Which of the following is a key "design feature" of human language that distinguishes it from animal communication?

Productivity (ability to create novel sentences)

What does memory consolidation primarily involve?

Reactivation of memories to stabilize them in long-term storage

Why is speech segmentation challenging?

Listeners must know words to segment them

Which cognitive process is primarily assessed by the Wisconsin Card Sort Test (WCST)?

Inhibition and cognitive flexibility

How do schemata influence Bayesian statistics, as described in the lecture?

They allow predictions based on prior knowledge and new findings

The "Method of Loci" mnemonic involves:

Creating a mental image of a physical location to store information.

Why is sarcasm difficult to convey in text messages?

Lack of prosody (tone, emphasis)

Which of the following best describes classical conditioning?

Associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus

What is boundary extension in the context of visual memory?

Recalling details beyond the edges of a viewed image

What is "far transfer" in the context of brain training?

General fluid intelligence gains across unrelated tasks

Reconstructive memory involves:

Filling gaps in memory using schemata.

How does schema rigidity change with age and experience?

Schemata become more fixed and harder to alter

According to the Levels of Processing (LOP) theory, which type of encoding leads to better long-term retention?

Deep processing (e.g., linking to existing knowledge)

What does the "Pollyanna effect" describe?

Pleasant memories are processed more efficiently and accurately

Which of the following best describes a phoneme?

A unit of sound that distinguishes meaning in a language

Why are memories described as reconstructive rather than like a video camera?

Memories are actively rebuilt using schemata during retrieval

What did Craik and Watkins (1973) find about the Atkinson-Shiffrin model?

Deeper semantic analysis improves retention more than shallow rehearsal.

The "Clever Hans" case demonstrated that:

Non-human animals lack true language understanding

What is a schema, as defined in the lecture?

A mental model about the world and specific aspects of it

What is the key finding of the marshmallow task regarding delayed gratification?

Delaying gratification correlates with academic and socioemotional success

The McGurk Effect demonstrates:

Visual cues can alter perceived speech sounds

Which task demonstrates preserved implicit memory in amnesiac patients?

Mirror-drawing task improvement

In the "office schema" experiment, why might someone falsely recall seeing books?

The schema for an office includes books, even if not present

What is an example of an intrusion error in memory?

Recalling "sleep" after studying a list of sleep-related words

What does a spectrogram primarily visualize?

Formants (frequency bands) of speech sounds

Which statement best describes "semantic networks"?

New information is linked to existing concepts for better retention.

How does alcohol impair executive function?

It mimics GABA, inhibiting neural activity

Damage to Broca’s area typically results in:

