What is an 'archaism'?

An old word no longer in general use

Define 'Political correctness'

Using words or phrases that replace those deemed offensive

What is a 'Dummy auxiliary'?

A verb used to form questions or negatives

A word added to the end of another

Who is David Crystal?

A linguist who used the tides metaphor for language change

Who is 'Suzanne Romaine'?

Identified internal and external factors leading to language, A linguist who opposed prescriptivism

What is 'Eye dialect'?

A spelling that suggests regional or social speech

What is 'Divergence'?

Speech becoming more individualised

What is 'convergence'?

Adjusting speech to be more like others

What did 'Donald MacKinnon’ argue?

That language can be judged on values like correctness and appropriateness

What is 'Semantic change'?

A change in the meaning of a word

What is 'Estuary English'?

A South-Eastern English variety spreading across the UK

What is 'Standardisation'?

Making all language variations conform to a standard

What are 'Inflections'?

Forms like walks, walked, walking that show grammatical relationships

What was the 'Inkhorn Controversy'?

A controversy over borrowing too many Latin and Greek words

What is 'Orthography'?

The study of spelling and letter use in a language

What was the impact of 'Caxton’s printing press'?

It promoted the need for English standardisation

What is 'Standard English'?

The form of English considered the norm or most accepted

A descriptivist who used metaphors to describe language fears

What is a 'Loan word'?

A word borrowed from another language

What is a 'Neologism'?

A newly coined word or expression

What is 'overt prestige'?

Status from using the most official and standard form of a language

What is 'Lexical Diffusion'?

The gradual spread of a sound change through a language

Who is 'Robert Lane Greene'?

A descriptivist who coined 'declinism' and 'sticklerism'

Who is 'Henry Hitchings'?

A linguist who argued English marginalised other languages

What is 'Covert prestige'?

Status from using non-standard dialects

Who is ' Lynne Truss’?

A prescriptivist who wrote Eats, Shoots and Leaves

When a word changes to a more negative meaning

What is a 'Lingua Franca'?

a linguistic bridge between two speakers without a shared native language

What is the definition of 'Kennings'?

A phrase that replaces a noun with a metaphorical compound

Informal, often innovative language used by particular groups

What does 'Obsolete' mean in language?

A word that is no longer in use

Who is 'Guy Deutcher’?

A linguist who used the muddy shortcut metaphor

A word added to the beginning of another

use of the initial letters of a group of words to construct a new word

Removing morphemes to form a new word

What did 'Tom McArthur’ identify?

Three main patterns of English spelling: Germanic, Romance, and Greek

What is a 'Loan word'?

A word borrowed from another language

What is 'descriptivism'?

Describing language without judgement

The way words are arranged to form sentences

What is 'Omission' in phonology?

Leaving out a phoneme in a cluster

What is an 'Initialism'?

A phrase made up of initials, pronounced letter by letter

combining two words to form a new one

What is 'Broadening'?

A word’s meaning becomes more inclusive

Who is 'Deborah Cameron'?

A linguist who coined the term 'verbal hygiene'

A word with the same linguistic origin as another

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English Language - Language Change

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A Level English Language 7702. Language Change Theories, Theorists and Key Terminology

