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PSYC 1 Final Review (Part 1: Principles - Personality)) Flashcards | StudBud
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PSYC 1 Final Review (Part 1: Principles - Personality))
PSYC 1 Final Review (Part 1: Principles - Personality))
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1
The _____ _____ is responsible for instant gratification, while the ____ ____ helps us make rational decisions
prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens
Nucleus accumbens, insula
Insula, amygdala
Nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex
2
Which structures in the limbic system are associated with emotion? Select all that apply
Insula
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Occipital lobe
3
What is the relationship of ions when a neuron is at resting potential?
Low Ca and high K outside the cell, high Ca and low K inside the cell
High Na and low K outside the cell, low Na and high K inside the cell
Low Na and high K outside the cell, high Na and low K inside the cell
High Ca and low K outside the cell, low Ca and high K inside the cell
4
Which hormone is important for pair bonding and sociality?
Cortisol
Estrogen
Adrenaline
Oxytocin
5
What are the retina layers, in order from front to back of the eye?
ganglion cells --> Bipolar cells --> photoreceptors
Bipolar cells --> photoreceptors --> ganglion cells
ganglion cells --> photoreceptors --> Bipolar cells
Photoreceptors --> bipolar cells --> ganglion cells
6
What are the two main brain processes to process information?
Cyclic and static processing
Circular and parallel processing
Bottom-up and top-down processing
Top-up and bottom-down processing
7
What is a prominent example of the bystander intervention effect?
The murder of Kitty Grant
The murder of Kitty Genovese
The attack on Carly Garfield
8
What is factor analysis?
A mathematical process used to measure one's ability to learn
Looking at one's reading, writing, and mathematics skills
A mathematical process used to measure intelligence
Looking at if there are factors that underlie performance on specific tasks
9
Why do we have a blind spot?
There are no neurons where the optic nerve leaves the retina
There are no photoreceptors where the optic nerve leaves the retina
It is an evolutionary adaptation to percieve less stimuli
10
How does measuring IQ test reults work?
Convert score to 100, 1 standard deviation is 10
Convert score to 100, 1 standard deviation is 15
Convert score to 115, 1 standard deviation is 15
11
What brain area is associated with spatial memory?
Frontal lobe
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Cerebellum
12
Learning will only occur if prediction error occurs
True
False
13
How rods and cones are wired to bipolar cells: rods use ____ summation while cones use ____ summation
Spatial, temporal
Temporal, spatial
singular, grouped
grouped, singular
14
What are phonemes?
Basic sound units of a language
Smallest meaningful unit in a language
Order of a sentence
Rules for ordering morphemes
15
What is an observational study?
There is no experimental manipulation, you just record what you see
Looking at the correlation between 2 variables
Using variables to analyze a cause/effect relationship
Using gene sequencing to predict behavior
16
What is saltatory conduction?
A postsynaptic neuron receiving a signal from a presynaptic neuron
The release of neurotransmitters
The opening of ion channels in a cell
The action potential jumps from node to node in an axon for more efficiency
17
What are the two main theories of how we acquire language?
We learn how to speak from our parents
general processes generate rules for language, no special processes
there is a universal grammar device built in to the brain
Schools teach us how to speak
18
Select all the types of memory
Short term memory
Long term memory
Basic memory
Sensory memory
19
Which brain scanning techniques have high temporal resolution and low spatial resolution?
ERP and fMRI
TMS and DBS
EEG and fMRI
EEG and ERP
20
What are the types of operant conditoning? Select all that apply
Shaping
Social learning
Punishment
Reinforcement
21
Color is influenced by wavelengths of light reflecting off of an object
True
False
22
Who is the pioneer of developmental psychology?
Sigmund Freud
Ivan Pavlov
Jean Piaget
Albert Bandura
23
What is the main test to test multiple types of intelligence?
WIAS
WAIS
WICS
WIGS
24
T/F: Recordings of place cells shows memories are replayed during sleep.
False
True
25
Which of the big 5 personality factors increases with age, across cultures?
Neuroticism
Concientiousness
Extraversion
Openness to experience
26
What is a correlational study?
Using variables to analyze a cause/effect relationship
Simply recording what you observe
Look at the relationship between two variables
Presenting known correlations to a group of participants
27
What is Bandura's blowup doll study an example of?
