Material made up of minerals, gases, water, org. substances, and microbes

What is soil water potential?

The tendency of H2O to move freely due to diff. types of pressures

Parent material developed in place

What conditions are associated with poor soil aeration?

Compaction, Horizons further down in a soil profile have less oxygen, Too many soil pores are filled with water, Porosity is reduced

Material deposited on flood plains of active streams or rivers

Clayey soils that swell when wet

What do wetland soils typically look like?

Gray in color. Often saturated.

Select the two texture methods taught in class

Hydrometer method, Texture by feel

Which practices control surface evaporation?

Crop residues, Straw, Actively growing cover crops, Plastic mulch

What is a natric subsurface horizon?

An argillic horizon high in sodium (>15%)

The % of sand, silt, and clay particles of a soil sample

What does it mean to be in a symbiotic relationship?

Organisms live in a mutually beneficial association with another species

Select all the benefits from improving soil drainage

Reduced levels of fungal diseases in plants, Enhanced rooting depth, Improved soil workability, Less production of methane and nitrogen gases

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Intro to Soils - Midterm Review

106 termsStudBud Administration243 plays

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Questions 106

Answers

1
Water will always move from an area of low potential energy to an area of high potential energy
True
False
2
A transporting agent is involved for residuum.
False
True
3
The pore size distribution in soil largely determines the amount and rate of movement of capillary water in soil
True
False
4
Gravitational potential is the amount of work required to move a given mass of water against gravity
True
False
5
What is soil?
Bits of chocolate cake
Material made up of minerals, gases, water, org. substances, and microbes
Gravel and dirt
Dust in the wind
6
What are Alfisols?
Organic soils
Soils formed in volcanic ash
Soils with little or no development
Temperate forest soils
7
What is soil water potential?
Matric potential + osmotic potential + student potential
The tendency of H2O to move freely due to diff. types of pressures
Water's ability to turn into ice.
Water's ability to turn into water vapor.
8
The soil order of Drummer is Alfisol.
True
False
9
The taxonomic category level for Fragiudults is Great group
True
False
10
The Wisconsian glacial episode reached the very bottom of Illinois
False
True
11
Define residuum.
Material deposited by ice sheets
Parent material developed in place
Sand and gravel
Material deposited by flowing water
12
A wetland is land consisting of marshes and swamps; saturated land
True
False
13
Plant available water is the difference between field capacity and the perm. wilting point
True
False
14
Glacial outwash is deposited by streams of glacial meltwaters
False
True
15
What are the two mechanisms of soil aeration?
Mass flow + osmosis
Tilling + diffusion
Diffusion + osmosis
Mass flow + diffusion
16
What are Mollisols?
Grassland/prairie soils
Acidic, sandy forest soils
Tundra soils
Desert soils
17
What conditions are associated with poor soil aeration?
Compaction
Horizons further down in a soil profile have less oxygen
Too many soil pores are filled with water
Porosity is reduced
18
What is alluvium?
Bedrock
Sand and gravel
Material deposited on flood plains of active streams or rivers
Wind blown silt
19
Adhesion and cohesion forces are involved in capillary action
True
False
20
Dry soils heat up faster than wet soils.
True
False
21
An ochric epipedon is too light in color, has too little organic mater, or is too thin the make the mollic reqs.
False
True
22
Name the category level: udults
Order
Series
Suborder
Great group
23
How many soil orders are there?
13
5
9
12
24
What are Vertisols?
Acidic, strongly leached, older soils
Grassland/prairie soils
Clayey soils that swell when wet
Weakly developed soils
25
5 Soil Forming Factors: Climate, Organisms, Relief (topo.), Parent Material, and Time
True
False
26
What unit is used for the different water potentials?
g/g
g/cm3
kPa
g/mL
27
Soil energy drives evaporation
False
True
28
Osmotic potential is the pressure required to equalize the level of H2O between areas of diff. salt concentrations
False
True
29
The most common soil orders in Illinois are Mollisols and Entisols.
True
False
30
What is evapotranspiration?
Evaporation + infiltration
Transpiration + runoff