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Questions 78

Answers

1
What is an 'archaism'?
A word used only in poetry
An old word no longer in general use
A newly coined word
A word borrowed from Latin
2
Define 'Political correctness'
Using words or phrases that replace those deemed offensive
Using formal grammar
Avoiding slang in public speech
Using outdated terminology
3
What is a 'Dummy auxiliary'?
A slang term
A noun used in speech
A borrowed word
A verb used to form questions or negatives
4
What is a 'suffix'?
A word that replaces a noun
A word added to the beginning of another
A word added to the end of another
A word that describes a state
5
Who is David Crystal?
A critic of slang
A distionary compiler
A linguist who used the tides metaphor for language change
A prescriptivist
6
Who is 'Suzanne Romaine'?
Identified internal and external factors leading to language
A linguist who opposed prescriptivism
Proposed the random fluctuation theory
Coined the term 'verbal hygiene'
7
What is 'cohesion'?
The use of metaphors
The logical flow of a text
The structure of a sentence
The use of slang in writing
8
What is 'Eye dialect'?
A grammar rule
A poetic device
A formal writing style
A spelling that suggests regional or social speech
9
What is 'Divergence'?
Using formal language
Borrowing from another dialect
Speech becoming more similar
Speech becoming more individualised
10
What is 'convergence'?
Adjusting speech to be more like others
Using formal language
Speech becoming more distinct
Borrowing from another dialect
11
What did 'Donald MacKinnon’ argue?
That language can be judged on values like correctness and appropriateness
That grammar rules are unnecessary
That all language change is random
That dictionaries should be abolished
12
What is 'Semantic change'?
A change in the meaning of a word
A change in grammar structure
A change in pronunciation
A change in spelling rules
13
What is 'Estuary English'?
A formal version of English
A historical dialect
A South-Eastern English variety spreading across the UK
A dialect from Scotland
14
What is 'Standardisation'?
Promoting regional dialects
Removing foreign words from English
Making all language variations conform to a standard
The process of making language more informal
15
What are 'Inflections'?
Archaisms
Latinate borrowings
Forms like walks, walked, walking that show grammatical relationships
Words that describe actions
16
What was the 'Inkhorn Controversy'?
A controversy over borrowing too many Latin and Greek words
A debate over spelling reform
A campaign to remove slang
A movement to simplify grammar
17
What is 'Orthography'?
The study of sentence structure
The study of word origins
The study of dialects
The study of spelling and letter use in a language
18
What was the impact of 'Caxton’s printing press'?
It created the first English novel
It promoted the need for English standardisation
It banned regional dialects
It introduced new grammar rules
19
What is 'Standard English'?
A slang-based dialect
The form of English considered the norm or most accepted
A dialect spoken only in London
A version of English used in poetry
20
Who is Aitchison?
A prescriptivist who opposed language change
A poet who influenced English standardisation
A descriptivist who used metaphors to describe language fears
A linguist who created the first dictionary
21
What is a 'Loan word'?
A word used only in legal contexts
A word that has multiple meanings
A word borrowed from another language
A word that is no longer used
22
What is a 'Neologism'?
A word that has changed meaning
A word borrowed from Latin
A word that is no longer used
A newly coined word or expression
23
What is 'overt prestige'?
Status from using non-standard dialects
Status from using regional accents
Status from using slang
Status from using the most official and standard form of a language
24
What is 'Deliberate Agency'?
Purposeful language change
Using metaphors in speech
Borrowing from Latin
Random language change
25
What is 'Lexical Diffusion'?
The process of borrowing words from Latin
The use of metaphors in language change
The gradual spread of a sound change through a language
The replacement of old words with new ones
26
Who is 'Robert Lane Greene'?
A prescriptivist
A poet
A descriptivist who coined 'declinism' and 'sticklerism'
A dictionary compiler
27
Who is 'Henry Hitchings'?
A character in 'My Fair Lady'
A linguist who argued English marginalised other languages
The inventor of the printing press
An influential poet
28
What is 'Covert prestige'?
Status from using foreign words
Status from using non-standard dialects
Status from using formal grammar
Status from using standard English
29
Who is ' Lynne Truss’?
A dictionary compiler
A critic of slang
A supporter of language change
A prescriptivist who wrote Eats, Shoots and Leaves
30
What is 'coinage'?
The shortening of words
The borrowing of words
The change in word meaning
The invention of new words
31
What is 'Pejoration'
When a word changes to a more positive meaning
When a word becomes obsolete
When a word changes to a more negative meaning
When a word is borrowed from another language
32
What is a 'Lingua Franca'?
A dialect spoken only in France
A language that has become obsolete
A language used for religious purposes
a linguistic bridge between two speakers without a shared native language
33
What is the definition of 'Kennings'?
A phrase that replaces a noun with a metaphorical compound
A word that has fallen out of use
A suffix added to a verb
A word borrowed from another language
34
Define 'slang'
Archaic language no longer in use
Informal, often innovative language used by particular groups
Formal language used in writing
Technical language used in science
35
What does 'Obsolete' mean in language?
A word that has multiple meanings
A word that is no longer in use
A word that is used in formal writing
A word that is borrowed from another language
36
Who is 'Guy Deutcher’?
A dictionary author
A linguist who used the muddy shortcut metaphor
A prescriptivist
A critic of grammar rules
37
What is a 'prefix'?
A word added to the beginning of another
A word that describes a state
A word added to the end of another
A word that replaces a noun
38
What is 'Ellipsis'?
Omitting implied words
Adding extra words
Using slang
Changing spelling
39
Define 'acronym'
A word that has changed its meaning
