fell out of typeface 1800's but survived in handwriting 1860, left over from old norse, Like an f but for s

What grammar structures are typical of legal discourse?

Subordinates, Long complex sentences

What are softening tag questions for

To soften potentially negative speech

Proper talk like females, Rising intontation

What words were left out of Dr Johnson's dictionary?

Jargon of medicine & law, Things he didn't understand, Expletives

What is exonormative stablilisation, stage 2 Schneider’s model?

Looking to the colonisers for language

What is Simon Kirby's main finding from his alien fruit language experiment at Edinburgh Uni?

Human nature to seek patterns in language

What were Bax’s main findin?

70% imperatives in written, 50% imperatives in spoken

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Language Change & Diversity

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Questions 196

Answers

1
What did David Horby remark on the One show April 2013?
Cockney to MLE is exciting
Cockney to MLE is slow
Cockney is moving
2
What is the long s?
fell out of typeface 1800's but survived in handwriting 1860
Sssssssnakeee
left over from old norse
Like an f but for s
3
More indirect way of power and control through conversational constraints
Oppressive discourse
Repressive discourse
4
What is intrasential codeswitching?
Intrasential
Intersential
5
Trudgill is part of the ________ model
Difference
Dynamic
Deficit
Dominance
6
When did Zimmerman and West publish their findings?
1995
1997
1957
1975
7
What are Sinclair and Couthard known for?
Structure of discourse
IRF
Classroom experiment
8
When was Martha's Vineyard published by William Labov?
1966
1973
1963
1976
9
Who defined a lingua Franca?
Bax
Trudgill
Koester
N.Oster
10
Who created a 14 year cycle of nouns from university of Manchester?
Drew and Heritage 1992
Zimmerman and West 1975
Montermurro and Zanette 2016
Pinker and Spelke 2020
11
Which is rhotic r?
Putt
Farther
Cuup
Bu(t)er
12
What were Koester‘S main findings?
Modals used freqeuntly
Imperatives used a lot
13
What grammar structures are typical of legal discourse?
Subordinates
Noun phrases
Long complex sentences
Adverbials
14
When did Drew & Heritage publish their?
1949
1992
1929
1994
15
What does mince pies mean in Cockney rhyming slang?
Eyes
Pies
Lies
Christmas
16
What did Trudgill discover about accents?
There’s one posh accent
There‘s many posh accents
There’s no posh accent
17
When was the Plain English Campaign established?
1999
1997
1977
1979
18
What did Janet Holmes research in 1980?
Tag Questions
Statistics
Uncertainty of speech
Adjectives
19
What were grammarians inspired by?
The order of Gardens
Kent
The dictionary
Scientific Revolution
20
Trudgill discovered that in conversation upperworking class men didn’t g-drop what %?
5%
83%
21
What is a Pidgin?
Simplified language
A bird
22
What is unequal hierachal power called?
Asymmetrical power
Symmetrical power
23
When did Stephen Pinker publish his Euphemism Treadmill Theory from Harvard?
1987
2010
2003
1999
24
When did Caxton bring the printing press to the UK?
1453
1476
1467
1435
25
When did Brown and Levinson publish their face theory?
1987
1978
1977
1988
26
Who said a language is a dialect with an army and navy?
Hitler
branson pickle
Weinreich
27
What are softening tag questions for
Reassurance of info
Expressing solidarity
To soften potentially negative speech
28
When did Dr Johnson publish his dictionary?
1756
1755
1775
1765
29
What were Zimmerman and Wests main findings?
Men interrupt women 96%
Women used more tag questions
Interruptions did not exist
Men used more referential tag questions
30
What is uptalk?
Talking like a celeb
Proper talk like females
Rising intontation
Speaking posh
31
When did Lesley Milroy do her Belfast study?
1987
1978
32
What words were left out of Dr Johnson's dictionary?
