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Cognitive Psychology - Alternative MCQs Pt. 3 Flashcards | StudBud
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Cognitive Psychology - Alternative MCQs Pt. 3
Cognitive Psychology - Alternative MCQs Pt. 3
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Language and Language Processing through the Psychology of Choice
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1
What is the primary principle of compositionality?
Meaning is entirely independent of word structure
Meaning is determined solely by phonetics
Compositionality applies only to spoken language
The combination of meanings parallels the combination of parts in structure
2
What is the primary difference between deduction and induction?
Deduction is used in science, while induction is used in everyday reasoning
Deduction -> specific inferences; induction -> general inferences
Deduction is a form of logical reasoning, induction is based on intuition
Deduction -> general inferences; induction -> specific inferences
3
What factors can affect word processing?
Syntax and semantics
Grammar and punctuation
Word length, frequency, spelling regularity, and homophones
Phonology and morphology
4
What is the role of formal logic in the structural view of deduction?
To provide a statistical framework for inference
To highlight the natural deduction process in problem-solving
To emphasize the importance of pragmatic reasoning schemas
To determine the validity of an argument based on syntactic structure
5
How do sign languages use finger spelling?
Finger spelling is used for written communication in sign languages
Finger spelling has no relevance to sign languages
An interface between sign languages and spoken language
Sign languages use finger spelling to create new words
6
What distinguishes speech sounds from other types of sounds?
Speech sounds are meaningless
Speech sounds have meanings
Speech sounds are studied by linguistics.
Speech sounds are units of language used in spoken communication.
7
What is the role of compositionality in language?
Meaning depends on meanings of words and their arrangement
Compositionality is a principle in phonology
Compositionality is unrelated to the meaning of words
Compositionality only applies to written language
8
How is spoken language comprehension constrained?
By the speaker's delivery
By the speaker's knowledge
By the listener's background
By the listener's linguistic competence
9
What is the mental lexicon?
The storage of word meaning in memory
The process of word recognition in the brain
The grammatical rules governing word usage
The storage of word frequency in memory
10
What is the Wason Selection Task, and what does it assess?
It assesses the ability to select cards to test the truth of a given rule.
It assesses the ability to solve complex mathematical problems.
It assesses the ability to draw conclusions based on syntactic structure.
It assesses pragmatic reasoning schemas.
11
What is the purpose of the Wason Selection Task in understanding heuristics and biases?
Assess anchoring effectiveness
Investigate heuristics in probabilistic reasoning
Examine framing effect on choices
Measure accurate information memorization
12
What does the state space represent in problem-solving?
The physical space where a problem occurs
The mental representation of a problem, including initial and goal states
The time frame within which a problem must be solved
The range of possible solutions to a problem
13
How does written language relate to spoken language?
No rules for letter-sound correspondence
Uses letters corresponding to morphemes
Entirely unrelated to spoken language
Has its own phonemes
14
How does the size of the state space relate to problem difficulty?
The larger the state space, the easier the problem
State space has no correlation
The larger the state space, the harder the problem
The smaller the state space, the harder the problem
15
What are morphemes in the context of language?
Morphemes are the smallest meaningful units in language
Morphemes are only present in spoken language
Morphemes are meaningless sounds in language
Morphemes are the smallest units of sound
16
According to the structural view, what determines the validity of an argument?
The use of syntactic structure (form)
The knowledge factors involved
The cognitive load during reasoning
The statistical probability of conclusions
17
What does psycholinguistics focus on?
Language use, including comprehension and production
Syntax and grammar
Word morphology
Language production only
18
How does the task environment influence problem-solving?
The task environment determines the solution
It has no impact
The task environment affects how the problem is presented
The task environment determines the size of the state space
19
What is the Towers of Hanoi used to illustrate?
Concept of state space
Depth-first problem decomposition
Means-ends analysis
Bounded rationality
20
How does Johnson-Laird (1983) describe the process of drawing inferences in problem-solving?