use of the initial letters of a group of words to construct a new word
a word that has become obsolete
A word borrowed from another language
40
Define 'clipping'
Changing a word’s meaning
Borrowing from another language
Adding a suffix to a word
Removing morphemes to form a new word
41
What did 'Tom McArthur’ identify?
The rise of slang in modern English
The use of emojis in digital communication
The decline of English spelling
Three main patterns of English spelling: Germanic, Romance, and Greek
42
What is a 'Loan word'?
A word that has multiple meanings
A word that is no longer used
A word borrowed from another language
A word used only in legal contexts
43
What is 'descriptivism'?
Opposing language change
Judging language as right or wrong
Promoting standard English
Describing language without judgement
44
What is 'Syntax'?
The use of slang in writing
The pronunciation of vowels
The way words are arranged to form sentences
The study of word origins
45
What is 'Omission' in phonology?
Adding a sound to a word
Leaving out a phoneme in a cluster
Changing the spelling of a word
Using a word in a new context
46
What is an 'Initialism'?
A word that has changed meaning
A word formed by blending two others
A phrase made up of initials, pronounced letter by letter
A word that is no longer used
47
What is 'blending'?
Borrowing from another language
Removing parts of a word
Changing a word’s spelling
combining two words to form a new one
48
What is 'Etymology'?
The study of grammar
The study of dialects
The study of sentence structure
The study of word origins
49
What is 'Broadening'?
A word’s meaning becomes more inclusive
A word is shortened
A word is replaced
A word’s meaning becomes more specific
50
Who is 'Deborah Cameron'?
A prescriptivist who opposed slang
A poet who influenced grammar
A dictionary compiler
A linguist who coined the term 'verbal hygiene'
51
What is a 'Cognate'?
A word that has changed meaning
A word with multiple meanings
A word with the same linguistic origin as another
A word used only in writing
52
What is an 'Intensifier'?
A word that is used only in speech
A word that replaces a noun
A word that weakens another
A word that strengthens the expression of another
53
What is a 'Synonym'?
A word that is no longer used
A word borrowed from another language
A word with the opposite meaning
A word with the same or similar meaning
54
What is 'Compounding'?
Borrowing from another language
Combining two existing words to form a new one
Changing a word’s meaning
Removing parts of a word
55
What is 'Elision'?
Changing word meaning
Adding sounds to words
Using metaphors
Omitting sounds in speech
56
What is a 'Back-formation'?
Creating a new word by removing an affix
Changing a word’s meaning
Adding a prefix to a word
Borrowing a word from another language
57
What is 'Multimodal text'?
A text that combines word, image, and sound to produce meaning
A text that uses only images
A text that is only spoken
A text written in multiple languages
58
Who is 'Humphrys'?
A linguist who supported slang
Wrote the bestseller Eats, Shoots and Leaves
Wrote Lost for Words and criticised the manipulation of language
An outspoken advocate for language change
59
What is a 'Vocative'?
A word used only in writing
A noun used to address a person
A word that modifies a verb
A verb that describes an action
60
Who is 'Robert Cawdry?
A supporter of slang
The author of the first English dictionary
A modern linguist
A critic of language change
61
What is 'Beowulf'?
A dictionary of Anglo-Saxon terms
A Middle English grammar guide
A modern English novel
The longest epic poem in Old English
62
What is a 'Colloquialism'?
A technical term
An informal word or expression
A formal word
A borrowed word
63
What is 'drift'?
Sudden language change
Borrowing from Latin
Gradual linguistic change over time
Using metaphors in speech
64
What is a 'stative verb'?
A verb that describes an action
A verb that describes a state of being
A verb used only in past tense
A verb that ends in -ing
65
Who was 'Jonathan Swift?
A supporter of language change through technology
A linguist who supported slang
A critic of prescriptivism
Proposed an English academy to regulate language
66
What is 'Code-switching'?
Changing a word’s spelling
Using slang in formal writing
Using metaphors in speech
Switching between languages or dialects
67
What is 'Borrowing'?
Taking words from other languages
Changing a word’s pronunciation
Creating a new word from scratch
Using a word in a new context
68
Who was Chaucer?
A linguist who opposed language change
A dictionary compiler
A poet who helped standardise the London dialect
A grammar reformer
69
What is 'Synchronic change'?
The study of grammar rules
The study of language at a specific point in time
Language change over time
The study of dialects
70
What is the 'Apostrophe Protection Society'?
A group that opposes apostrophes
A society that promotes spelling reform
A group that promotes new punctuation rules
A group that preserves correct apostrophe use
71
Define 'diachronic change'
Random language change
Borrowing from other languages
Historical language change over time
Language change at one point in time
72
What is 'ameliorative change'?
When a word is borrowed from another language
When a word becomes obsolete
A word changes to a more positive meaning
A word changes to a more negative meaning
73
Who is 'Halliday'?
A critic of language change
A grammar reformer
A prescriptivist grammarian
A linguist who proposed functional theory
74
What is the 'Great Vowel Shift'?
A change in spelling rules
A dialect merger
A major change in vowel pronunciation
A grammar reform
75
What is 'Informalisation'?
The increasing use of informal language in
The removal of slang from writing
The use of technical terms in speech
The process of making language more formal
76
Who was 'Robert Lowth’ ?
Author of A Short Introduction to English Grammar (1762)
A supporter of language change through technology
A critic of prescriptivism
A linguist who promoted slang
77
What is 'Semantic narrowing'?
A word is shortened
A word’s meaning becomes more specific
A word is borrowed from another language
A word’s meaning becomes more inclusive
78
Define 'affixation'
The shortening of a word
The addition of a prefix or suffix to make new meaning
The blending of two words
The removal of a prefix or suffix

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