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AP Psychology Exam Review part 1
AP Psychology Exam Review part 1
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1
Restarting your printer over and over but failing to notice it is out of paper demonstrates
divergent thinking
low experiential intelligence
a mental set
belief perseverance
2
A medication prescribed for major depression would most likely act on which neurotransmitter
acetylcholine
serotonin
adrenaline
dopamine
3
Erikson's initiative vs. guilt stage is most closely related to Freud's
phallic stage
latency period
oral stage
anal stage
4
Bandura's Bobo doll experiment evidenced the importance of __________ in social learning
modeling
latent learning
sublimation
mirror neurons
5
which structure is part of the inner ear
basilar membrane
tympanic membrane
malleus (hammer)
auditory canal
6
which of the following terms applies to IQ tests
triarchic
standardized
projective
achievement
7
psychogenic amnesia is an indication of which kind of psychological disorder
personality
dissociative
anixety
schizophrenic
8
the somatic nervous system is part of the
central nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
autonomic nervous system
peripheral nervous system
9
Ani believes she is capable of succeeding in nursing school. Her mindset is associated with
an extraverted personality
low self-esteem
high self-efficacy
a strong superego
10
Which of the following has been linked to a deficit of dopamine
major depressive disorder
Parkinson's disease
Alzheimer's disease
autism
11
our ability to perceive depth depends on what other perceptual abilities
vestibular and kinesthetic senses
top-down and bottom-up processing
binocular and monocular cues
proximity and similarity
12
A person who experiences flashbacks after a serious car accident is likely to be diagnosed with
panic disorder
dissociative identity disorder
bipolar disorder
post-traumatic stress disorder
13
Which is one of the key factors distinguishing major depressive disorder from sadness
specific changes in the brain
sadness is paired with heightened senses and mania
lasts longer than 2 weeks without an obvious cause
normal sadness is much less intense than depression
14
A test that identifies people with the potential to be great lawyers is an example of a(n)
aptitude test
EQ test
achievement test
IQ test
15
A doctor determining whether an accident caused structural damage to the brain would use
EEG
MRI
PET
rTMS
16
The fact that our ears are located on opposite sides of our head best helps us with
hearing high frequencies
sound localization
detecting absolute threshold
sensory adaptation
17
Research indicates that which factor most influences one's sexual orientation
traumatic childhood experiences
hormones released in the womb
masculine/feminine personality traits
parenting style
18
Which is most directly involved in the electrical aspect of neurotransmission
neurotransmiters
terminal button
myelin
synaptic cleft
19
The case study of Phineas Gage was significant because it was one of the the first examples of
treatment with drugs that alter neurotransmission
using a CAT scan to document the extent of the injury
treating a brain-damaged patient with psychotherapy
a specific brain area associated with emotional changes
20
what is the principle tool used in all forms of psychotherapy
talking to a patient
cognitive-behavioral interventions
biomedical interventions
secondary preventions
21
Knowledge of different categories of trees is an example of what type of long-term memory
procedural memory
episodic memory
eidetic memory
semantic memory
22
classical conditioning involves __________; operant conditioning involves __________
schedules; punishers
pairing stimuli; rewards and punishments
fixed intervals; variable ratios
learned responses; physiological reactions
23
Sherif's Robbers Cave study indicates that this principle best reduces tensions between groups
group polarization
diffusion of responsibility
superordinate goals
deindividuation
24
which kinds of personality theorists would make use of a projective test
psychoanalytic
trait
humanist
social-cognitive
25
seeing someone at the grocery store and remembering their name is an example of
retroactive memory
episodic memory
recall
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
26
According to Freud, what is the dominant factor in determining our personality traits
parenting styles
unconscious conflicts
genetics and nutrition
secondary drives and needs
27
Which of the therapies below is no longer used to treat patients
electro-convulsive shock therapy
free association
prefrontal lobotomy
gestalt therapy
28
Which theory explains how experiences from infancy through old age influence personality
Erikson's psychosocial stage theory
Harlow's contact comfort theory
Kohlberg's moral development theory
Piaget's cognitive development theory
29
Which of the following is found in Jung's model of the collective unconscious
archetypes
functional fixedness
repressed memories
inferiority complexes
30
Garcia and Koelling's research on aversions established which UCS/CS pairs as most powerful
movement and electrical shocks
nausea and food or drink
punishment and aversion
performing a task and receiving food
31
Which best describes how neurons communicate with one another
electrical signals between two myelin sheaths
chemical signals at the synaptic cleft
hormones jump from one axon to the next
physical contact between dendrites
32
What area of psychology focuses on subjective well-being, optimism, self-esteem, and happiness