Jargon of medicine & law
Things he didn't understand
Expletives
Questionable definitions
33
Example of a conversion and functional shift...
Perhaps
Twittering
Google
Text
34
Who spoke about prestige and stigmatised use of informalisation?
Trudgill 1972
Ross 2003
35
Which features did Robin Lakoff 1975 say were not part of women language?
Specific Colour Words
Verbal Sparring
Rising Intonation
Empty Adjectives
36
What did Malcolm Petyt study in 1985?
S-dropping
G-dropping
H-dropping
D-dropping
37
What is polysemy?
Owning a polygon
Having various spellings?
Having more than one meaning?
Having more than one wife?
38
How many words did the vikings bring to English?
20,000
200
200,000
2,000
39
Example of a euphemism, making something nasty sound polite ...
Expletives
Collateral Damage
Restroom
You smell like s***
40
What is exonormative stablilisation, stage 2 Schneider’s model?
Looking to the colonisers for language
Looking within to elites for language
41
What is Simon Kirby's main finding from his alien fruit language experiment at Edinburgh Uni?
Random words can be synthesised into a language
Human nature to seek patterns in language
Aliens have their own languages
Alien fruit exists on earth
42
Where did Labov do his study in 1966?
Saks
Macy’s
Asda
SKlein
43
What numbers did Matthias Meal research that people use each day in 2007?
W - 20,000 vs M - 7,000
W - 16,215 vs M - 15,669
W - 7k vs M - 20k
W - 15,669 vs M - 16,215
44
Halliday's taxonomy was published?
1975
1957
1977
1955
45
Which was the worst accent in 2007 Coupland and bishop study?
London
Gypsy
Scottish
Brummie
46
What did Sylvia Shaw research in 2006?
Women in the House of Commons
Women in a work environment
Women in a University
47
How many preliminary contributors to a words survival did Susie Dent quote in 2007?
5
8
3
10
48
What were Bax’s main findin?
70% imperatives in written
More imperatives in written
50% imperatives in spoken
More imperatives in spoken
49
What are metaphors?
Comparisons
Abstract ideas
Dictionary definitions
The bible
50
When did Kachru publish his 3 circles of English Spread?
1992
1929
51
What area in Milroy‘s study was the exception where woman worked more and had vernacular speech
Cola
Clonard
Clinchard
Caterpilla
52
When did Jacobi & Schweers do their research?
2017
2015
2016
2018
53
What were Jacobi and Schweers main findings
Women's place in court increased interruptions decreased
Women's place in court increased so did interruptions
Women's interruptions are irrelevant to their power
Women's power is irrelevant
54
Example of amelioration ...
Special
Purty
Villain
Pretty
55
What is social group power?
Power you have as a result of achievements
Power you have as a result of your associates
Power you have as a result of social variables
Power you have as a result of your job
56
What is the double bind women face?
Too assertive sounds manly; too ditsy feminine and powerless
Too assertive too feminine; too ditsy feminine and powerless
57
What is intersential codeswitching?
Within sentences
Between sentences
58
Where actions occur behind scene
Backstage
Frontstage
59
What is an interroBANG?
:?:?:
?!
????
!!!!!
60
Did the grammar movement in the 18th century cause class divide?
Yes
No
61
What did the printing press deserve?
Etymology
Grammar
Spelling
Silent letters
62
What did Rosewarne 1984 catergorise?
Estuary English
RP
Cockney Rhyming Slang
63
When did Kerswill and Williams do their MK Study’s?
1949
1994
64
What did Pamela Fishman conclude in her research?
Women do the linguistic sh*twork
Women fan the flames of conversation
Women aren't listened too
Women don't choose good topics to talk
65
When did Trudgill do his experiment?
1944
1977
1947
1974
66
What stage is Singapore at in Schneider’s model?
Stage 4
Stage 3
Stage 5
67
What is the theory that suggests words change as inventions arise?
