In the carbon cycle, carbon can be found in:

All of these choices are correct

Which of the following best illustrates the process of evolution?

A population of mosquitoes develops resistance to a pesticide

I = P x A x T model can be used to calculate which of the following?

human impact on the environment

Which of the following series is organized according to the levels of organization used by ecologists?

population -> community -> ecosystem

Competition occurs when:

two or more species attempt to use an essential common resource.

Which of the following organizational hierarchies is correctly listed from smallest to largest unit?

population → community → ecosystem → biome

What are the three kinds of symbiosis?

mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism

Today virtually all environmental scientists have rejected the dilution paradigm in favor of:

boomerang paradigm: what you throw away can come back and hurt you

flows in only one direction through an ecosystem.

Predation can be defined as:

one organism consuming another organism, which may be a plant or animal.

is composed of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen.

All of these choices are correct

Environmental Impact Statements:

must be made available to the public.

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Review - FINAL LECTURE EXAM

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1
3 leading causes of death in the U.S. today are cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and
cancer.
pneumonia.
diarrhea.
2
What element is most abundant in the atmosphere?
Carbon Dioxide
Helium
Oxygen
Nitrogen
3
In the carbon cycle, carbon can be found in:
Biocarbonate and sugar
Carbon dioxide and coal
The atmosphere
All of these choices are correct
4
Which of the following best illustrates the process of evolution?
A bear goes into hibernation
A population of mosquitoes develops resistance to a pesticide
A plant loses its leaves in a drought
A lizard’s color becomes brown as it sits on a log
5
Nonpotable water that has already been used once, but is reused for toilets or car washing is called:
---
household water.
reclaimed water.
gray water.
6
I = P x A x T model can be used to calculate which of the following?
human impact on the environment
industrialization
Urbanization
people overpopulation
7
The biotic portion of our environment includes a variety of components including the following, except:
Forests
Bald eagles
Diamonds
Northern Spotted Owls
8
Which of the following series is organized according to the levels of organization used by ecologists?
population -> community -> ecosystem
---
species -> ecosystem -> population
---
9
Which of the following organisms are producers in hydrothermal vent communities?
bacteria
moss
fungi
algae
10
Resources that are replaced over a relatively short period of time, anywhere from days to decades, are known as:
Minerals, coal, oil and natural gas
Renewable resources
Fossil Fuel Resources
Non-renewable resources
11
Competition occurs when:
two species in different habitats have similar niches.
two or more species have an ecological relationship.
two or more species attempt to use an essential common resource.
one organism, the predator, attempts to consume another , the prey.
12
An organism's role, or lifestyle, within the structure of an ecosystem is its:
trophic level.
symbiotic relationship.
ecological niche.
habitat.
13
Which term defines competition between species?
competitive exclusion
interspecific competition
intraspecific competition
predation
14
What is the transitional zone where two or more communities meet?
edge effect
keystone habitat
ecotone
resource partition
15
Is Coastal Development a human impact on the ocean?
False
True
16
Which of the following organizational hierarchies is correctly listed from smallest to largest unit?
community → population → ecosystem → biome
biome → community → population → ecosystem
ecosystem → population → community → biome
population → community → ecosystem → biome
17
One way to make agricultural water more sustainable is through:
“use it or lose it” water allotments for farmers.
water diversion.
---
microirrigation.
18
Which of the following is an example of a closed system?
Earth
None of these choices
ocean
hydrothermal vent
19
Entropy is a measure of:
the disorder in a system.
--
--
the amount of energy in a system.
20
What are the three kinds of symbiosis?
competition, predation, and coevolution
epiphytes, prokaryotes, and eukaryotes
mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism
warning colors, mutualism, and cannibalism
21
Sediment pollution is caused by:
erosion.
disease-causing agents.
fertilizers.
----
22
Stratospheric ozone is important because it:
Is what we breathe
Absorbs UV radiation
Powers the weather cycle
Is an industrial pollutant
23
Which of the following is NOT a renewable resource?
Fish
Minerals and oil
Trees
Fresh water
24
Today virtually all environmental scientists have rejected the dilution paradigm in favor of:
boomerang paradigm: what you throw away can come back and hurt you
---
---
“now you see it, now you don’t” paradigm: what you throw away, stays away
25
What is the lithosphere?
The crust and upper mantle
A component of the hydrosphere
Crust of the Earth
Part of the atmosphere
26
Is Nonpoint Source Pollution a human impact on the ocean?
True
False
27
