The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...

you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression

Negative reinforcement involves...

the removal of an unpleasant stimulus

how options/alternatives in a decision problem are presented

When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..

are using the availability heuristic

Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...

an intermittent reinforcement schedule

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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review I

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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.

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Questions 150

Answers

1
_______ is an example of an opioid.
mescaline
marijuana
caffeine
heroin
2
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
the internal state causes the facial expression
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
3
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is
none of the above
problem-solving theory
wish-fulfillment theory
activation-synthesis theory
4
Negative reinforcement involves...
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
5
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
oval window
stirrup
cochlea
temporal lobe
6
The last area of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
prefrontal cortex
occipital cortex
hypothalamus
medulla
7
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
transduction incapacity
transduction capacity
the absolute refractory period
the relative refractory period
8
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender differences
gender roles
gender behaviors
gender stereotypes
9
Five-year-old George washes his bike after seeing his father wash his car which demonstrates...
observational learning
positive reinforcement
classical conditioning
superstitious behavior
10
What is somnambulism?
difficulty remaining asleep
difficulty breathing when asleep
sleep-walking
sleep-talking
11
Framing refers to...
how options/alternatives in a decision problem are presented
presenting irrelevant information
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting only part of the information required
12
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
low in openness
high in agreeableness
high in neuroticism
low in extraversion
13
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
Pituitary
Thalamus
Pineal
Thyroid
14
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
amount of time asleep
amount of time awake
exposure to light
cultural practices
15
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the experimental group
the correlational group
the observational group
the control group
16
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-up processing
top-down processing
lateral processing
bottom-to-top processing
17
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of:
syntax
phonemes
morphemes
linguistic heuristics
18
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
schizophrenia
marital problems
anxiety disorders
bipolar disorder
19
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
the autonomic nervous system
the endocrine system
memory
feeding
20
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
morphemic
platonic
mnemonic
phonemic
21
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
perception
processing
attention
sensation
22
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
sing a song
tie shoe laces
print letters
fear the dark
23
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
reinforcement
observational learning
24
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-interval schedule
variable-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-ratio schedule
25
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
episodic
crystallized
procedural
fluid
26
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
not been dreaming
not really been asleep
been dreaming
a headache
27
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
smelling an odor
hearing a sound
seeing a flash of light
moving a part of his body
28
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
availability heuristic
law of small numbers
conjunction heuristic
representativeness heuristic
29
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the...
sebaceous gland
thyroid gland
pancreas
pituitary gland
30
A personality test that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is...
a deceptive test
a behavior rating
a self-report inventory
a projective test
31
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
operant conditioning
state-dependent learning
observational learning
classical conditioning
32
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
corpus callosum
pineal gland
parietal lobe
thalamus
33
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
use the elimination by aspects strategy
use a holistic decision model
are using the availability heuristic
are using the representativeness heuristic
34
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
genital
anal
oral
latency
35
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
the unconscious
behavior
the brain
conscious experience
36
The EEG pattern of waves associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
alpha waves
beta waves
delta waves
theta waves
37
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
schizophrenic
anxiety
mood
personality
38
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
An aptitude test
An intelligence test
An achievement test
A personality test
39
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
tumor ligation
lesioning
ESB
stereotaxic inversion
40
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
endorphin
acetylcholine
serotonin
dopamine
41
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
pitch
decibels
loudness
timbre
42
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
thalamus
location of injury
spinal cord
cortex
43
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
44
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a hallucinogen
an amphetamine
a sedative
a narcotic
45
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
maladaptive behaviors
irrational thoughts
the unconscious
the conscious
46
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
bipolar disorder
panic disorder
conversion disorder
fugue
47
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
mentalism
intelligence
introspection
cognition
48
If you live with bipolar disorder, which type of psychologist would be of the most help to you?
A forensic psychologist
A clinical psychologist
A developmental psychologist
A social psychologist
49
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one's identity in terms of the group:
is functionalism
is attributionism
is collectivism
is individualism
50
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