Transpiration + evaporation
Transpiration + percolation
31
What do wetland soils typically look like?
Gray in color. Often saturated.
Brown in color. Often dry.
Red in color. Often dry.
Yellow in color. Often dry.
32
Select the two texture methods taught in class
Taste test
Hydrometer method
Texture by feel
Sniff test
33
Matric potential is the attraction of water to soil solids. This attraction lowers the "free" energy of the water.
False
True
34
Parent material is predictive of soil texture.
False
True
35
psamment belongs to the soil order Spodosol
False
True
36
An E horizon is not highly weathered.
True
False
37
Which practices control surface evaporation?
Crop residues
Straw
Actively growing cover crops
Plastic mulch
38
aqualf belongs to the soil order Alfisol
False
True
39
Specific heat is the measure of heat energy required to increase temp. of a unit quantity of a substance.
True
False
40
Gravitational potential is responsible for water movement under saturated conditions
True
False
41
What is a natric subsurface horizon?
Highly weathered horizon high in Fe/Al oxides and low-activity clays
Zone of silicate clay accumulation
Organic matter and Al/Fe oxide accumulation
An argillic horizon high in sodium (>15%)
42
Define soil texture.
The % of sand, silt, and clay particles of a soil sample
The amount of organic matter and pore space in a soil
43
What does it mean to be in a symbiotic relationship?
Independent of parasitic associations
Organisms live in a mutually beneficial association with another species
Relationship with another species, but at the expense of the other species
44
Adhesion is the attraction of water molecules for each other
False
True
45
Select all the benefits from improving soil drainage
Reduced levels of fungal diseases in plants
Enhanced rooting depth
Improved soil workability
Less production of methane and nitrogen gases
46
The elements C, H, and O come from air and water.
True
False
47
Soil organic matter has a low water holding capacity.
True
False
48
What is the water potential at Permanent Wilting Point?
0 kPa
-3200 kPa
-1500 kPa
-10 kPa to -30 kPa
49
Zinc and iron are micronutrients.
True
False
50
What is loess?
Wind blown silt
Flour
Rock candy
Marble dust
51
This soil structure is granular.
True
False
52
Select the factors that affect soil bulk density.
Calcium levels
Porosity
Organic matter content
Vehicle type
53
Why is matric potential always negative?
H2O attracted by soil solids has an energy state lower than pure H2O
Too much sodium in the soil solution
Because of a decrease in atmospheric pressure
Too many solutes in the soil solution
54
Unsaturated flow is defined as water movement due to differences in osmotic potential
False
True
55
Name the category level: Typic Paleudults
Family
Great group
Series
Subgroup
56
Plants don't differ in soil temperature requirements.
False
True
57
What are some functions of soil microorganisms? Select all that apply.
Cause plant and animal diseases
Take part in chemical reactions
Add organic material to soils
Make nutrients available to plants
58
Select all factors that impact soil aeration.
Soil color
Organic matter content
Bulk density
Texture
59
Which option is not one of the 6 ecological roles of soil?
Recycling system for nutrients and waste
Source of nutrition for human diets
Habitat for soil organisms
Medium for plant growth
60
What is the largest organism in the world?
African elephant
Network of aspen trees
A soil dwelling fungus
Blue whale
61
Select all wetland plant adaptations.
Parasitism
Flowers that bloom underwater.
Buttressed trunks
Enlarged lenticels
62
Shrek lives in New York City
False
True
63
What factors limit capillary rise in soils?
High pH levels
The network of soil pores
Low pH levels
Entrapment of air
64
List the 6 categories of soil tax. in order from the highest (most specific) to lowest (most general) level.
Series, Family, Subgroup, Great group, Suborder, Order
Subgroup, Great group, Series, Family, Suborder, Order
Order, Suborder, Subgroup, Great group, Family, Series
Order, Suborder, Great group, Subgroup, Family, Series
65
Which glacial episode occurred first in Illinois?
Iowan
Wisconsian
Kentuckian
Illinoisan
66
The O horizon is made up of mostly organic matter.
True
False
67
Define C horizon.
A horizon consisting of ice
Horizon with parent material. The least weathered portion of the profile
A surface horizon
Horizon with mosaic tiles left by the Romans
68
What is glacial till?
Wind blown silt
Mix of rock material that has been ground up into different size particles
