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APES Unit 4: Earth Systems & Resources - 2019/2020 Flashcards | StudBud
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APES Unit 4: Earth Systems & Resources - 2019/2020
APES Unit 4: Earth Systems & Resources - 2019/2020
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AP Environmental Science review covering Earth Systems.
Flashcards
100 cards
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Questions
100
Answers
1
What are estuaries?
When rivers meet the sea, mixing water as well as nutrients
Unproductive ecosystems with low nutrient levels.
Coastal land areas covered with water all/part of the year.
Harsh coastal ecosystems with only occasional water changes
2
Which of the following is NOT true regarding nutrient cycling in tropical rain forests?
The nutrients sit within the bedrock.
Nutrient uptake by plants is improved by fungi.
Decaying matter is processed quickly b/c of many decomposers
The majority of nutrients are locked up in vegetation.
3
Which of the following is NOT a true statement regarding earth's water composition?
The atmosphere contains 3% of the surface freshwater.
Ground ice & permafrost hold only 30% of surface freshwater
Glaciers and ice caps make up 68.7% of the freshwater.
Groundwater makes up 30.1% of earth's freshwater.
4
When does desertification occur? (Choose all that apply).
When productive potential of topsoil falls by >10%
When deforestation allows for more annual plants to grow.
When overgrazing and deforestation reduce/degrade topsoil.
When forest fires prevent erosion from occurring.
5
Which of the following are characteristics of the rock cycle?
It involves, in order: erosion, weathering, transportation.
It plays a major role in forming concentrated deposits
Rocks are broken down, melted, fused together and heated.
It is the slowest of the earth's cyclic processes.
6
All of the following are characteristic of floodplain zones except:
Streams join into wider, deeper rivers
Water is never muddy, and contains low amounts of silt.
Fairly large populations are usually supported.
Water has higher temperatures and less dissolved oxygen
7
What are tectonic plates?
Areas of the lithosphere that move slowly around the mantle.
The outermost and thinnest zone of the earth.
A zone of hot, melted rock that flows like plastic.
The flows of energy and heated material in convection cells.
8
What is salinity?
The measure of dissolved salt in water in general.
The measure of turbidity and salt averaged together.
The measure of salinity and its impact on turbidity.
The measure of dissolved salt in oceanic water.
9
What is high-grade ore?
It is not as profitable as low-grade ore.
It contains a small concentration of the desired mineral.
Identified resources from which we can extract minerals
It contains a large concentration of the desired mineral.
10
What is natural recharge?
Natural replenishment of an aquifer by precipitation.
Natural process of restoring nitrates into soil.
Natural restoration of valuable resources such as trees.
Natural replenishment of a watershed in a sensitive area.
11
What is an earthquake?
Shaking caused by fracturing of divergent plate boundary
Shaking caused by formation of convergent plates
When energy suddenly forms and causes underground vibrations
Shaking of ground caused by fracturing/displacement of rock
12
What type of irrigation usually comes from an aqueduct system or a nearby river? (<80% effic.)
Gravity Flow
Center Pivot
Drip Irrigation
Rotary System
13
Which of the following describe volcanic hotspots? (Click all that apply).
They are places within the mantle where magma is generated.
An example is the Hawaiian volcanoes within the Pac. Plate
They are located along the Pacific Plate boundaries
They are created by anomalous volcanism
14
Which of the following does NOT involve the iron catastrophe?
When the melting point of iron was reached.
Silicon and oxygen were moved to form the mantle and crust.
When heavy elements such as Al and Na moved to the core.
When iron flowed toward the interior because of gravity.
15
What is a rock?
A concentration of naturally occurring material from crust.
It is made only of sediments.
A solid combination of one or more minerals found in crust.
Contains large enough concentrations of a profitable mineral
16
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of floods?
Support biodiversity & aquatic ecological services.
Kill thousands of people and cause much property damage.
Create and deposit nutrient-rich silt in floodplains.
Recharge groundwater & help refill wetlands.
17
Which indirect effect directly impacts seasons?
The rotation of the earth around the sun.
The angle of the moon.
Differences in solar intensity and day length.
The earth's rotation and its tilt of 23.5 degrees.
18
What type of irrigation is b/w 90-95% efficient and delivers water to individual plant roots?
LEPA Center pivot
Rotary systems
Drip Irrigation
Gravity Flow
19
All of the following are characteristics of the stratosphere except:
It contains less matter than the troposphere
Extends about 17 to 48 km above earth's surface.