direct observation
psychological tests
questionnaires
physiological recordings
51
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
initiative vs. guilt
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
trust vs. mistrust
industry vs. inferiority
52
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
psychotherapy
aversion therapy
avoidance therapy
systematic desensitization
53
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development a child experiences the world through...
systematic hypothesis testing
logical reasoning
abstract operations
physical interaction
54
Although Shari can sometimes fall asleep easily, she has difficulty staying asleep. Shari has:
sleep apnea
insomnia
narcolepsy
pseudoinsomnia
55
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
punishment
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
observational learning
56
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
food
tone
salivation
light
57
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
limbic system
cerebellum
reticular formation
brainstem
58
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
insight learning
latent learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
59
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
longitundinal
cross-sectional
time of testing
sequential
60
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
a risk-aversion conflict
an approach-approach conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
61
After his first ever taste of pizza yesterday, David won't stop asking for pizza, demonstrating
overextension
metalinguistic awareness
semantic slanting
fast-mapping
62
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
consciousness
sensation
perception
hypnosis
63
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
magnetic resonance imaging
positron emission tomography
computerized tomography
electrographic tomography
64
An antagonist...
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
extends the absolute refractory period
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
65
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
cyclical
bipolar
unipolar
dissociative
66
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
Rene Decartes
Wilhelm Wundt
William James
G. Stanley Hall
67
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is...
selection
stimulus discrimination
shaping
step-wise conditioning
68
In relation to development, which of the following does NOT happen the same time as the others?
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
development of secondary sex characteristics
post-conventional moral reasoning
formal operations
69
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
attachment probing
strange situation
secure-avoidant
shared inhibition
70
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
teratogens
pathogens
prenatals
opiates
71
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
closure
symmetry
constancy
similiarity
72
The assumption by a preoperational child a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates:
reversibility
centration
conservation
egocentrism
73
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
personality
attachment
behavioral quality
temperament
74
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be...
modeled
retrieved
ablated
encoded
75
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
autonomic nerves
afferent nerves
sympathetic nerves
efferent nerves
76
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
he's just like his father
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he always gets in fights
77
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
id mechanisms
offense mechanisms
coping mechanisms
defense mechanisms
78
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
manipulative behavior
excessive guilt
social charm
aggressiveness
79
The idea that we should pay back in kindness what we receive from others is known as the...
display rules
the principle of collectivism
the reciprocity norm
the law of cognitive dissonance
80
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
cornea
iris
vitreous humor
lens
81
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to...
a superimposed stimulus
a just noticeable difference
subliminal perception
a false alarm
82
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
corpus callosum
cerebral cortex
medulla
hypothalamus
83
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
content validity
predictive validity
standardized validity
criterion-related validity
84
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
retroactive interference
pseudoforgetting
retrograde amnesia
anterograde amnesia
85
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
were put into a simulated prison
86
Catatonia is when a person...
experiences mild manic states
has two different psychological disorders
has trouble getting along with people
has psycho-motor immobility & abnormal behavior
87
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
Construct
Content
Criterion-related (concurrent and predictive validity)
Absolute
88
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the confirmation bias
overestimating the improbable
the gambler's fallacy
the conjunction fallacy
89
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
I wanted a cookie.
Give cookie.
I eated a cookie.
Cookie!
90
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
fear reaction
rat
loud noise
rabbit
91
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
alcohol
sedatives
narcotics
cannabis
92
Inferences people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as...
self-serving bias
stereotypes
prejudices
attributions
93
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
avoidance
suppression
repression
neurogenic amnesia
94
A person who perceives stimuli that are not there is said to have...
hallucinations
obsessions
illusions
delusions
95
A valid test is one that...
is reliable
is consistent
has been standardized but not normed
measures what it is supposed to measure
96
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
halo effect in aggression
basis for performing pro-social behavior
assumption others will take responsibility
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
97
The superego is Freud's term for...
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the moral component of personality
the conscious aspect of personality
98
Homeostasis is a state of...
physiological stability
physiological instability
psychological instability
psychological stability
99
A perceptual set implies that...
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
people often see what they expect to see
100
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
unrealistic demands from family/friends
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
101
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
