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POLS 120 Review Session Flashcards | StudBud
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POLS 120 Review Session
POLS 120 Review Session
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1
What best describes a "dependent variable"?
A manipulated variable in an experiment
An unobserved aspect of an experiment
A constant numeric value
A variable affected by changes in another variable
2
What does empirical mean?
Based on theory only
Theoretical assumption
Derived from observation or experience
Estimated guess
3
What is "fabrication" in the context of research?
Compiling existing research from others
Creation of false data or findings
The process of requesting funding
Genuine collection of data
4
What is a "negative relationship" in research?
The more of X, the more of Y
X and Y increase together
The more of X, the less of Y
No correlation at all
5
What defines a "quasi-experimental design"?
Strict adherence to experimental protocols
Randomly assigning groups
Manipulating variables in a laboratory
No control over independent variables
6
What represents "raw data"?
Unprocessed original data
Data summarized in tables
Processed data ready for analysis
Data interpreted by a researcher
7
What does "causal question" refer to?
Inquiries about cause-effect relationships
Simple observational studies
Hypothetical situations in research
Descriptive studies of data
8
How is "random assignment" utilized in experiments?
It is randomly selected by participant draw
Participants choose their group
Cases are placed in groups without bias
Research controls the placements
9
What does "scientific method" emphasize in research?
A systematic approach to inquiry
Opinion-based conclusions
Personal experience over theory
Sole reliance on qualitative data
10
What is meant by "replication" in research?
Conducting follow-up studies
The ability to reproduce original findings
The process of submitting for peer review
Combining multiple studies
11
What is a "literature review"?
A presentation of original research findings
A summary of past research findings
A detailed statistical analysis
A research proposal
12
What is meant by "external validity"?
The ability to replicate results
The depth of discussion in findings
Consistency of results within the study
The validity of results in real-world settings
13
What is the purpose of a "focus group"?
To conduct large-scale surveys
To analyze quantitative data
To gather qualitative data through discussion
To perform laboratory tests
14
What is "empirical evidence"?
Anecdotal accounts
Predicted outcomes based on theories
Measurement through observation or experimentation
Data derived from logical reasoning
15
What is the heart of a "research design"?
The discussion and conclusion
The methods and results
The overall strategy and structure of the study
The introduction section
16
What is validity in research context?
Consistency of data over multiple trials
Accurate representation of the concept by the measure
Justification of theoretical constructs
Frequency of hypothesis testing
17
What is "deception" used for in social science research?
To confuse participants
To withhold information to ensure valid responses
To enhance data quality
To increase sample size
18
What does "operationalization" involve?
Defining concepts in measurable terms
Broad theoretical insights
Outlining hypothetical scenarios
Discussing research limitations
19
What does "causal mechanism" refer to?
Recording data variables
Steps connecting cause and effect
Randomness in sample selection
Comparison between independent variables
20
How are "experiments" different from "field experiments"?
No difference, terms are interchangeable
Experiments often occur in labs; field experiments in real-world settings
Field experiments are done online
Experiments don’t test hypotheses; field experiments do
21
What does correlation in research mean?
Factors that change together without necessarily causing each other
Random association of two factors
Mathematical equation linking variables
Direct cause-and-effect relationship
22
What is the purpose of a "descriptive" study?
To explain why outcomes occur
To compare two groups
To test specific hypotheses
To describe characteristics or relationships
23
How is "intercoder reliability" best achieved?
Promoting consensus among multiple coders
Isolating coders to minimize outside influence
Using fewer coders
Reducing the number of variables
24
What is an abstract?
Extensive list of references
Brief summary of objectives, methods, results
Recommendations for future research
Detailed analysis of every section of a research article
25
What are "focus groups" primarily used for?
Literature comparisons
Statistical analysis of responses
Gathering quantitative data
Facilitated discussions to explore perceptions
26
What does "case study research" focus on?
Intensive analysis of a single case
Broad comparisons across multiple cases
Large-scale statistical analysis
Experimentation within a laboratory
27
What role does an "Institutional Review Board (IRB)" perform?
Conducting experiments directly
Reviewing research involving human subjects
Approving funding applications
Publishing research findings
28
What is a causal relationship?
Two factors that unrelatedly change
Factors leading to different outcomes
An independent event triggering outcomes
A factor that brings about an effect in another factor
29
Which is the best description of a "randomized controlled trial (RCT)"?
Selecting volunteers based on preference
Subjective experiments
Surveying opinions without controls
Randomly assigning participants to groups
30
Which of the following is correct for a book citation?
Green, Donald P. 2023. Get Out the Vote: How to Increase Voter Turnout.
Green, Donald P. 2023. Get Out the Vote: How to Increase Voter Turnout.
Green, Donald P. 2023. Get Out the Vote: How to Increase Voter Turnout.
Green, Donald P. 2023. Get Out the Vote: How to Increase Voter Turnout.
31
What is a "target population"?
The experts providing feedback
The entire database of participants
The specific group of interest in a study
Data collected from every individual
32
What is a "case study"?
A statistical analysis of large datasets
A literature review on a specific topic
An in-depth examination of a single unit
An abstract concept
33
What is meant by "operationalization"?
Data presentation methods
Defining concepts in measurable terms
Speculative hypothesis formation
General literature survey
34
What is an example of a "variable"?
A specific test result
An abstract concept
Age, education level, and nationality
A research article
35
What does "content analysis" assess?
Experimental results
Numerical data distributions
Patterns in text or media
Theoretical perspectives
36
What is "peer review" meant to ensure in research?
Quality and validity of the research
Consensus among authors
Speed of publication
That all research is published
37
Who is regarded as the "first author" of an academic paper?
Randmomly listed team member
One who provided feedback last
Individual who submitted the paper
Main contributor to research and writing
38
What is the role of an "Institutional Review Board (IRB)"?
Conducting research directly
Providing grant funds
Approving research proposals to ensure ethical standards
Publishing research findings
39
What does "data and methods section" describe in research?
Findings and conclusions
Summary of results
Literature review of previous studies
Procedures and techniques for data collection
40
What purpose does a control group serve?
Baseline comparison without treatment
Receive experimental intervention
Group that ensures maximum response
Randomizes participant selection
41
Which of the following best describes "peer review"?
Social media feedback on research
Automatic publishing of submitted articles
A subjective opinion of the researcher
Evaluation of research by qualified experts
42
What is "content analysis"?
Meticulous data collection
Systematically assessing text or media content
Analyzing numerical data
Studying the overview of research literature
43
What type of study is a "longitudinal study"?
Data collected over multiple points in time
A theoretical exploration
A short-term experiment
A snapshot study at one point in time
44
What is "Most Different Systems Design"?
Comparing outcomes in identical systems
Studying similar cases to find differences
Focusing on theoretical perspectives only
Selecting different cases with similar outcomes
45
Which statement best describes a "longitudinal study"?
Ongoing data collection across multiple time points
One-off experimental trials
Short-term surveys
Single time point data collection
46
What allows for "replication" in research?
Theoretical constructs
A unique hypothesis
Absence of bias
Robust methods and clear reporting
47
How is a "treatment group" defined in research?
The group that does not receive the treatment
The group that receives the intervention
The group that participates in surveys
The control group in an experiment
48
What is the definition of "reliability" in research?
The ethical approval process
The consistency of results over time
The ability to conduct experiments
The final conclusions drawn
49
What does "fabrication" imply in research?
Ethical review process
Systematic data collection
Original creation of data
Deliberate invention of data or findings
50
What defines a "nominal measure"?
Classification into categories without order
Ordered categorical data
Continuous variable with a true zero
Scale with equal intervals