It volume of water vapor is 1/1000 that of the troposphere.
Its concentration of ozone is extremely low.
20
What is foliation?
Ability of a mineral to break, when struck, along directions
The ratio of mass of substance to mass of volume of water
The texture of metamorphic rocks due to alignment & pressure
Scratchability, or hardness, of
21
All of the following are characteristics of a stratovolcano except:
Gentle lower slopes, but steep upper slopes; concave upward
Very quiet; volcanic materials consist of cinders.
large, approx. 1-10 km in diameter
Explosive; numerous layers of lava
22
Characterize the following by plate boundary: Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Himalayas, San Andreas fault
Convergent; divergent; transform
Divergent; convergent; transform
Transform; convergent; divergent
Divergent; transform; convergent
23
What are Hadley cells? (Choose all that apply).
Convection currents that cycle N & S of the poles.
Large scale atmospheric convection cells
Where air rises at equator and sinks at medium latitudes.
They involve the prevailing westerlies.
24
What is the major benefit of having a healthy ozone layer?
It prevents UV-C from reaching earth's surface.
It prevents most UV-B from reaching earth's surface.
It blocks all harmful waves of radiation.
It prevents both UV-B and UV-C from reaching earth.
25
What are trade winds? (Choose all that apply).
In N. Hemisphere: N to E; in S. Hemisphere: S. to E
They form the Ferrel cells
Pattern of easterly surface winds in the tropics
Surface winds that blow East to West
26
All of the following are characteristics of an S wave except:
It cannot propagate in the liquid parts of the earth
They are a slower type of secondary wave
it shears rock sideways at right angles
Not very damaging to structures.
27
How is the thermohaline conveyor belt driven by changes in both temperature and salinity?
It is driven by changes in air pressure.
It is driven by temperature only.
It is driven by the amount of species capable surviving.
It is driven by the resulting changes in density of water
28
Which of the following is NOT true regarding the Colorado River?
Little from the river reaches the sea due to overuse.
Its water is used to produce about 1% of all US crops
Water from the river supports cities in desert-like climate.
It has experienced prolonged drought since 1999.
29
The largest circulation of water on earth is a direct result of changes in:
Temperature and salinity.
Temperature and precipitation
Wind patterns and salinity.
Temperature and wind patterns.
30
What is the Coriolis effect? (Choose all that may apply).
Occurs due to the rotation of the Earth on its axis.
The effect is strongest at the poles, nonexistent at equator
It is the weakest at the poles, strongest at equator.
The apparent curvature of global winds and ocean currents.
31
All of the following can cause tsunamis except:
A landslide caused by an earthquake
When certain types of faults in ocean floor move up or down
All of these can cause tsunamis.
When the ocean floor suddenly rises or drops
32
Which of the following would conserve soil?
High-yield polyculture
Soil salinization
Aquifer depletion
Monocultures
33
All of the following are benefits of volcanic eruptions except:
The weathering of lava contributes to fertile soil.
They form lakes (e.g. Crater Lake)
They reduce the loss of human life.
They form majestic mountains
34
Which one of the following does NOT describe characteristics of the earth's core?
It is surrounded by a liquid core of molten/semisolid matter
It is the zone of hot, partly-melted rock that flows.
It is the earth's innermost zone.
It is extremely hot and has a solid inner part.
35
The roots of most plants and the majority of a soil's organic matter are concentrated in:
The O horizon only.
The O horizon and A horizon
The A horizon and E horizon
The A horizon and B horizon
36
Describe the process that forms oceanic ridges.
When continental plates move apart, causing magma to rise.
When two oceanic plates collide.
When oceanic plates move apart, magma flows through cracks.
When plates slide and grind past one another.
37
What is the Tectonic Cycle?
Climate change, geographic barriers, extinction, & volcanoes
Sum of methods that build up & break down the asthenosphere
Theory that lithosphere made up of plates that always move.
Sum of processes that build up & break down the lithosphere
38
A crown fire recently broke out in Fremont, destroying many trees. What is a valid projection?
Another fire will break out soon.
Soil erosion will increase b/c of the lack of trees.
It will start raining more in the area for compensation
Soil erosion will decrease due to new plants after the fire.
39
Which of the following correctly lists, by (%), the present-day composition of the atmosphere?
CO2, nitrogen, oxygen, argon, water vapor, trace gases.
Nitrogen, oxygen, CO2, argon, water vapor, trace gases
Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon, CO2, Water vapor, trace gases
Oxygen, nitrogen, argon, CO2, water vapor, trace gases
40
Which of the following is not an effect of El Nino?