Drawn by searching mental representations for possibilities with counter
Drawn by applying a deterministic process with no reliance on mental models
Drawn by applying rules of logic to derive multiple valid conclusions
Drawn by mental representations for possibilities that have no counter
21
What are the four tasks related to proof mentioned in the lecture overview?
Generalization, categorization, synthesis, and analysis
Deduction, induction, abduction, and reduction
Abstraction, representation, transformation, and integration
Explanation, diagnosis, prediction, and imagination
22
How does analogy contribute to enhancing insight?
Irrelevant to problem-solving
Involves transfer from example to new problems
Only applies to visual insight
Analogy rarely occurs spontaneously
23
What are the three stages of language processing?
Syntax, semantics, and pragmatics
Comprehension, production, and analysis
Words, sentence structure, and meaning
Linguistic competence, linguistic performance, and morphological processing
24
What distinguishes normative models of decision-making from descriptive accounts?
Normative -> how decisions are made; descriptive -> optimal decisions
Normative -> optimal decisions; descriptive -> how decisions are made
Normative models and descriptive accounts are synonymous terms
Normative -> normal decisions; descriptive -> describe decisions
25
What role does representational change theory play in understanding insight?
Emphasizes conscious control over thinking
Argues that what you know makes the problem hard
Suggests knowledge factors contribute to problem difficulty
Focuses on the difficulty of a problem
26
What are the different orders of problem decomposition mentioned?
Complexity, creativity, and novelty
Hierarchical, sequential, and parallel
Breadth-first, depth-first, and opportunistic
Breadth-first, depth-first, and criticality
27
What is the Chernobyl deduction example used to illustrate?
A successful deduction process
The importance of induction
The impact of fixation on proof
A failed deduction process
28
What is the primary concept associated with rational decision-making in normative models?
Loss Aversion
Probability Weighting
Expected Value
Anchoring
29
What is abduction in the context of inference?
Selecting the best available explanation
Deriving conclusions from existing knowledge
Drawing general inferences based on intuition
Drawing specific inferences based on logic
30
What is alignment in dialogue?
The process of aligning words with their syntactic structures
The alignment of spoken language with sign language
The tendency for speakers to align their linguistic output in dialogue
The synchronization of speech and writing
31
What are the two types of decision-making?
Rational & irrational
Predilection and rational decision-making
Diagnostic hypothesis testing and predilection
Diagnostic hypothesis testing and prediction
32
How is problem decomposition related to the complexity of a problem?
The complexity is constrained by problem decomposition
Problem decomposition simplifies all types
Problem decomposition is not constrained
Problem decomposition is constrained by complexity of a problem
33
How are comprehension and production intertwined in everyday dialogue?
Comprehension involves writing, and production involves reading
Both comprehension and production are separate in everyday dialogue
Comprehension involves speaking, and production involves listening
Comprehension and production occur simultaneously during everyday dialogue
34
According to the satisfactory progress theory, what makes a problem hard?
Conscious control exerted by the solver
Knowledge factors involved in the problem
Specific actions taken by the solver
Depth of incubation during problem-solving
35
What does the pseudodiagnosticity phenomenon involve in decision-making?
More information -> most diagnostic choice
The preference for familiar choices over novel ones
The tendency to avoid decisions due to uncertainty
The reliance on irrational decision-making processes
36
According to Prospect Theory, what term describes the tendency to avoid losses more than acquiring equivalent gains?
Anchoring
Loss Aversion
Probability Weighting
Framing effect
37
How does linguistics contribute to understanding of language?
Studies complex arrangements and structures of language
Irrelevant to language learning
Focuses on spoken language
Explores internal word structure only
38
What is the phenomenon called when a person is unable to see a problem from a new perspective due to pre-existing ideas?
Incubation
Fixation
Impasse
Gestalt
39
What term is used to describe the sudden realization of solution to a problem, often accompanied by an "Aha"?
Impasse
Fixation
Insight
Incubation
40
What are the three factors mentioned in the process of deduction as logical reasoning?
Structure, semantics, and statistics
Form, function, and frequency
Assumption, types of inferences, and evidence
Consciousness, determinism, and modularity
41
Remote Associates Tasks (RATs), developed by J.P. Guilford, tests a person's connections between
Images
Words
Concepts
Numbers
42
What is linguistic competence concerned with?
