Chapter 8 pt 2

In the postsynaptic response, there may be an axoaxionic synapse that enhances or opposes

rapid APs may see 1 AP arrive while the calcium from the first is still present -> more calcium in the terminal which

Growth of dendritic spines is important for long-term potentiation and depression

ATP can function as an excitatory NT it has ionotropic receptors ___ and metabotrobic receptors __

In ST, activation of other signaling molecules signals a cascade of events like changes in all of the following except

NMDA: magnesium is removed by depolarization allowing channel to open and ions __ to pass when NT binds

Which peptide helps control pituitary glans ability to secrete growth hormone, used elsewhere in CNS

NMDA is a __ glutamate receptor

Gap jxns allow molecules to take a shorter course thru the myelin and disruption of this pathway can cause

Gap jxns are small openings connecting adjacent cells allowing ions and small molecules to travel

GABA B is __ and allows __ to pass

Adenosine can bind presynaptic CPCRs to __ transmitter release

An AP arriving at a synapse always has the same effect

NMDA is involved in __ and works with combo of voltage and ligand gated channels

Histamine is made from

The combined effects of the following determines if threshold is released except

The closer to the active zone

Glutamate and glycine both function and inhibitory point-to-point synapses in CNS __used in spinal cord __used elsewhere

Biogenic amines such as catecloamines, serotonin & histamine are commonly used as NTs

Synapses on cell body/initial segment are often __ and can diminish the effect of ___

In slow transmission the transmitter binds to the GPCR and the __ part of the protein dissociates

Muscarinic receptors are GPCRs found on smooth/cardiac muscle and result in

Catecholamines (norepinephrine and dopamine) are made from

Slow transmission allows amplification of the signal

1&2 steps of slow transmission: metabotropic receptor shown coupled to

Long-term potentiation & depression can also occur and is thought to be involved in

In neurons, gap jxn form electrical synapses that allow current to flow directly from 1 neuron to another &

Nicotine receptors are found at the neuromuscular junction, they are ionotropic receptors and result in

A synapse may have autoreceptor-receptors for there own transmitters, which often

Altered diameter of __ can alter current flow leading to longer term effects of potentiation and depression

polypeptide acts in kidney and CNS to assist in H2O retention, including secreting vasopressin & stimulating H2O search

Synapses on dendrites are often __

Serotonin is made from

Gap jxns join adjacent membranes in __

Activation of endocannabinoid synthesis causes endocannabinoid receptors to bind presynaptic receptors & _ calcium chnls

Postsynaptic calcium _ enzymes producing NO or CO which diffuse back across the cleft, activate cCMP & alter NT release

Synaptic connection __ be altered by growth factors

In ST, intracellular part of the protein dissociates, moves the membrane and __ (especially enzymes) within the cell

G-protein coupled receptors are the __ type of metabotropic receptors

ATP as an excitatory NT functions in sensory systems &

Neurons responding to ACh are called

Normal __ increases calcium which activates endocannabinoid synthesis

ACh at the NMJ induces muscle contraction via

Most important amino acid NTs are glutamate and GABA

Which has ionotropic and metabotropic receptors

__ is metabotropic

The portion in one membrane of a gap jxn is called a connexon and is formed by __ connexin proteins

Many synapses are typically required to produce effect

GABA A is __ and allows __ to pass

In the postsynaptic response the NT is

Axoaxionic synapses are similar to excitatory or inhibitory inputs, but do not directly produce EPSP/IPSP

Single NT release from a single synapse tends to be very small and it is rarely enough for 1 input to be enough

In the postsynaptic response, __ determines the response, not the __

Many APs may lead the synapse to run out of __ and any AP arriving before this is replenished will not cause NT release

ACh produced in areas of __ are involved in slower widespread effects- general CNS activity, sleep-wake cycle, learning

Temporal and spatial summation are not often required to reach threshold

Acetylcholine has __ receptors

Which peptide is involved in pain control

In ST, activation of other signaling molecules signals a cascade of events such as __ of ion channels

In the postsynaptic response, the same NT can exert different effects at different receptors

Which peptide can relax smooth muscle in gut, help relieve pain, acts as basal nuclei, dorsal root ganglion

Endocannabinoid receptors (GPCRs) can __ activity at calcium channels

The same part of a neuron can be presynaptic or postsynaptic

Transmitter for excitatory point-to-point synapses in CNS especially spinal cord, thalamus, and cortex

Hypothalamic peptides control release of __ peptides

Depression refers to __ decrease in AP effects

Potentiation refers to short-term __ of AP effects

A specific type of glutamate receptor can cause long-term __ by altering transmitter release and/or receptor sensitivity

Receptors involved in effects of acetylcholine produced in the brainstem and base of forebrain

In the postsynaptic response, each neuron receives