Flooding in Bolivia, Ecuador, Northern Peru, and Cuba.
Hurricanes in Hawaii, Brazil, and Ecuador.
Hurricanes in Tahiti and Hawaii.
Droughts in southern Africa, India, Sri Lanka, and Australia
41
Which of the following is NOT a problem associated with widespread use of desalination?
All of these options are problems regarding desalination.
Huge amounts of salty wastewater produced.
High cost due to expensive energy needed for removing salt.
Need for large pipes and chemicals, which kills marine life
42
All of the following describe internal geologic processes except:
Processes that may form mountains and volcanoes.
Processes generated by heat from the earth's interior
Processes that build up the earth's surface
Processes driven directly or indirectly by solar energy.
43
What are aquatic life zones? (Choose all that apply).
They are portions that are able to support life.
They include only lakes, rivers, streams.
They only contain oceans, bays and estuaries.
Saltwater and freshwater portions of the biosphere
44
About 75-80% of the earth's air mass is found in the
Stratosphere
Thermosphere
Troposphere
Exosphere
45
Which soil horizon(s) contain(s) most of a soil's inorganic matter? (Choose all that may apply)
R Horizon
A Horizon
C Horizon
B Horizon
46
Which of the following describe La Niña?
Usually causes with warm ocean temperatures in Pacific Ocean
Usually causes cooler than normal temperatures.
Climate pattern that describes cooling of surface waters
Occurs along the tropical west coast of South America.
47
What type of boundary forms when oceanic plates slide & grind past one another along fractures?
A subduction zone
A trench boundary
A transform fault
Oceanic ridges
48
All of the following are ways in which metamorphic rock forms except:
When preexisting rock is subjected to high pressures
When animal and plant remains are deposited in layers.
When chemically active fluids reform preexisting rocks.
When rock is subjected to high temperatures
49
What are/were CFCs used for?
Propellants in aerosol spray cans
All of the following are/were uses for CFCs.
Cleaners for electric parts such as computer chips
Coolants in air conditioners and refrigerators
50
Which of the following events are capable of causing mudslides? (Choose all that apply).
Droughts
Volcanic eruptions
Heavy rains
Earthquakes
51
All of the following are characteristics of the formation of oceanic gyres except:
They bring cool air to coastline, warm air to continents
They move clockwise in the N. Hemisphere
They form when water moves direction of prevailing winds
They move cold water from the poles to the equator.
52
Which of the following are characteristics of atmospheric pressure? (Check all that apply)
Decreases with altitude.
Would be weakest at sea level.
It is the force caused by the bombardment of molecules
It is the force, or mass, per unit area of a column of air.
53
All of the following describe air circulation cells except:
Global air circulation patterns caused by uneven heating.
They are also known as ENSO.
They are caused by the Coriolis effect.
They include, from equator to poles: Hadley, Ferrel, Polar.
54
Which of the following describe the Ring of Fire?
All of preceding options are correct.
It is where about 90% of all earthquakes occur.
Located at edges of Pacific Ocean, at plate boundaries.
String of volcanoes and seismic activity sites
55
List examples of the following, in order: sedimentary rock, metamorphic rock, igneous rock.
Bituminous coal; marble; granite
Lava rock; marble; lignite
Granite; slate; dolomite
Dolomite; granite; marble
56
What is seafloor spreading?
Spreading of ocean crust solely due to earthquakes.
When lava pushes & spreads seafloor u from subsurface.
Movement & spreading of ocean crust above continental crust.
Formation of new ocean crust as result of magma pushing up.
57
Which of the following describe an El Niño effect (see image below)?
I, II, III, and IV.
I, II, III only.
I, II, IV only
I and II only.
58
What is a watershed?
Land area that delivers water & sediment to a major stream.
Rough measure of volume of water we use to support ourselves
The saturation of soil with water, flooding the water table.
Upper surface of the zone of saturation.
59
What is the atmosphere?
Blanket of gases that increases in pressure with altitude.
A blanket of gases with a homogeneous density of molecules.
A thick blanket of gases consisting of spherical layers.
A thin blanket of gases surround earth, divided into layers.
60
Which of the following does NOT describe the process of upwelling?
Movement of nutrient-rich bottom water to ocean's surface.
Occurs when cold water is pushed away & warm water rises.
During El Nino, it is reduced along the Peruvian coast.