Alluvial material deposited by streams of glacial meltwaters
Bedrock
69
What is bulk density?
Saturated Soil Wgt (g)/ Volume of soil solids and pores (cm3)
Oven Dry Soil Wgt (g)/ Volume of soil solids and pores (cm3)
Oven Dry Soil Wgt (g)/ Volume of soil solids (cm3)
Oven Dry Dirt Wgt (g)/ Volume of dirt solids and pores (cm3)
70
Define B horizon.
The subsoil. Zone of accumulation. Clay and Fe/Al oxides accumulate here.
Weathered bedrock
The topsoil or plow layer.
A layer with decomposing plant tissues
71
Define A horizon.
Zone of eluviation - loss of compounds
The topsoil or plow layer. Darkened by an accumulation of organic matter
Bedrock
Zone of accumulation - where clay accumulates
72
Loess is the most common parent material in Illinois.
True
False
73
What is the state soil of Illinois?
Andres
Flanagan
Peotone
Drummer
74
What is an argillic subsurface horizon?
Slightly altered layer
Dense, brittle loamy textured pan
Layer light in color, clay & Fe/Al oxides removed
Zone of silicate clay accumulation
75
Soil structure only impacts how water moves in soils.
True
False
76
What are sedimentary rocks?
Compacted and cemented weathering products from pre-existing rocks.
Rocks formed by the collision or shifting of plates
Slabs of marble
77
Igneous rocks are composed of primary minerals.
False
True
78
What is the water potential at Field Capacity?
0 kPa
-1500 kPa
-10 kPa to -30 kPa
-3200 kPa
79
N, P, and K are considered macronutrients.
True
False
80
A redox reaction is the transfer of electrons from one substance to another.
True
False
81
Matric potential is always positive.
False
True
82
Define saturated flow.
When the water table flucuates up and down
When water in the soil drains into a body of water (e.g. stream)
H2O movement into soil & caused in part by gravitat. and matric pressures
Movement of water as water vapor
83
A hydric soil is a soil formed under conditions of saturation, flooding, or ponding for long enough to be anaerobic
False
True
84
Which of the following are epipedons?
Ochric
Argillic
Mollic
Umbric
85
What are primary producers?
Apex predators. Ex: wolves
Organisms at the base of the food web. Ex: plants, some bacteria
Saprophytes
Detritivores
86
Evaporation is the return of H₂O to the atm. from the land surface via vaporization of H₂O from soil or surface H₂O
True
False
87
What is a mollic epipedon?
Freely drained horizon formed in organic materials
Thick, dark-colored, well-structured, high base saturation (>50%)
Light in color, little organic matter, or thin
High organic C content and common in volcanic soils
88
What is a soil profile?
A hole
The soil's account on a dating app
Consists of layers or horizons that developed from soil forming processes
89
What are primary consumers?
Detritivores
Apex predators. Ex: Blue whale
Animals that feed on plant tissue
Saprophytes
90
An umbric epipedon is the same as mollic except for lower base saturation
True
False
91
Select the factors that impact soil water availability
Compaction
Organic Matter
Texture
Salinity
92
Select all the erosion control methods.
Cover crops
Crop rotation
Removal of vegetation
Planting on a 18% slope
93
The 4 mechanisms of heat energy are: radiation, convection, conduction, and latent heat transfer
False
True
94
Surface runoff is water that moves off the soil surface because it is unable to infiltrate into the soil fast enough
True
False
95
What does polarity mean?
A molecule with no charge
The charges on a molecule form 90 degree angles
The charges on a molecule are evenly distributed
The charges on a molecule are not evenly distributed
96
What is my dog's name?
George
Bruce
Bill
Opie
97
Rhizobia are parasitic bacteria.
False
True
98
An epipedon is a diagnostic horizon that forms at or near the surface
False
True
99
This soil structure is prismatic.
False
True
100
The particle size range for silt is 0.05 to 0.002 mm.
False
True
101
A cambic subsurface horizon is a slightly altered layer.
False
True
102
What happens with capillary rise in a glass tub when the radius of the tube decreases
It decreases
It remains at equilibrium
It increases
Water is pushed out of the tube
103
This soil structure is platy.
True
False
104
The greater the concentration of solutes, the more osmotic potential is lowered
True
False
105
What makes up climate?
Precipitation and humidity
Precipitation and temperature
Temperature and air quality
106
Alluvial soils are poorly developed.
True
False

Intro to Soils - Midterm Review Flashcards | StudBud