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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
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Questions
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1
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
formal operations
development of secondary sex characteristics
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
post-conventional moral reasoning
2
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
conflict
frustration
change
pressure
3
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
endocrine system
limbic system
reticular formation
leftbrain/right brain communication
4
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
the internal state causes the facial expression
5
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
stereotypes
cognitive structuring
schematizing
cultural direction
6
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
reticular formation
cerebellum
limbic system
brainstem
7
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
group differences in basic intelligence
a variety of environmental factors
changes in testing procedures
genetic influences on IQ
8
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
irrational thoughts
the conscious
the unconscious
maladaptive behaviors
9
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an achievement test
a personality test
an aptitude test
an intelligence test
10
An antagonist...
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
extends the absolute refractory period
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
11
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
job discrimination experienced by the residents
poor police protection
the personal qualities of the residents
crowded living conditions
12
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
transduction incapacity
the relative threshold period
the absolute refractory period
transduction capacity
13
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
i wanted a cookie
I eated a cookie
give cookie
cookie
14
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
temperament
behavioral quality
personality
attachment
15
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
availability heuristic
conjunction heuristic
representativeness heuristic
law of small numbers
16
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
fill-feed
tree-bird
car-nose
boat-goat
17
The function of sensory memory is to...
put information into long-term memory
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
hold information for a lifetime
18
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
censoring dissent from group members
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
19
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
high in neuroticism
low in extraversion
low in openness
high in agreeableness
20
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
egocentrism
reversibility
conservation
centration
21
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
procedural
crystallized
episodic
fluid
22
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
salivation
light
food/meat powder
tone
23
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a narcotic
a sedative
a hallucinogen
an amphetamine
24
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
anxiety
schizophrenic
mood
personality
25
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
color
saturation
brightness
light purity
26
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
humanistic
psychoanalytic
behavioral
cognitive
27
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
activation-synthesis theory
wish fulfillment theory
problem-solving theory
None of the Above
28
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
intermediate-term
sensory
long-term
short-term
29
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
display rules
the law of cognitive dissonance
the reciprocity norm
the principle of collectivism
30
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
prenatals
pathogens
opiates
teratogens
31
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
state-dependent learning
observational learning
32
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
partial retrieval
partial storage
complete retrieval failure
complete storage failure
33
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
consciousness
perception
hypnosis
sensation
34
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
manipulative behavior
aggressiveness
excessive guilt
social charm
35
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
systematic desensitization
aversion therapy
psychotherapy
avoidance therapy
36
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
pseudoforgetting
retroactive interference
retrograde amnesia
anterograde amnesia
37
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
logical reasoning
physical interaction
abstract operations
systematic hypothesis testing
38
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
panic disorder
bipolar disorder
fugue
conversion disorder
39
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
become aggressive
remain in continuous wakefulness
remain in continuous sleep
become fearful/cautious
40
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
genital
anal
oral
latency
41
Framing refers to...
presenting irrelevant information
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting only part of the information required
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
42
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
surprise
happiness
sadness
fear
43
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
magnetic resonance imaging
electrographic tomography
computerized tomography
positron emission tomography
44
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
predictability
accuracy of inference
representativeness
consistency
45
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
functionalism
attributionism
individualism
collectivism
46
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
endorphin
acetylcholine
serotonin
dopamine
47
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
chunk
script
semantic network
schema
48
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
escape learning
positive reinforcement
an unconditioned response
avoidance learning
49
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-interval schedule
variable-ratio schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
50
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he always gets in fights
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
he's just like his father
51
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
timbre
decibels
pitch
loudness
52
What is cognitive dissonance?
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
53
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
gonads
pituitary
thalamus
thyroid
54
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
longitundinal
sequential
cross-sectional
time of testing
55
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
prefrontal cortex
hypothalamus
occipital cortex
medulla
56
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
before autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
57
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
just noticeable difference
sensory memory
absolute threshold
subliminal threshold
58
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
mechanical
spatial
logical-mathemathical
musical
59
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
standard deviation
correlation coefficients
means
percentiles
60
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a compulsion
a phobia
an obsession
a delusion
61
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
feeding
the autonomic nervous system
memory
the endocrine system
62
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
loud noise
rat
rabbit
fear reaction
63
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
antagonists
neurotransmitters
action potentials
agonists
64
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
illusions
hallucinations
delusions
obsessions
65
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
autonomic nerves
efferent nerves
afferent nerves
sympathetic nerves
66
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
postconventional
conventional
preconventional
concrete
67
What is somnambulism?
sleep-walking
sleep-talking
difficulty remaining asleep
difficulty breathing when asleep
68
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
a situational attribution
an internal attribution
an external attribution
a distinctive attribution
69
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
spontaneous remission
unconditioning
extinction
conditioned forgetting
70
Homeostasis is a state of...
psychological stability
psychological instability
physiological stability
physiological instability
71
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an approach-approach conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
72
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
neurogenic amnesia
repression
avoidance
suppression
73
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
cognition
intelligence
mentalism
introspection
74
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
semantic slanting
overextension
fast-mapping
metalinguistic awareness
75
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
physiological recordings
psychological tests
questionnaires
direct observation
76
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
morphemic
mnemonic
phonemic
platonic
77
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
observational learning
classical conditioning
superstitious behavior
positive reinforcement
78
According to the medical model...