Usually takes place along certain steep coastal areas.
61
Which of the following regarding tectonic plates is true?
They do not cause/form mountains, volcanoes, or earthquakes.
Tectonic plates' boundaries are not active at the surface.
Much geologic activity at the surface occurs at boundaries
Continental plates usually ride below oceanic plates.
62
Volcanoes spew ash into the air, causing a volcanic winter. This is an example of what?
Negative feedback (more ash, greater albedo effect)
Negative feedback (more ash, less cold penetrating surface)
Positive feedback (more ash, greater heating of surface).
A positive feedback loop (more ash, weaker albedo effect)
63
All of the following describe a
transition zone
except:
More fish species with lower O2 demand are supported.
The water is faster flowing, and has more DO.
The water can be more turbid from suspended sediment.
Main streams merge to form wider, deeper, warmer streams
64
What type of irrigation uses underground water sprayed from mobile booms with sprinklers?
Center Pivot
Rotary System
Gravity Flow
Drip Irrigation
65
Which of the following are true regarding the process of desalination? (Select all that apply).
Saudi Arabia gets ~70% of its drinking water from it.
It involves removing dissolved salts from ocean/salty water.
Methods include distillation and reverse osmosis.
It does not involve using chemicals to sterilize water.
66
What are the most widely used nonmetallic minerals?
Phosphate salts and gravel.
Sand and gravel.
Sand and limestone.
Sand and phosphate salts.
67
Two examples of igneous rock include:
Sandstone and shale
Limestone and lignite
Lava rock and granite
Marble and slate
68
Chemists Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina were known for their work regarding
Climate change caused excess atmospheric CO2.
Climate change caused by lingering CFC propellants.
CFCs and how they destroy "good" ozone in troposphere.
Persistent CFCs and how they destroy protective ozone.
69
Please list the layers of the atmosphere in order (starting from layer nearest to surface).
Stratosphere, Troposphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere
Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere
Troposp., Stratosp., Mesosphere, Thermosp., Exosphere
Thermosphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Troposphere
70
A soil with 30% clay, 50% sand, and 20% silt is called:
Sandy Clay Loam
Sandy Loam
Sandy Clay
Loamy Sand
71
What is weather? (Click all that may apply).
The general pattern of atmospheric conditions over time.
Includes several factors in a given area over a short period
A set of physical conditions of the lower atmosphere
The averaged conditions of a given area over much time.
72
Which of the following describe the characteristics of a shield volcano?
Steep conical hill with straight sides; explosive
Very small; less than 300m high
Very gentle slopes; convex upward; quiet; fluid lava flows
Gentle lower slopes, but steep upper slopes; explosive
73
What is sedimentary rock?
Forms when rock undergoes high temperatures or pressures.
Forms below or on earth's surface when lava cools.
Made of dead plant and animal remains and weathered rocks.
Examples include sandstone, shale, slate, and marble.
74
Briefly describe the process of subduction.
Continental crust rides over and pushes down oceanic plate.
When oceanic and continental plates collide and rise up.
When oceanic plates move apart, creating ocean ridges.
Oceanic plate rides over and pushes continental into mantle.
75
Which of the following is NOT a reason why some consider a projected extinction rate of 1% low?
We continue to eliminate biologically diverse environments.
Current rates in certain areas are already much higher.
Extinction rates were completely miscalculated.
Rates are likely to increase sharply in the next century.
76
Which of the following is NOT true regarding perennial crops?
Perennials result in more soil erosion than annuals.
They can live for many years without having to be replanted.
They are better adapted to regional soil than annuals.
There is no need to till the soil.
77
All of the following are characteristics of P waves except:
It shears rock sideways at right angles
They are fastest type of wave
It moves like sound waves (spreads out, compresses, dilutes)
They can travel through both solid rock and liquid material.
78
What natural services do inland wetlands provide? (Choose all that may apply).
Filtering and degrading toxic wastes and pollutants.
Maintaining biodiversity by providing habitats.
Reducing flooding, erosion, and overflows.
Natural recharge of groundwater aquifers.
79
Which of the following are examples of ozone-depleting chemicals (indicate all that apply).
Methyl bromide (fumigant) and hydrogen chloride
Carbon tetrachloride, methyl chloroform, n-propyl bromide
Halons and HBFCs (used in fire extinguishers).
Hexachlorobutadiene
80
What is the lithosphere?
It is the outermost and thinnest zone of the earth.
It includes only the continental and oceanic crusts.