Operant conditioning
Classical conditioning
Observational/social learning
Positive reinforcement
28
Consciousness is black-and-white, not a gradient
False
True
29
White matter is full of _____ and grey matter is made up of ______
Axons, cell bodies
Cell bodies, axons
Sensory neurons, motor neurons
Astrocytes, microglia
30
What are the main fallacies relating to intelligence? (select all that apply)
Genes are a major factor for intelligence
One's intelligence cannot improve since it's genetic
If variation is x% due to genes, then intelligence is x% due to genes
Since intelligence is based on genetics, parenting doesn't matter
31
Which example proves there are specific areas for language?
EEG
Aphasia
Prosopagnosia
32
What is the third main organizing principle?
Diff. neural circuits are specialized for solving diff. adaptive problems
The brain is a machine
Genes affect psychological processes
The brain is wired to solve problems
33
What is the stroop effect?
Having difficulty naming the color of a word rather than the word itself
Seeing color when you're not supposed to
Losing consciousness due to hypnosis
Inability to perceive motion
34
What types of memories are particularly easy to store in long term memory?
Sensory
Auditory
Perceptual
Visual
35
Correlation implies causation
False
True
36
What is the 1st main organizing principle? (from the beginning of the course!)
Emotional states affect behavior
Psychology allows us to adapt to our environment
The brain is a physical system
Brain structure impacts brain function
37
Which of the following are common psychological research methods? (select all that apply)
Observational study
Experimental study
Case study
Correlational study
38
What effect is associated with why we feel horoscopes are accurate, even though they aren't?
Bailey effect
Broadening effect
Barnum effect
39
What are the main forces at play when a neuron fires?
Electric and diffusion
Strong and weak
Push and pull
Diffusion and electrostatic
40
T/F: emotions can be expressed in abstract forms such as shapes and music
False
True
41
What is hypnosis?
Making one unable to move (get out vibes)
Changing one's memories on an event
A myth
A state of deep relaxation by creating an altered state of consciousness
42
Studies of family influence on development always control for genetic effects
True
False
43
Rods are concentrated at the ____ of the retina, cones are concentrated at the ______ of the retina
Outside, inside
Fovea/center, periphery
Inside, outside
Periphery, fovea/center
44
What are the types of social influence that affect our behavior in a given situation?
Informational and normative
Informational and substantial
Normative and humanistic
Humanistic and informational
45
Empathy is a gradient, with _____ having none and ___ ____ having an excessive amount.
Murderers, organ donators
Psychopaths, extreme altruists
Psychologists, medical doctors
Extreme altruists, psychopaths
46
How do illusions relate to consciousness?
Illusions show we consciously use prior knowledge to analyze a scene
Illusions prove all of our visual systems are impaired
To cope w/ limited input, the brain makes assumptions without our awareness
The brain lies to us just to confuse us
47
What is the opponent process theory?
The visual and motor areas of the brain overlap
We cannot see some pairs of colors at the same time
Certain pairs of colors have an opponent relationship
Different cones in photoreceptors compete for space
48
Examples proving infants we have innate cognitive processes (select all that apply)
Ability to perceive biological motion
Perception of morality (puppet example)
Visual cliff studies
Facial recognition processes (look at human faces more)
49
What stimuli do neurons in the V4 and V5 area respond to, respectively?
V4 = Complex shapes and colors, V5 = motion
V4 = colors, V5 = patterns
V4 = patterns, V5 = colors
V4 = motion, V5 = Complex shapes and colors
50
What experiemnt proves the importance of contact comfort in development?
Nursing babies on mother's milk versus non-mother's milk
Monkeys touch mother for the 1st time right after birth vs a few days later
Harry Harlow's cloth/wire monkeys
51
What is the second main organizing principle?
There are cognitive and physical levels of the brain
Psychology is an interdisciplinary field
Prosopagnosia is the ~coolest~ disorder
The brain is influenced by natural selection
52
What are the types of synaptic integration?
Wide and narrow summation
Cross-cutting and particular summation
Broad and specific summation
Spatial and temporal summation
53
What are the two factors that determine the scale of a certain emotion?
Pleasentness and Arousal
Valence and Arousal
Valence and Strength
Strength and Pleasentness
54
What is the relationship between testosterone, pair bonding, and eye contact?
High testosterone = high pair bonding = low eye contact
High testosterone = low pair bonding = low eye contact
Low testosterone = high pair bonding = low eye contact
55
What are the types of persuasion?