Functional theory of language change
Theory of least effort
Random fluctuation theory
68
When did Bailey publish the Wave Model?
1937
1873
1837
1973
69
What was rob drummonds main conclusion 2012?
In and ink of polish manc’s
Language solidarity
70
What is personal power?
Power you have because of your status and occupational role
Power you want to have
Power you have in your friend group
Power you have within yourself
71
What is political power?
Backing of the law
Power you get from voting
Power you get from being part of politics
Power that only the prime minster has
72
When was the cool accents poll by the telegraph?
2010
2007
2009
2008
73
What is an accent?
Pronunciation
Where you are from
Words you use
74
Specialist language of a particular occupation
Restricted code
Technological terms
Jargon
Lexis
75
Which network would have the highest network strength score - Milroy?
Open
Closed
76
Example of a compound
Facebook
Rainbow
Handheld
Jellytots
77
What did Julia Snell say in 2011?
We judge the way people speak by stereotypes
We judge the way people speak by image
78
What does GO in stand for in Drew & Heritages research?
Goal Orientation
Great Oratory
79
Limited and specific occupational lexis that is restricted examples...
Vitals - medicine
Head (toilet) - merchants
Prima facie - law
80
Who was the first to catergorise world English in 1980?
Schneider
Kachru
Strevens
McArthur
81
What are "mate" and "babe" ?
Endearment
Diminutives
Petnames
Nicknames
82
What did Louann Brizedine claim in 2006?
Women speak less than men
Women use 20,000 words per day while men use 7,000
Men used less words daily but more weekly
83
Example of a generalisation...
Place
Mall
Civic Centre
House
84
Why weren't contractions commonly used in Old English?
Because they didn't have the punctuation for it
Because they sounded like speech
Because they sounded like commoners talk
85
Schneider’s - dynamic model of post colonial englishes year?
2006
2007
2005
2008
86
What is a creole?
Rasta
Developed Pidgin
Language
87
What is mitigation?
Being indirect
Singing
Ignoring
Being forceful
88
According to Trudgill what do men seek?
Overt
Love
Covert
Hate
89
Before the great vowel shift in the 15th C how would "Might" been pronounced?
MEET
MUG
MUTT
MUGHT
90
What does SIF stand for in Drew and Heritages research?
Special inferential framework
Spackle information fag
Spiders is fancybum
91
What was word of the year in 2017?
James Charles
Trump
Gangnam Style
Youthquake
92
What did Labov ask shop assistants to pronounce in 1966?
Yellow pineapple
New York
Fourth Floor
93
Example of an American spelling...
Popcorn
Color
Theater
Pineapple
94
Where did Norman Fairclough do his investigation?
Hospitals 1966-97?
Universities 1966-97?
Work offices 1966-97?
Political elections 1966-97?
95
What did Stephen Fry say in Kinetic Typography?
There is no right or wrong language
Language choice is important
Grammar can be right or wrong
There is right or wrong language
96
How men and women use language is known as?
There is no distinction
Genderlinguistics
Genderlect
Genderspeech
97
What does a glottal stop show?
Class
Lazy
Londoner
Undeducated
98
What words did Simon Horobin say may become one?
There / Their / They're
Its / It's / It is
Witch / Which
Bare / Bear / Bere
99
What metaphor describes laziness as the cause of language change?
Damp spoon syndrome?
Crumbling castle view?
Infectious disease view?
100
Where did Ives do his research in 2014?
Birmingham
South London
London
Bradford
101
What is instrumental power?
Influence and persuade others
Maintain and enforce authority
102
Linguistic behaviour that is open to excel using power and control
Repressive discourse
Oppresive discourse
103
What did Ive’s find out in London 2014?
Does matter where you’re from
Doesnt matter where you‘re from
104
Examples of ease of articulation...
"Handbag" --> "Hambag"