Founder of the Sierra Club, naturalist, and force behind the establishment of Yosemite and Sequoia national parks:
Aldo Leopold
John Muir
Theodore Roosevelt
28
Which of the following is not a biome?
mangrove forest
desert
boreal forest
savanna
29
The upper limit of an unconfined underground reservoir of water is termed the:
aquifer.
water table.
watershed.
---
30
Energy:
--
recycles continuously through an ecosystem.
--
flows in only one direction through an ecosystem.
31
Which of the following would not be found exclusively in the benthic environment?
nekton
oysters, clams, and barnacles
kelp forests
coral reefs
32
Free-floating aquatic organisms are known as:
plankton.
nekton.
pelagic inhabitants.
benthos.
33
1. The continuous use of a resources without depletion is referred to as ________________.
Stewardship
IPAT model
Environmental degradation
34
The Coriolis effect is due to:
the Earth's orbit.
seasonal changes in the levels of solar radiation at a given location.
the Earth's rotation.
The density of the oceans.
35
Predation can be defined as:
two or more individuals attempting to use an essential common resource
organisms living together.
a relationship that only exerts selective (evolutionary) force on the prey.
one organism consuming another organism, which may be a plant or animal.
36
Water:
is composed only of hydrogen atoms.
is composed only of oxygen atoms.
is composed of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen.
---
37
The theory of evolution by natural selection was proposed in The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859)
Rachel Carson
Charles Darwin
Ponce de Leon
Aristotle
38
All the following are components of the hydrosphere except:
tropical rainstorms.
soil.
sea ice.
soil.
39
In 2011, the global human population passed __________ billion.
7
4
9
5
40
Which of the following is the chemical formula for ozone?
O
O2
NO3
O3
41
Which of the following is an abiotic factor of the environment?
---
Bedrock such as Granite
---
producers
42
Approximately ___of the Earth’s water is freshwater that can be readily used by humans and other terrestrial organisms
2.5%
0.1%
---
10%
43
Coral reefs:
are the most diverse of all marine environments.
are found in shallow, nutrient poor, tropical waters.
All of these choices are correct
protect coastlines from erosion.
44
Environmental Impact Statements:
must be made available to the public.
only need to project impact out to two years following the completion of th
only address potential impact on endangered or threatened species
are not required for any state-funded projects.
45
Saltwater intrusion can occur in coastal areas due to:
----
excessive groundwater pumping.
larger or more frequent hurricanes.
sinkhole formation.
46
The most fundamental attribute that distinguishes aquatic habitats is:
biomes
salinity
estuaries
sunlight
47
Which of the following biomes has the highest biodiversity?
temperate deciduous forest
savanna
tropical desert
tropical rain forest
48
The two main human sources of primary air pollutants are:
agriculture and residential sources.
incineration and transportation.
industry and transportation.
49
Humans exhibit:
Type II survivorship
Type III survivorship
Type IV survivorship
Type I survivorship
50
American Dust Bowl was due to a misperception in soil sciences and a prolonged drought
True
False
51
A person’s _______________________________ is the amount of fresh water, ocean, land, etc. required to live their
Environmental science
Environmental degradation
Ecological footprint
Sustainable yield
52
The deepest zone in a large lake, below where the sunlight penetrates, is the:
limnetic zone.
profundal zone.
littoral zone.
benthic zone.
53
"The Tragedy of the Commons" refers to:
An economic theory promoting private ownership of lands and resourc
An environmental theory promoting public ownership of lands and res
Environmental problems generated by farming practices.
The conflict between individual interest and management of shared resources
54
Examples of non-sustainable human activities or behaviors include:
attempts to limit human population growth
recycling
using technology to improve car mileage
use of nonrenewable resources as if they were present in unlimited
55
A carcinogen is a
---
vehicle that requires no gasoline to operate.
cancer-causing chemical, radiation, or virus.
type of microorganism associated with human sewage.
56
Emerging diseases are
hidden diseases that are finally being detected through technology.
--
non-infectious diseases that have transformed into infectious diseases.
not previously found in humans. Typically jump from an animal host to human
57
Ability to meet humanity’s current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs
----
sustainability
environmental science
-----
58
Poverty is associated with all of the following EXCEPT:
low life expectancy
balanced nutrition
inadequate access to health services
unsafe drinking water
59
Which of the following surfaces has the highest albedo?
Buildings
Forests
Glaciers
The ocean
60
The most abundant gas in the Earth’s atmosphere is:
nitrogen.
carbon dioxide.
oxygen.
argon.
61
Chemosynthesis supports which of the following ecosystems?
Desert
Estuary
Forest
Hydrothermal vent
62
The interdependent evolution of two interacting species is known as:
mutualism.
coevolution.
natural selection.
ecology.
63
Cyclones, hurricanes and typhoons are distinguished from one another by:
speed
location
size
direction of spin
64
The relationship exemplified by bees consuming nectar and carrying pollen from one flower to another is known as:
Predation
Parasitism
Mutualism
Commensalism
65
El Niño—Southern Oscillation events:
reach coastal areas of Peru around mid-summer.
alter both ocean and atmospheric circulation patterns.
occur once or twice every century.
---
66
The greatest use of fresh water is for:
irrigation.
---
small businesses.
mining.
67
Paints and cleaning products can release _____ that contribute to smog production.
---
ozone
lead
volatile organic compounds
68
A secondary consumer would eat:
bacteria.
tertiary consumers.
herbivores.
fungi.
69
Most freshwater is present in the form of:
---
atmospheric water vapor.
groundwater.
ice caps and glaciers.
70
The most fundamental attribute that distinguishes aquatic habitats is:
sunlight
biomes
salinity
estuaries
71
____________________ is the study of relationships and interactions among organisms and their environment:
Ecology
Biology
Geology
Environmental Science
72
Tropic level with LEAST BIOMASS?Grass, is eaten by grasshoppers, which are eaten by toads, which are eaten by snakes
snakes
toads
grasshoppers
grass
73
The chemical energy stored in a plant is an example of:
nuclear energy.
potential energy.
solar energy.
kinetic energy.
74
Whose work heightened public awareness and concern about the use of pesticides and led to restrictions of pesticides?
---
---
John Muir
Rachel Carson
75
A warmer atmosphere is likely to cause:
increased melting of glaciers and ice caps
changes in precipitation patterns
all of these
increased melting of glaciers and ice caps and changes in precipitation pat
76
The First Law of Thermodynamics states that:
the organization of the universe is steadily increasing.
energy cannot be created or destroyed.
energy can be created or destroyed by physical processes.
entropy always increases.
77
Removing too much fresh water from a river or lake can:
---
have little effect on associated wetland areas.
result in increasing salinity
---
78
The difference between primary and secondary air pollutants is that primary air pollutants:
only affect plants, while secondary pollutants affect plants and animals.
are not harmful to humans, but secondary air pollutants may be toxic
enter the atmosphere directly/secondary form from other substances
---
79
The ocean conveyor belt affects:
The nitrogen cycle
The greenhouse effect
Regional and possibly global climate
Albedo
80
Pollutants that interfere with the normal functioning of hormones are called:
--
radioisotopes.
synergists.
endocrine disrupters.
81
Examples of Kinetic Energy include river water flowing, or the wind blowing
True
False
82
Industrial smog didn’t cause any death in London.
True
False
83
Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas.
False
True
84
The movement of individuals out of a population is:
dispersal.
natural increase.
emigration.
immigration.
85
Which of the following accurately represents a sequential portion of the nitrogen cycle?
___
dead organic material → ammonification → nitrification → plants
N2 in the atmosphere → nitrification→ plants
N2 in the atmosphere → ammonification → nitrification → plants
86
The pathway by which carbon is transferred from living organisms to the atmosphere is called:
Cellular respiration
Burning fossil fuels
Photosynthesis
Evaporation
87
The crust of our planet that is made of rock and soil is known as the:
hydrosphere.
ecosphere.
biosphere.
lithosphere.
88
Stewardship is the shared responsibility for the planet
True
False
89
The primary reason we have seasons is because of the:
Density of the Earth’s atmosphere
Earth’s rotation
Earth’s tilt on its axis
Earth’s orbit
90
The stratospheric chemical that prevents much of the solar ultraviolet radiation from penetrating to Earth's surface is:
ozone.
particulate matter.
water vapor.
carbon dioxide.
91
Which of the following represents an idea associated with environmental sustainability?
We are using fossil fuels as if they were present in unlimited supply
The capacity of the environment to absorb toxins is unlimited
The Earth's resources are not present in infinite supply
The human population continues to grow
92
Which of the following is not an example of a fossil fuel?
Coal
Natural gas
Wood
Oil
93
Modern floods are highly destructive (property loss)
False
True
94
The build-up of pesticides in an organism's body is termed:
bioaccumulation.
biological magnification.
persistence.
---
95
Acute toxicity:
produces an effect within a short period of a single exposure.
produces an effect within a long period of a single exposure.
is only caused by synthetic chemicals.
is poorly understood by toxicologists.
96
Eutrophication is an Enrichment Problem
False
True
97
A dose that is represented as LD50 is a dose that
has an acceptable risk level of 50%.
kills half of the population of test animals.
is administered to 50% of the population.
---
98
The dominant herbivores in the Antarctic food web are
krill
---
---
baleen whales
99
In temperate lakes, falling temperatures in autumn may cause a mixing of the water layers called:
benthos.
thermal stratification.
turnover.
thermocline.
100
The movement of water from land to rivers, lakes, wetlands and ultimately, the ocean is called:
transpiration
precipitation
runoff
groundwater

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