Syntactic processing
Knowledge of language structures
Comprehension and production
Word recognition
43
In the experiment by Tversky and Kahneman (1983), what is the term for when people choose a more specific outcome?
Conjunction fallacy
Sunk cost fallacy
Anchoring effect
Availability heuristic
44
What does 'bounded rationality' mean in problem-solving?
Rationality is unlimited
No rational constraints
Rationality is limited by cognitive constraints
Rationality is bounded only by problem constraints
45
What is the primary focus of stylistics in language?
Explores universal principles
Considers only literal meanings
Unrelated to literary criticism
Stylistics studies forms of language and its link to literary criticism
46
What factors are considered in the multiple factor theory of insight proposed by Kershaw & Ohlsson (2004)?
Perceptual factors (Gestalt), knowledge factors, and search factors
Linguistic factors, memory factors, and spatial factors
Cognitive factors, sensory factors, and motor factors
Motivational factors, emotional factors, and social factors
47
What is the role of working memory in problem-solving?
Working memory is a constraint on planning steps
Working memory determines the size of the state space
Working memory stores long-term knowledge
Working memory is irrelevant to problem-solving
48
How does Chomsky distinguish between linguistic competence and linguistic performance?
Competence refers to structure knowledge, and performance refers to use
Competence and performance are unrelated in Chomsky's framework
Both competence and performance are terms used interchangeably
Competence refers to use, and performance refers to structure knowledge
49
According to Cheng & Holyoak (1985), what is the role of pragmatic reasoning schemas in the Wason Selection Task?
They have no impact on task performance.
They are irrelevant to problem-solving.
They facilitate the application of syntactic rules.
They hinder the correct selection of cards.
50
What is incubation and how does it impact problem-solving?
Prolonged period of inactivity during problem-solving
Facilitates problem-solving, especially with high cognitive loads
Unrelated to problem-solving
Focused attention on a problem without any breaks
51
How do Gestalt accounts explain insight?
Highlighting the role of perceptual 'whole' and to extend perspectives
Promoting conscious control over thinking
Focusing on the deterministic nature of thought
Breaking problems into smaller components
52
What is fixation in problem-solving?
The inability to solve a problem due to preconceived ideas
Ability to focus on a problem without distraction
Gaining insight on a problem through contemplation
Generating creative solutions to problems
53
Which heuristic involves selecting an operator to reduce distance between initial and goal states?
Trial and error
Anchoring
Means-ends analysis
Hill-climbing
54
What are the key components of a problem?
Initial state, goal state, operators, constraints, and additional rules
Task environment, state space, and information processing system
Constraints, breadth-first, depth-first, and opportunistic
Initiators, goals, conditions, and operators
55
How did the study by Stewart (2009) demonstrate the anchoring effect in decision-making?
Preference for the status quo
Choosing specific outcomes preference
Deciding without prior information
Influence with minimum payment amount
56
How does morphology contribute to the study of language?
Concerned with meanings in sign languages
Focuses on sound patterns
Explores universal principles
Studies internal structure
57
What is syntactic processing or parsing in language comprehension?
The identification of individual phonemes in words
The process of working out sentence structure
The use of punctuation in sentence structure
Organizing identified words based on their meanings
58
What does the concept of anchoring refer to in decision-making?
Relying on first encountered information
Impact of probability weighting
Avoiding making decisions altogether
Influence of loss aversion
59
According to Nisbett and Wilson's study (1977), what do verbal reports on mental processes often go beyond?
People are aware of the mental processes involved in decision-making
Verbal reports often go beyond individuals' actual knowledge and awareness
Verbal reports provide insights into unconscious mental processes
Verbal reports accurately reflect the decision-making process
60
What did the review by Sio and Ormerod (2009) reveal about the effects of incubation and sleep on problem-solving?
Sleep helps solving easy problems only
Incubation always hinders problem-solving.
Incubation helps solving easy problems, and sleep helps difficult problems
Incubation helps solving difficult problems