It consists only of the layer above the asthenosphere.
The combination of both the crust and the outer mantle.
81
What is mass extinction?
When an existing species outcompetes another.
When a single species can no longer be found on Earth.
When global changes occur in climactic conditions.
The extinction of many species in a relatively short period
82
Several volcanoes have erupted in Fremont since 2010. What is a plausible prediction?
A volcanic winter.
A decrease in the amount of air pollution.
A decrease in the amount of sulfur in the air.
A volcanic summer.
83
What is a tributary?
A smaller stream flowing into a
A smaller river/stream flowing into a larger river or lake.
Areas nearest the river's course that are often flooded.
A smaller river flowing into a smaller one.
84
Which of the following statements regarding freshwater is NOT true?
1/6 people do not have sufficient access to clean water
Water is a well-managed & appreciated resource.
Only about 0.024% of all water is readily available to us.
It is one of the most important forms of natural capital.
85
What is the focus of an earthquake?
Located above the surface.
Located directly above epicenter
Place where an earthquake begins, below surface.
Located where an earthquake ends.
86
What is climate? (Click all that apply).
General patterns that occur over at least 3 decades
An area's general pattern of atmospheric conditions
Weather patterns of the last week averaged together.
Short-term atmospheric conditions that change often
87
All of the following describe a
source zone
except:
Populated by warm-water fish needing dissolved oxygen.
Water tumbles downward over obstacles, dissolving O2
Most of the plants are algae and mosses attached to rocks.
Where headwaters are usually shallow, cold, clear, and swift
88
Where do active volcanoes occur?
Never along plate boundaries.
Only in hotspots, such as Hawaii.
Where magma reaches the earth's surface through a vent/crack
Where lava reaches the earth's surface through a vent/crack.
89
Which of the following is NOT true regarding the Ogallala Aquifer in the United States?
It is the world's largest known aquifer.
It has forced the Great Plains to become a barren farmland.
It supplies about 1/3 of all groundwater in the USA.
It lies under 8 midwestern states
90
All of the following are characteristics of a Love wave except:
It is a surface wave that moves like S waves.
It rolls like ocean waves, up-down and sideways
It is very damaging to the foundations of structures.
It moves the ground from side to side at right angles.
91
Why does climate vary in different parts of the earth?
Ocean currents distribute heat and precipitation unevenly.
Uneven heating of the earth's surface by the sun.
Global air circulation patterns distribution
All of the options are correct reasons.
92
All of the following are characteristics of a mineral except:
It is an element or inorganic ompound
Occurs naturally in the earth's crust as crystalline solid
Contains large enough concentration of particular mineral
May have a regularly repeating internal atomic arrangement
93
What is weathering?
When acid deposition quickly breaks down monuments.
The climactic changes in weather.
The different processes that break down rocks into soil.
Internal processes that build up the earth's surface.
94
Please list the different concentric zones of the earth, starting from the inner-most layer.
Crust, asthenosphere, mantle, core
Core, asthenosphere, mantle, crust
Core, mantle, asthenosphere, crust
Asthenosphere, crust, mantle, core
95
Which of the following is NOT a correct statement regarding water on the earth?
Interconnected oceans cover 90% of earth's ocean hemisphere
Salty oceans contain 97% of the earth's water.
Freshwater systems cover over 2.2% of the earth's surface.
Salty oceans cover 71% of the earth's surface.
96
Which of the following describe the characteristics of a cinder cone volcano?
Very gentle slopes; convex upward.
Very large, approx. 1-10km in diameter.
Gentle lower slopes, but steep upper slopes; concave upward
Steep conical hill with straight sides.
97
Describe the process in which stratospheric ozone forms.
Oxygen molecules interact with particulate matter
Oxygen molecules in the stratosphere interact with UV
Oxygen reacts with UV to form photochemical smog.
Oxygen in the troposphere interacts with UV radiation.
98
All of the following are characteristics of Rayleigh waves except:
It travels faster than Love waves.
It travels like rolling ocean waves.
Do not produce perpendicular or transverse waves
Move both vertically and horizontally in a vertical plane.
99
What is biological extinction?
The destruction of an entire ecosystem.
The complete disappearance of a species from the earth.
The depletion of a commercially-valuable species.
The disappearance of a population, or group of organisms.
100
What are inland wetlands?
Lands located away from coastal areas covered in freshwater.
Lands away from the coast covered in water for a short time
Lands near coastal areas covered in salty water.
They are always seasonal wetlands.