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
79
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
constancy
symmetry
closure
similiarity
80
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
step-wise conditioning
stimulus discrimination
shaping
selection
81
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
sedatives
cannabis
alcohol
narcotics
82
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
evolutionary theory
incentive theory
instinct theory
drive theory
83
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a just noticeable difference
subliminal perception
a superimposed stimulus
a false alarm
84
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
insight
creativity
reasoning
intelligence
85
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
use the elimination by aspects strategy
are using the representativeness heuristic
use a holistic decision model
are using the availability heuristic
86
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
temporal lobe
oval window
cochlea
stirrup
87
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
id mechanisms
coping mechanisms
defense mechanisms
offense mechanisms
88
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
lens
vitreous humor
iris
cornea
89
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 1
stage 2
stage 4
REM
90
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the conjunction fallacy
the gambler's fallacy
the confirmation bias
overestimating the improbable
91
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
gustatory bulbs
olfactory cilia
smell buds
sciatic receptors
92
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
bipolar disorder
anxiety disorders
schizophrenia
marital problems
93
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
unrealistic demands from family/friends
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
94
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
feeling is to thinking
thought is to perception
behavior is to motive
attitude is to action
95
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a contravened stereotype
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a self-serving attribution
a heuristic observation
96
A valid test is one that...
is consistent
measures what it is supposed to measure
is reliable
has been standardized but not normed
97
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
mean
median
midpoint
mode
98
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender differences
gender stereotypes
gender behaviors
gender roles
99
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
episodic memories
sensory memories
flashbulb memories
non-declarative memories
100
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
recall
recognition
reiteration
relearning
101
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
thalamus
spinal cord
cortex
location of injury
102
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
fixation
regression
compensation
displacement
103
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-up processing
lateral processing
top-down processing
bottom-to-top processing
104
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the triarchic level of encoding
dyadic encoding
attention encoding
the semantic level of encoding
105
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
obedience
cognitive dissonance
groupthink
conformity
106
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
initiative vs. guilt
industry vs. inferiority
trust vs. mistrust
107
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
social scripts
investment differentiations
parental investments
display rules
108
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
criterion-related validity
content validity
predictive validity
standardized validity
109
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
secure-avoidant
shared inhibition
attachment probing
strange situation
110
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
conditioned emotional reactions
stimulus generalization
stimulus discrimination
spontaneous recovery
111
The superego is Freud's term for...
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the conscious aspect of personality
the moral component of personality
the mediating agent between the id and ego
112
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
delta
alpha
gamma
beta
113
Negative reinforcement involves...
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
114
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
mescaline
marijuana
heroin
cocaine
115
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
cyclical
bipolar
dissociative
unipolar
116
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
phonemes
morphemes
linguistic heuristics
syntax
117
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
conscious experience
behavior
the unconscious
the brain
118
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
self-serving bias
prejudices
stereotypes
attributions
119
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
corpus callosum
hypothalamus
medulla
cerebral cortex
120
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
mental age
a percentile score
a potential score
IQ
121
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
122
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
group polarization
conformity
social loafing
deindividuation
123
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
tie shoe laces
sing a song
fear the dark
print letters
124
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
perception
sensation
processing
attention
125
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
personality; standardized
intelligence; standardized
intelligence; personality
standardized; intelligence
126
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
hallucinations
total loss of personal control
resistance to pain
reduction of inhibitions
127
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
halo effect in aggression
basis for performing pro-social behavior
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
128
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
seeing a flash of light
moving a part of his body
smelling an odor
hearing a sound
129
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test levels
test scales
test norms
test scores
130
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
amount of time awake
cultural practices
exposure to light
amount of time alseep
131
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
narcolepsy
sleep apnea
pseudoinsomnia
insomnia
132
A perceptual set implies that...
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
people often see what they expect to see
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
133
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
operant conditioning
insight learning
classical conditioning
latent learning
134
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
operant conditioning
observational learning
classical conditioning
reinforcement
135
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
thyroid gland
pancreas
pituitary gland
sebaceous gland
136
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the control group
the observational group
the correlational group
the experimental group
137
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a projective test
a behavior rating
a deceptive test
a self-report inventory
138
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
William James
Wilhelm Wundt
G. Stanley Hall
Rene Decartes
139
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
parietal lobe
corpus callosum
thalamus
pineal gland
140
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
absolute
content
construct
criterion-related
141
Anhedonia is when a person...
has trouble getting along with people
experiences mild manic states
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
has two different psychological disorders
142
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
psychoanalysis
functionalism
neodynamism
behaviorism
143
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a social psychologist
a developmental psychologist
a forensic psychologist
a clinical psychologist
144
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
ESB
stereotaxic inversion
lesioning
tumor ligation
145
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
classical conditioning
observational learning
punishment
operant conditioning
146
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Broca's area
Sperry's area
Wernicke's area
Cannon's area
147
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
a headache
not been dreaming
not really been asleep
been dreaming
148
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
modeled
encoded
ablated
retrieved
149
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
encephalitis
the proximodistal trend
the cephalocaudal trend
the cephalopedal trend
150
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
were put into a simulated prison
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