sensory
intermediate-term
short-term
long-term
102
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is:
deindividuation
conformity
group polarization
social loafing
103
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input an organism can detect is called the...
subliminal threshold
sensory memory
absolute threshold
just noticeable difference
104
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
fill-feed
car-nose
boat-goat
tree-bird
105
Which of the following is NOT one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
logical-mathemathical
spatial
mechanical
musical
106
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
creativity
insight
intelligence
reasoning
107
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
cultural direction
schematizing
cognitive structuring
stereotypes
108
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
behavioral
humanistic
cognitive
psychoanalytic
109
The school of psychology associated with understanding the PURPOSE of behavior is...
functionalism
behaviorism
neodynamism
psychoanalysis
110
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
correlation coefficients
means
percentiles
standard deviation
111
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
action potentials
neurotransmitters
antagonists
agonists
112
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of...
a phobia
an obsession
a compulsion
a delusion
113
A sickly kid who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called:
displacement
fixation
regression
compensation
114
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
Conventional (conformity/authority/social order)
Concrete operational
Pre-conventional (obedience/punishment/self-interest)
Post-conventional (social contract/universal principles)
115
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
smell buds
gustatory bulbs
olfactory cilia (hairs)
sciatic receptors
116
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a...
set
chunk
schema
semantic network
117
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
relearning
recognition
reiteration
recall
118
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 1
stage 2
REM
stage 4
119
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
cognitive dissonance
groupthink
conformity
obedience
120
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
endocrine system
reticular formation
limbic system
leftbrain/right brain communication
121
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
color
saturation
light purity
brightness
122
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
representativeness
consistency
predictability
accuracy of inference
123
According to the medical model...
ALL mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
ALL mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
ALL physical illnesses have a psychological component
124
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are:
parental investments
investment differentiations
display rules
social scripts
125
What is cognitive dissonance?
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
126
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
an external attribution
a distinctive attribution
a situational attribution
an internal attribution
127
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
censoring dissent from group members
128
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to:
crowded living conditions
poor police protection
the personal qualities of the residents
job discrimination experienced by the residents
129
Severing the reticular formation (also called the reticular activating system) causes people to
remain in continuous sleep
remain in continuous wakefulness
become fearful/cautious
become aggressive
130
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
hold information for a lifetime
put information into long-term memory
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
131
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
sensory memories
non-declarative memories
episodic memories
flashbulb memories
132
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
complete retrieval failure
complete storage failure
partial retrieval
partial storage
133
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
drive theory
incentive theory
evolutionary theory
instinct theory
134
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
thought is to perception
feeling is to thinking
behavior is to motive
attitude is to action
135
___ tests measure general mental ability while ___ tests measure various aspects of people.
Personality; standardized
Standardized; intelligence
Intelligence; personality
Intelligence; standardized
136
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
spontaneous recovery
stimulus generalization
stimulus discrimination
conditioned emotional reactions
137
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
resistance to pain
reduction of inhibitions
hallucinations
total loss of personal control
138
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called:
unconditioning
spontaneous remission
extinction
conditioned forgetting
139
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
group differences in basic intelligence
genetic influences on IQ
changes in testing procedures
a variety of environmental factors
140
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
change
pressure
frustration
conflict
141
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
happiness
surprise
fear
sadness
142
A man thinks pitbulls are vicious. He hears of a dog attack and assumes a pitbull was involved.
This demonstrates a self-serving bias.
This demonstrates a heuristic observation
This demonstrates an illusory correlation.
This demonstrates a contravened stereotype.
143
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs...
before autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
144
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Wernicke's area
Sperry's area
Broca's area
Cannon's area
145
If a test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, the test must have...
test norms
test scales
test levels
test scores
146
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
dyadic encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
the semantic level of encoding
attention encoding
147
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
avoidance learning
positive reinforcement
an unconditioned response
escape learning
148
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence uses which of the following to help determine IQ?
a percentile score
mental age
artistic abilities
a potential score
149
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
median
midpoint
mean
mode
150
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
encephalitis
the cephalocaudal trend
the cephalopedal trend
the proximodistal trend

AP Psychology - AP Exam Review I Flashcards | StudBud