Difficulty producing speech despite intact comprehension

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Questions 40

Answers

1
Which of the following is NOT a type of implicit memory?
Classical conditioning
Semantic memory
Procedural memory
Priming
2
Priming effects, such as filling in word fragments based on prior exposure, demonstrate:
Episodic memory
Implicit memory
Explicit memory
Semantic memory
3
Which of the following is a key "design feature" of human language that distinguishes it from animal communication?
Reliance solely on vocal calls
Use of fixed, unchangeable signals
Limited to immediate context (no displacement)
Productivity (ability to create novel sentences)
4
What does memory consolidation primarily involve?
Reactivation of memories to stabilize them in long-term storage
Immediate forgetting of unimportant information
Rapid storage of sensory details into short-term memory
Automatic encoding during sleep
5
Why is speech segmentation challenging?
Words are separated by consistent pauses
Gaps between words are rare in natural speech
Listeners must know words to segment them
Vowel pronunciation varies minimally across speakers
6
Which cognitive process is primarily assessed by the Wisconsin Card Sort Test (WCST)?
Working memory capacity
Inhibition and cognitive flexibility
Emotional regulation
Linguistic intelligence
7
How do schemata influence Bayesian statistics, as described in the lecture?
They allow predictions based on prior knowledge and new findings
They prioritize frequentist over probabilistic reasoning
They eliminate the need for statistical analysis
They replace p-value calculations entirely
8
The "Method of Loci" mnemonic involves:
Using rhymes to encode abstract concepts.
Repeating information in a fixed rhythm.
Memorizing numbers via a peg system.
Creating a mental image of a physical location to store information.
9
Why is sarcasm difficult to convey in text messages?
Limited semantic meaning
Inability to use pragmatic rules
Lack of prosody (tone, emphasis)
Absence of syntactic structure
10
Which disorder is NOT linked to reduced executive function due to dopamine disruption?
Major depression
Schizophrenia
Alzheimer’s disease
Parkinson’s disease
11
Which of the following best describes classical conditioning?
Filling in word fragments based on prior exposure
Improving motor skills through repetition
Associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus
Learning through rewards and punishments
12
What is boundary extension in the context of visual memory?
Recalling details beyond the edges of a viewed image
Overestimating the size of an object
Confusing the location of objects in a scene
Forgetting the boundaries of a room
13
What is "far transfer" in the context of brain training?
Enhanced real-world skills from gaming
Improved performance on similar tasks
Mastery of near-term procedural skills
General fluid intelligence gains across unrelated tasks
14
Which of the following is NOT part of explicit (declarative) memory?
Episodic memory
Memory for facts and concepts
Semantic memory
Procedural memory
15
Reconstructive memory involves:
Filling gaps in memory using schemata.
Storing sensory details in iconic memory.
Accurately replaying past events without errors.
Automating motor skills through repetition.
16
Which of the following is NOT a type of interference that contributes to forgetting?
Retrieval-induced forgetting
Proactive interference
Decay theory
Retroactive interference
17
Which theory of speech perception emphasizes internal recreation of articulatory gestures?
Exemplar theory
Auditory theory
Motor theory
Categorical perception theory
18
Which memory "failure" describes distorted memories caused by external suggestions (e.g., leading questions)?
Blocking
Suggestibility
Bias
Persistence
19
Which brain region is most critical for explicit memory but not implicit memory?
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Cerebellum
Prefrontal cortex
20
How does schema rigidity change with age and experience?
Schemata become more fixed and harder to alter
Schemata become less fixed and more flexible
Schemata disappear entirely
Schemata adapt rapidly to new information
21
Which phenomenon explains better recall of information learned underwater when tested underwater?
State-dependent memory
Context-dependent memory
Tip-of-the-tongue effect
Pollyanna effect
22
According to the Levels of Processing (LOP) theory, which type of encoding leads to better long-term retention?
Repeating information aloud multiple times
Shallow processing (e.g., focusing on font or rhymes)
Rote memorization without understanding
Deep processing (e.g., linking to existing knowledge)
23
What does the "Pollyanna effect" describe?
Negative events are remembered more vividly than neutral ones
Pleasant memories are processed more efficiently and accurately
Repeated retrieval strengthens memory accuracy
Traumatic memories are repressed for decades
24
Which of the following best describes a phoneme?
A complete word with grammatical function
A unit of sound that distinguishes meaning in a language
A type of consonant produced without vocal fold vibration
A visual representation of sound intensity over time
25
Which type of amnesia results in the inability to form new explicit memories?
Anterograde amnesia
Procedural amnesia
Retrograde amnesia
Semantic amnesia
26
Why are memories described as reconstructive rather than like a video camera?
Memories decay completely after 24 hours
Memories are stored permanently without distortion
Memories are only influenced by sensory input
Memories are actively rebuilt using schemata during retrieval
27
What did Craik and Watkins (1973) find about the Atkinson-Shiffrin model?
Sensory memory is the most critical stage for LTM formation.
Longer rehearsal always strengthens LTM encoding.
Implicit memory relies solely on procedural encoding.
Deeper semantic analysis improves retention more than shallow rehearsal.
28
The "Clever Hans" case demonstrated that:
Animals can learn syntax through training
Horses can solve mathematical problems using gestures
Sign language is a universal communication system
Non-human animals lack true language understanding
29
The "tip-of-the-tongue" phenomenon is best categorized as a failure of:
Retrieval
Encoding
Storage
Consolidation
30
What is a schema, as defined in the lecture?
A physical model of the brain’s memory storage
A mental model about the world and specific aspects of it
A statistical method for analyzing memory accuracy
A type of intrusive error in memory recall
31
What is the key finding of the marshmallow task regarding delayed gratification?
Delaying gratification correlates with academic and socioemotional success
Delaying gratification has no long-term predictive value
Delaying gratification is solely determined by genetics
Children who delay gratification always outperform peers in adulthood
32
The McGurk Effect demonstrates:
Phonemes are processed categorically
Coarticulation speeds up speech production
Speech perception relies solely on auditory cues
Visual cues can alter perceived speech sounds
33
Which task demonstrates preserved implicit memory in amnesiac patients?
Describing a recent event
Solving a math problem
Recalling a list of words
Mirror-drawing task improvement
34
In the "office schema" experiment, why might someone falsely recall seeing books?
The schema for an office includes books, even if not present
Books were explicitly shown in the image
Books are statistically likely in all environments
Participants were distracted during the experiment
35
What is an example of an intrusion error in memory?
Recalling "sleep" after studying a list of sleep-related words
Forgetting the exact steps of a procedure
Misremembering the color of an object
Confusing the order of events in a story
36
What does a spectrogram primarily visualize?
Fundamental frequency (pitch) only
Intensity of sound over time
Lip movements during articulation
Formants (frequency bands) of speech sounds
37
Which statement best describes "semantic networks"?
New information is linked to existing concepts for better retention.
Memories are stored in isolated, hierarchical folders.
Sensory details dominate long-term memory storage.
Procedural memory relies on semantic networks for retrieval.
38
How does alcohol impair executive function?
It destroys dopamine receptors permanently
It increases dopamine release in the frontal cortex
It mimics GABA, inhibiting neural activity
It enhances serotonin signaling for emotional control
39
Which theory of speech perception emphasizes internal replication of articulatory gestures?
Exemplar theory
Categorical perception theory
Auditory theory
Motor theory
40
Damage to Broca’s area typically results in:
Impaired understanding of syntax but preserved speech production
Difficulty producing speech despite intact comprehension
Complete loss of all language abilities
Fluent but nonsensical speech (Wernicke’s aphasia)

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