health psychology
social psychology
positive psychology
psychometrics
33
When Susie went to prom with Dan, Max channeled his feelings of frustration into artwork
projection
displacement
reaction formation
sublimation
34
damage to the occipital region of the brain would most likely affect which sense
balance
sight
hearing
touch
35
an A+ grade in a class is which kind of reinforcer
primary
continuous
secondary
partial
36
what is the first step in any example of classical conditioning
pairing an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus
rewarding a conditioned response with a conditioned stimulus
reinforcing for a behavior similar to the desired behavior
following a response with a reinforcement or punishment
37
children who suffer brain damage can regain function more quickly than older patients due to
hemispheric lateralization
contralateral control
effective psychological environment
neuroplasticity
38
One group receives an ad for 99% fat free milk; the other for 1% fat milk. What being tested
confirmation bias
framing effects
inattentional blindness
representativeness heuristic
39
which structure in the eye is most responsible for color vision
cones
rods
cornea
optic nerve
40
Most people can taste 1g of salt in 1qt of water. Which concept is related to this statement
absolute threshold
frequency theory
difference threshold
sensory adaptation
41
A teacher ignoring her students' prior grades so her opinion of them is not influenced avoids
self-serving bias
self-fulfilling prophecy
fundamental attribution error
cognitive dissonance
42
Sigmund Freud made this perspective popular in Western Europe at the turn of the 20th century
evolutionary
behavioral
psychoanalytic
cognitive
43
James is interested in the processing strategies children use to learn new information. He is a
sociocultural psychologist
clinical psychologist
personality psychologist
cognitive psychologist
44
Vance's psychiatrist diagnoses him with bipolar disorder. Which medication would he prescribe
SSRIs
L-Dopa
lithium
benzodiazepines
45
According to Kohlberg, in order to reason at the postconventional level, people must
believe in God
have been exposed to good, moral role models
be able to take another person's perspective
resolve the integrity vs. despair conflict
46
learned helplessness is most likely to be directly related to
the Oedipus complex
unconditional positive regard
the self-serving bias
an external locus of control
47
Pat is laughing because she just won the lottery. Sal thinks she is a fun person. Sal's opinion
is influenced by the fundamental attribution error
is influenced by the self-serving bias
is influenced by the just world hypothesis
is influenced by the norm of reciprocity
48
If a distribution of scores includes outliers, which measure of central tendency should be used
standard deviation
median
mean
range
49
Of the following, children will most likely develop this skill first
cut with a knife
clap their hands
write with a pencil
say a sentence
50
Lana learns how to be goalie as her coach gradually rolls the ball faster at parts the goal
law of effect
behavior shaping
token economy
higher-order conditioning
51
which would a researcher need to use to determine whether experiment data is significant
counterbalancing
inferential statistics
descriptive statistics
standard deviation
52
which social psychology principle best explains prejudice
individualism
in-group bias
compliance strategies
self-serving bias
53
A therapist who tells a client to write down their depressed thoughts is using this perspective
pharmacological
structuralist
behavioral
cognitive
54
Abraham Maslow theorized that people are motivated by
reinforcement of primary and secondary needs
achieving physiological homeostasis
desire to achieve in the eyes of others
satisfying needs on a hierarchy
55
patients who are described as "split brain" have had what structure removed
medulla oblongata
hippocampus
prefrontal cortex
corpus callosum
56
Milgram's obedience study was criticized based on what ethical grounds
risk of psychological harm
lack of debriefing
lack of informed consent
violation of confidentiality
57
Dan is a toddler who avoids eye contact and resists to changes to routine. He shows symptoms of
fetal alcohol syndrome
autism spectrum disorder
Down syndrome
mental retardation
58
Which concept is most relevant to Noam Chomsky's theory of how children learn language
phonemes and morphemes
linguistic relativity hypothesis
serial position effect
language acquisition device
59
Which technique would be most helpful in avoiding the problems associated with groupthink
increasing group polarization within different groups
identifying approach-avoidance conflicts
encouraging contrary opinions within the group
responding to deindividuation among group members
60
After studying for weeks and taking an AP exam, Conrad gets the flu. What theory explains this
Selye's general adaptation syndrome
James-Lange theory of emotion
Yerkes-Dodson law
Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory
61
What factors are ignored when people commit the fundament attribution error
behavioral
social
dispositional
situational
62
A low level of glucose in Sam's bloodstream would most likely make him want to
pursue a romantic interest
go for a run
make new friends
eat a meal
63
Runners in a park increase their speed when another runner comes into view. This illustrates
conformity
disinhibition
social facilitation
social roles
64
which technique controls for both experimenter and subject bias