Main and parallel route
Parallel and central route
Central and peripheral route
Main and peripheral route
56
Which factors influence obedience to authority? Select all that apply.
Fragmentation of action
Immediacy to participants/authority
Unanimity/dissent among authority
The task the authority is asking one to do
57
What is the condition called when the corpus callosum is severed?
Half brain
Bad brain
Split brain
~~ BIG brain ~~
58
What are some examples of projective measures for personality? Select all that apply.
Rorschach inkblots
Thematic apperception test
Inventories
Self-reports
59
What is 'g'?
good soup
great gatsby
general special skills
Generalized intelligence
60
What is the most effective testing strategy?
Rewriting notes
Self testing over a longer period of time
Highlighting the textbook
Rereading notes and cramming
61
T/F: Psychologists expected that 50% of participants would eventually give the full shock in Milgram's experiments.
False
True
62
What is a case study?
An investigation of someone or something with interesting characteristics
Combining data from multiple studies that look at similar concepts
Looking at the effects of a specific treatment over time
An experiement that uses variables that cannot be manipulated
63
What is systemic desensitization?
Introducting a positive stimulus along with the phobia
Putting someone in direct contact with their phobia
Teaching relaxation techniques
Gradual exposure to increasingly anxiety-producing stimuli while relaxing
64
What is the main role of the prefrontal cortex?
Decision making and impulsivity control
Fear
Emotion
Movement
65
When we speak, we move from ___ structure to ___ structure
Deep, surface
Surface, deep
66
What is the basic concept of the Rescorla-Wagner model?
Learning = what happened - what we want to happen
Learning = what was predicted to happen - what happened
Learning = what we want to happen - what happened
Learning = what happened - what was predicted to happen
67
What aspects of a stimulus do V1 cells pay attention to?
Location and speed
Orientation and speed
Location and orientation (in their given receptive field)
Whether they are moving and location
68
What is Theory of Mind?
Understanding that other people have minds
Understanding that people have thoughts that can be similar to ours
Understanding that people have thoughts that can be different from our own
69
What are morphemes?
Sentence structure
Rules for ordering phonemes
Basic sound units of a language
Smallest meaningful unit in a language
70
Which acronym describes the main personality factors?
SWIM
WAVE
OCEAN
71
Which cultural term defines the USA best?
Disconnected culture
Collectivist culture
Connected culture
Individualist culture
72
What is an experimental study?
Observing participants' behavior
Checking a relationship between ind. and dep. variables + a control group
Analyzing genes to see if there is a mutation
Recording what you observe in a participant
73
Which personality trait is affected by the ARAS (ascending reticular activating system)?
Happiness and sadness
Excitement and boredom
Comfort and discomfort
Introversion and Extraversion
74
What are the types of observational studies?
Borderline and controlled
Dynamic and static
Generalized and specified
Longitudinal and crossectional
75
What is the fourth main organizing principle?
Different brain regions have different functions
Psychology has nothing to do with the study of organs
Most psychological processes occur outside of our awareness
We have brain areas for vision, color, and motion
76
What is deep brain stimulation? Is it considered invasive?
Using electrical stimulation to reboot parts of the brain; yes
Controlling neurons by turning them off; no
Controlling neurons by turning them off; yes
Using electrical stimulation to reboot parts of the brain; no
77
What term matches this definition: an aversive state resulting from challenges to people's sense of themselves
Bystander effect
Confirmation bias
Narrow perception
Cognitive dissonance
78
How does an fMRI work?
A magnet takes pictures of the brain, looking at nitrogen levels
Sending a powerful magnetic pulse throughout the brain
Inject a radioactive substance and look at highly active brain areas
A magnet takes pictures of the brain, looking at oxygen levels
79
"Nurture" is the only important factor in terms of one's environment
True
False
80
What is change blindness?
Inability to perceive faces
Sometimes we are blind to large changes in a scene
A visual disorder in which one cannot visualize movement
Having distorted perception processes in general
81
What two conclusions can be made from patient HM about long term memory?
There is a dissociation between episodic LTM and procedural LTM
There is a dissociation between short term memory and long term memory
There is a dissociation between sensory memory and long term memory
82
What assumptioms do humans make about word meanings? (select all that apply)
Whole object assumption
Mutual exclusivity assumption
Joint attention
Taxonomic assumption