"Tenpounds" --> "Tempounds"
"Brother" --> "Bruvva"
"Shoes" --> "Sooz"
105
What word that was an invention got added to the Oxford English Dictionary in 2017 from Latin?
Quantumcomputation
Quantumdistablishment
Quantumphilosophy
Quantumambulance
106
What does PC stand for in Drew and Heritages research?
Possible colours
Particular contrasints
Panda central
Allowable contributions on communication
107
What does declinism suggest?
Language will always decline
Language has declined and is irreversible
Language doesn't decline
108
Example of an acronym...
DVD
YOLO
LOL
NATO
109
When did Koester do her research?
2010
2016
2006
2001
110
What did Lynne Murphy state from Sussex university?
Not polluting
Tendency to over diagnose
All varities influence
Big ask
111
What did Labov find in 1963?
Identification by phonological pronounciation
Fisherman’s were idiolised
6,000 natives vs 40,000 tourists
31-45 followed fishermen
112
What variables did Cheshire 1982 study?
Multiple Negation
Non-standard -s
Non-standard “was”
Phonological
113
When did Howard Giles do his experiment?
1957
1975
114
What is matched guise?
An actor doing different accents
Matching people to their accents
a variety of accents all at once
115
Where does & ampersand come from?
French 'et'
Italian 'et'
Latin 'et'
English 'and'
116
American example of pronounciation
aluminium
herbs
coffee
yellow
117
What is language called that excludes people - by Michael Halliday?
Codeswitching
Anti-language
Racism
118
How many words and when did the Normans invade England?
1066 - 10,000
1666 - 100,000
1088 - 10,000
1665 - 100,000
119
What is an example of a stereotype?
Banana's are yellow
Apple mac books are the best
Women should be in the Kitchen
Tradesmen are the bottom of the earth
120
Example of hypecorrection as a result of moving up the social ladder?
Yellow
Pothole
Pineapple
Cushion
121
Someone who prescribes a correct version of english is known as a ...
Descriptivist
Prescriptivist
122
What grammar structures are typical of a TV presenter?
Noun phrases
Adverbials
Modifiers
Subordinates
123
What metaphor suggests language was once good and is now much worse?
Damp spoon syndrom
Crumbing castle view
Infectious disease view
124
When was the Queens English Society created?
2010
2011
2002
2001
125
According to Sara Thorne 1997 what Audience demographic would you fall in if you were a plumber
B
D
C2
C1
126
What are directives?
Interogatives
Modals
Description
Imperatives
127
Example of back formation (verb created from a noun)?
locate-->location
pineapple
bop-->bop
report-->reporting
128
Relational conversation to maintain relationships
Phatic
Interaction
Transaction
129
What would you use to call someone to get their attention?
Vocative
Title
Name
Diminuitive
130
When did Robin Lakoff publish her theories of power?
1973
1979
1982
1883
131
What is stage 5 of Schneider’s model?
Foundation
Endonormative
Differentiation
Exonormative
132
What were the contrasts of h-dropping in Petyts study?
12%-93%
1%-100%
28%-56%
43%-65%
133
What does BSE stand for?
Big sausage elephants
British English Etiquette
British Standard English
134
Example of a clipping
Gov
Pineapple
Popo
Deli
135
What vowels did Milroy research?
Th & e
T & o
Th & A
T & D
136
When did Basil Bernstein do his research?
1977
1973
1971
1978
137
What does the theory of least effort entail?
Glottal stops
Omission
Talking faster
Ease of articulation
138
What did Michael Nelson study?
Semantics
Corpus linguistics
Restricted code
Business lexis
139
What does ’Steh’ stand for in Hawaiin Creole?
Stay
Is
140
Example of a borrowing...
Viking
Yellow
Panini
Blood
141
According to Trudgill what do woman seek?
Love
Hate
Overt
Covert
142
When did Charles Hockett publish his random fluctuation theory?
1985
1988
1958
1955
143
What did prescriptivist Simon Heffer in 2000 say he would ask for in a cafe?
Panino
Cappucino