single blind study
counterbalancing
Hawthorne effect
double blind study
65
What percent of people score between 70 and 130 on the WISC (M: 100, SD:15)
50
95
68
84
66
A variable ratio of reinforcement is often preferable to a fixed ratio because
variable ratio schedules are more resistant to extinction
fixed ratios allow both classical and operant learning
fixed ratio schedules are more time intensive
variable ratio schedules produce the quickest results
67
Withdrawal symptoms are most directly caused by this process
antagonists
dissociation
activation-synthesis
tolerance
68
According to humanist theory, psychological disorders are most likely caused by
learned associations
unhealthy attributional styles
unfulfilled needs
neurochemical imbalances
69
Which is an important technique used by humanist psychologists during therapy
secondary central dispositions
unconditional positive regard
factor analysis
defense mechanisms
70
which psychologist would agree w/the following: behavior results from reinforcers & punishers
Carl Rogers
B.F. Skinner
Albert Bandura
William James
71
Which best summarizes the results of Tolman's latent learning experiment
rats that were continually reinforced ran the maze faster
reinforcement had little impact on the rats' performance
rats who explored the maze first ran faster when reinforced
rats that received punishment ran the maze faster
72
Someone who can't move the muscles needed for accurate speech might have brain damage where
hippocampus
Gage's area
Broca's area
Wernicke's area
73
A librarian gives a prize for every five books students read. Her schedule of reinforcement is
continuous
fixed variable
variable interval
fixed ratio
74
Which personality theory is criticized for its overly optimistic view of human nature
cognitive
psychoanalytic
trait
humanistic
75
Amy has a cat. The first time she sees a rabbit she calls it a cat. Her mistake is due to
discrimination
assimilation
habituation
accommodation
76
After a natural disaster Faye says, "Serves them right for not having better warning systems."
false consensus effect
just world bias
self-serving bias
Barnum effect
77
At what age is the onset of schizophrenia most typical
late 40s
mid 30s
early 20s
puberty
78
What is true about experiments that is not of other research methods
they involve more research participants than other studies
they can determine causal relationships between variables
they can gather data from a large number of people quickly
they take place in more realistic, real-life settings
79
Which best explains the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
people follow a pattern of alarm, resistance, exhaustion
physiological reaction and cognitive labeling cause emotion
perceived control over life reduces stress and improves mood
an event causes an emotion and a physiological response
80
light enters the eye through an opening in the
fovea
iris
retina
blind spot
81
4YO Kate sits right in front of all the other kids to watch a magician. According to Piaget,
Kate has a lack of conservation
Kate is demonstrating egocentrism
Kate cannot reason hypothetically
Kate lacks object permanence
82
Maria slams the car door and yells at her kids. Now when they hear a car door slam they cringe
instrumental learning
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
observational learning
83
authoritarian parents demonstrate
low warmth and high control
high warmth and high control
low warmth and low control
high warmth and low control
84
Delusions and hallucinations are most characteristic of
antisocial personality disorder
obsessive-compulsive disorder
dissociative identity disorder
schizophrenia
85
A teacher whose class culture encourages intrinsic motivation uses which management style
James-Lange
approach-avoidance
postconventional
theory Y
86
What is the purpose of the DSM
describe the biopsychosocial causes of disorders
list the diagnostic criteria and symptoms of disorders
discuss theories related to the treatment of disorders
explain the symptoms and cures of disorders
87
Which question would be most useful to test Kohlberg's idea of pre & post-conventional morality
at what age can children reason abstractly
should you tell a small lie to not hurt someone's feelings
what is the best way to respond to a baby crying in her crib
If 3 are taken from a group of 12, how many are left
88
a charity includes free address labels in its fundraising letters to increase contributions
self-fulfilling prophecy
fundamental attribution error
out-group homogeneity
reciprocity norm
89
Reading a job description written with masculine pronouns, people think of the employee as male
the social role hypothesis
gender schema theory
linguistic relativity hypothesis
principle of continuity
90
which brain structure is involved in hunger motivation
hypothalamus
cerebellum
amygdala
medulla
91
10 YO Genna underwent a right hemispherectomy. What action best shows her neuroplasticity
solving a logic problem
moving her left hand
speaking aloud
understanding what was said to her
92
What kind of personality theorist would be most interested in the results of the MMPI
trait
psychoanalytic
biological
humanistic
93
When like-minded groups take more extreme positions than individuals comprising the group
deindividuation
group polarization
social facilitation
groupthink
94
Someone who fails an exam and reacts by studying longer probably has this locus of control
external
fundamental
situational
internal
95
