking foward
Studies analyzing data that are collected at a single point in time
38
Content Validity
The measurement appears on the face of it, to assess what is intended
Refers to the observation of strong correlations between two tests.
The content of a test, survey or measurement method must cover all relevant
Extent to which an outcome measure of interest correlates gold standard
39
Random sampling each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample
False
True
40
Cohort studies
Research question, hypothesis, synthesizing the control current Knowledge
Identify risk factiors or characteristics for the development of outcome
Randomized controlled
Triangle and Diamond
41
Randomized controlled trials
Investigate the causes of a particular diesease or condition retrospectivel
At least 2 group comparssions
Looking foward
Studies analyzing data that are collected at a single point in time
42
What is the purpose of Inclusion Criteria
None of the above
Protect individuals who are not safe to be included.
Recruit study participants to answer the question adequately
Triangle and Circle
43
The graph is a _________ Distribution
negative
Postive
Normal
Symmetrical
44
Weight is an example of what level of measurement?
Ordinal
Nominal
Ratio
Interval
45
Failure of a measure to detect higher scores for patients whose status has improved
Ceiling effect
Floor effect
46
Case Report/studies
Diamond and circle
A detalied description of a single patient, group or event
Detelied description of a single patiet on a medical case
Randomized controlled
47
When do you use non-paramteric tests?
interval and ratio level with normal distrubition
Triangle and circle
Nominal and Ordinal
Interval and Ratio level without normal distrubtion.
48
classification w/o value placed on the category
Interval
Nominal
Ratio
Ordinal
49
Interval and Ratio with normal distrubtion is a
None Parametric
Parametric
50
Interval can NOT have negative and positive values?
True
False
51
the graph below represents what type of distribution
Negative
Normal
Postive
symmetrical
52
What is the ultimate goal of research?
To find a new desgin
Answer the research question by testing your hypothesis
Triangle and circle
Disccover new knowledge or find the truth
53
The lowest of case studies
Randomized controlled trails
Mechnistics studies
Editorals, expert opinion
Cohort studies
54
Order, interval distance, and the origin is known
Interval
Ratio
Ordinal
Norminal
55
Convenience sampling is
Recruit subjects who then recruit more subjects.
Uses handpicked subjects that meet researches needs
Use of readily available subjects
Each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected
56
What is Alpha level?
Alpha is not significance
Alpha is significance level
.05 is a typical
Diamond and circle
57
responsibility of the IRB
Conflict iof interest managment
Protection of study participants rights and privacies
All of the above
Review study proposals to ensure ethicality
58
Case-controll study
Identify risk factiors or characteristics for the development of outcome
Randomized controlled
Investigate the causes of a particular diesease or condition retrospectivel
Research question, hypothesis, synthesizing the control current Knowledge
59
Snowball sampling
Recruit subjects who then recruit more subjects.
Each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected
Use of readily available subjects
Uses handpicked subjects that meet researches needs
60
Order and interval distance are known
Interval
Ratio
Ordinal
Norminal
61
Subjects
Potential subjects who are available for study.
None of the above
Total group of interest
Individuals, organizations, or other units of analysis about information
62
Measurement Validity
A seriers of test
Confounds the relationship between the indpeendent and dependent variable
The degree to which a ,easure capyures what it is intended to measure
A hypothesis
63
Inferential statistics is to _____
None of the above
Test the Hypothesis
Test the power
Answer the research question
64
Criterion/ concurrent validity extent to which an outcome an outcome measure of interest correlates with a gold standard
False
True
65
Outcome of interest
Indpendent
None of the above
Extraneous
Dependnet
66
How do you develop a research question?
Rational
none of the above
Significant, innovative, address Knowledge gaps.
Not significant , knowlegde gaps, innovative
67
Probability sampling
Randomization, May reduce sampling error, more representaive samples
No randomiozation, may increase sampling error
Randomization, may increase samplinge error.
No randomiozation, may reduce sampling error
68
Where does evidence come from
Research Questions
Research Studies
Hypothesis
none of the above