An artist making a drawing could use which of the following to add depth to the picture
closure
convergence
retinal disparity
linear perspective
96
In people, rods, unlike cones,
are unable to detect motion
are located in the center of the retina
have a lower absolute threshold for light
respond more quickly to colors
97
People who are easily hypnotizable are likely to score highly on which Big 5 trait
openness
extraversion
conscientiousness
neuroticism
98
physiological reactions like surprise or shock are controlled by which part of the NS
endocrine system
sympathetic nervous system
serotonin system
somatic nervous system
99
Intelligence researchers like Gardner and Sternberg argue that schools focus too much on
meeting the needs of students with disabilities
environmental factors that influence intelligence
traditional and analytical subjects and methods
nonessential subjects like art and music
100
the limbic system plays an important role in
planning for the future
regulating emotion
processing sensory information
maintaining balance
101
en route
to the visual cortex, information from the eyes' retinas crosses at the
optic nerve
fovea
feature detectors
optic chiasm
102
Ryan suffers from constant, low-level arousal of his autonomic NS. He most likely suffers from
generalized anxiety disorder
post-traumatic stress disorder
major depressive disorder
obsessive-compulsive disorder
103
A musician who signs a recording contract stops playing for fun. This is best explained by
social learning theory
the overjustification effect
the law of effect
latent learning
104
What theory of emotion are cognitive psychologists likely to support
social facilitation theory
James-Lange theory
opponent process theory
Schachter two-factor theory
105
which of the following statistics provides most information about how spread out a data set is
standard deviation
median
range
mean
106
When running for class president, Edy puts pictures of herself everywhere. Why might this help
mere-exposure effect
deindividuation
central route persuasion
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
107
REM sleep deprivation generally causes what kinds of side effects
interference with memory tasks
sleep apnea and night terrors
heightened manifest dream content
intense, prolonged periods of Stage 3 & 4 sleep
108
a musicians ability to discern between 2 similar pitches depends on which concept
difference threshold
bottom up processing
signal detection theory
absolute threshold
109
You girlfriend dumps you. "I always knew she was bad news" your friend says. This demonstrates
hindsight bias
overconfidence
a theory
self-serving bias
110
Which of the following is LEAST likely to contribute to prejudice
scapegoating
superordinate goals
out-group homogeneity
stereotyping
111
After repeated firings, neural connections are strengthened. What is this process
semantic encoding
long-term potentiation
state-dependent memory
proactive interference
112
How would drive reduction theory explain a person eating half a bowl of M&M's and stopping
people eat in moderation to prevent being seen as selfish
they were satisfying the 2nd step on the hierarchy of needs
humans are instinctively driven to eat sugar and fat
the person stopped when their body had reached homeostasis
113
what kinds of motivations best encourage positive behaviors to persist over time
extrinsic motivation
primary drives
intrinsic motivation
need for achievement
114
In the 3-box model of information processing, memories are first stored in
long-term memory
sensory memory
procedural memory
short-term memory
115
Which part of the brain is "newest" in an evolutionary sense
hypothalamus
cerebellum
cerebral cortex
pons
116
when first born, humans' dominant sense is
sight
touch
hearing
smell
117
What research method could study the relationship between owning a hybrid car and being vegan
naturalistic observation
correlation study
experiment
case study
118
if the College Board left out questions about neuroscience on the AP exam, the test would lack
content validity
split-half reliability
test-retest reliability
predictive validity
119
When Jake is late to basketball practice his coach makes him run laps. Jake is not late again
positive reinforcement
positive punishment
negative reinforcement
modeling
120
What would Piaget test to see if a child is in pre-operational or concrete operational stage
conservation
object permanence
universal ethical principles
attachment
121
A person with a painful skin rash finds hard scratching temporarily relieves the pain
transduction theory
gate-control theory
frequency theory
opponent-process theory
122
which of the following most impacts the speed of motor development
concrete operational exercises
myelination of brain neurons
early gross motor practice
secure attachment with parents
123
what kind of symptom is common among all somatic symptom disorders
substance abuse and dependence
disconnection from reality and delusions
inappropriate or flat affect
experiencing a physical problem without a physical cause
124
Which statement best represents the relationship between performance and arousal
too little or too much arousal is harmful to performance
performance steadily increases as arousal increases
performance continually decreases as arousal increases
performance is best at low and high levels of arousal
125
What kind of therapy involves both cognitive and behavioral interventions
counterconditioning
aversion therapy
systematic desensitization
rational emotive behavior therapy
126
According to Piaget, when we can't ______ new information, we change our schemas through ______
reduce : stereotypes
reward : punishment
ignore : adaptation
assimilate : accomodate
127
Elizabeth Loftus' research on wording and misinformation effects on memory best demonstrate
the reconstructive nature of memory
the role of the hippocampus in memory
the rate at which people forget information
the serial position effect
128
a test which places someone into personality categories (e.g.extravert/introvert) is based on
social cognitive theroy
trait theory
biological theory
psychodynamic theory
129
How would a psychometrician interpret an IQ score of 145
three standard deviations above the mean of 100
slightly above average
well below the average of 200
the person has high verbal bot low logical intelligence
130
counterconditioning lies at the heart of which therapeutic approach
token economies
systematic desensitization
REBT
client-centered therapy
131
which disorder would respond best to cognitive behavioral therapy
bipolar disorder
major depressive disorder
dissociative identity disorder
schizophrenia
132
which is an example of an implicit memory
recognizing a celebrity
recalling the name of your JH math teacher
remembering how to tie your shoelace
describing the taste of a birthday cake
133
which newborn reflex helps infants find and eat food
rooting
stepping
Babinski
Moro
134
Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism states personality results from the interaction of
rewards, punishments, and reinforcers
genetics, the unconscious, and social facilitation
id, ego, and superego
traits, the environment, and behavior
135
Harlow's rhesus monkey experiment illustrated
that primates can make and use tools
the danger of separating babies from their natural parents
the importance of physical contact to development
that language is a uniquely human skill
136
the "c" in the word
cat
is best described as a
morpheme
holobase
grapheme
phoneme
137
Which structure is located at the most central and protected part of the brain
sensory cortex
medulla
cerebral cortex
cerebellum
138
A personality test which calls Jan an extravert the first time and an introvert the next lacks
aptitude measures
standardization
construct validity
test-retest reliability
139
in the nature vs. nurture debate, nature is most closely associated with
family
culture
temperament
environment
140
Choosing 20 people at random from a large lecture class of 400 is an example of
random sampling
assignment to conditions
representative assignment
random assignment
141
How would a person with schizophrenia most differ from a person with a dissociative disorder
a person with schizophrenia experiences hallucinations
a person with dissociative disorder has trouble keeping jobs
a person with schizophrenia has more than one personality
a person with a dissociative disorder has delusions
142
Lara is attracted to Craig but can't stand his friends and family. Her conflict is classified
approach-approach
avoidance-avoidance
approach-avoidance
she does not have a conflict
143
An American's prototype of a chair is most likely to include
four legs and a seat
a desk and/or table
an armchair, chairlift, and wheelchair
pens, pencils, and a computer
144
An EEG of Cyrus after he has been asleep for about an hour would show primarily
sleep spindles
beta waves
delta waves
alpha waves
145
Which is a common criticism of Freud's personality theory
Genetics was not advanced enough to be used as Freud tried
it doesn't apply to people with disorders
his research wasn't representative of the population
his evidence comes from therapy sessions, not empirical data
146
which type of therapist is most likely to prescribe lithium for a patient with bipolar disorder
psychoanalyst
psychiatrist
clinical psychologist
cognitive psychotherapist
147
Which of the following models of personality is the least deterministic
evolutionary
humanistic
biological
psychodynamic
148
In a class of 25 students, all but 2 score between 82 and 94. The 2 scores of 47 and 55 are
normally distributed
modes
variances
outliers
149
people who watch violent movies are more likely to behave violently: this statement reflects
insight learning
counterconditioning
observational learning
latent learning
150
Which theory would assert that a key motivation for people is spreading their genetic material
humanistic
psychodynamic
cognitive
evolutionary
151
If Pavlov's dogs began to salivate when they heard a sound similar to a bell they would show
spontaneous recovery
stimulus discrimination
stimulus generalization
unconditioned response
152
Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment studied what developmental concept
attachment
assimilation
motor development
parenting style
153
What was one of the factors that increased conformity in Asch's studies
wearing guard uniforms
placebo effect
presence of an authority figure
size of the group
154
What number will tell Matt whether his research is statistically significant
a mean that is the same as the median
a standard deviation of 4 or more
a probability of chance less than 5%
a correlation coefficient close to .75
155
Julie is more alert in the morning; John in the evening. This is because of differences in
sleep cycles
personalities
circadian rhythm
daily activities
156
Which is most closely associated with creativity
contextual intelligence
divergent thinking
hypothesis testing
functional fixedness
157
negative reinforcers __________ a stimulus in order to ___________ a behavior
remove : decrease
add : decrease
remove : punish
remove : increase