144
What was the name of Robin Lakoff's book in 1975?
The language of Women
Language and a Woman's Place
Woman's Place in Society
Woman's language in Society
145
What types of words did the Normans (French) bring to English?
Food
Industrial
Medicine
Law
146
What do lower class people call paper things you have at the table to wipe your mouth?
Napkin
Serviette
Tissue
147
What do the 8 Pakinstani boys do in Ives study?
Distinguish language from freshies
Uses Punjabi expletives
Older Punjabi’s code switch
Distinguish by postcode BD8/22
148
Who and when was the S-curve language change model published?
Spelke 2016
Pinker 2003
Chen 1968
Chomsky 1965
149
What is sticklerism?
Describe what others say is wrong because it is incorrect
Describe what others say because they know better
Describe what others say as wrong because it is illogical
150
When a derogatory term is associated with the female synonym of a word this is known as...
Reclamation
Ordering Semantics
Semantic Derogation
151
When did Shan Wareing publish her 3 power types?
2000
2009
1999
1990
152
What were features of the elaborate code - Bernstein?
Subordinate conjuctions
Correct syntax
Lack of subordination
Direct pronouns
153
What was the reason for non-standard capitalisation on nouns?
Due to old grammar rules
Other languages also require it
From the letters used in the printing press
Author's choice for emphasis
154
Example of a neologism
Paper
Smart
iPod
Widget
155
What are Lakoff's politeness principles?
Use manners
Give options
Don't impose
Make receives feel good
156
Speech that is goal orientated talking about what needs to be achieved
Interactional
Transactional
Referential
157
When was the nationality act that brought over windrush generation?
1949
1950
1948
1945
158
Example of a blend...
Facebook
Podcast
Tweet
Handheld
159
What have we lost in modern English from old English?
Free Syntax
Inflections
Pronouns & Determiners
Contractions
160
Which is an example of a marked term?
Clerk
Farmer
Chef
Actress
161
When did Bax do her research?
1986
1966
1988
1968
162
What were Holmes and Stubbes main findings?
Modals dominate white collar work
Imperatives dominate white collar work
Imperatives dominate blue collar work
Models dominate bluecollar work
163
What did Stephen Fry find out in 2011?
RP used for complaints
Regional accent more trustworthy
People favour their own accent
People dislike their own accent
164
What letters commonly become ligatures
st
ct
zt
pq
165
Some sort of performance involve lay people some sort of audience
Frontstage
Backstage
166
When did Pamela Fishmann publish her findings?
1979
1977
1997
167
What grammar structure is typical of being an estate agent?
Noun phrases
Subordinates
Adverbials
Modifiers
168
When was Singapore left alone by the British?
1963
1967
1969
1973
169
When did Jenny Cheshire do her reading study?
1983
1984
1982
1981
170
Example of an initialism...
LOL
IBM
DVD
YOLO
171
What did Janet Holmes research in 1988
Interruptions
Tag Questions
Staff meetings
Power
172
Who publish about DVD (double voiced discourse) in Nov 2013?
Robin Lakoff
Janet Holmes
Deborah Tannen
Judith Baxter
173
What are referential tag questions?
Expressing solidarity and encouraging
Reassurance of info
Softening potentially negative speech
174
Treating people as an object or an instrument is known as...
Androcentric
Prejudice
Stereotype
Objectification
175
What diphthongs did Labov study in 1963?
Oo and ou
EE and Ow
At and ae
Aw and Ay
176
Example of an eponym (named after a person)...
Pasteurise
Carpark
Pineapple
Sandwich
177
What was associated with the Rhotic R in Labov’s New York study?
Before 1800 not prestigious
Social stratification
Prestige
Rudeness
178
Someone who describes English as they find it cultivating it's change and innovation
Descriptivist
Prescriptivist
179
What does Adam & Eve stand for in cockney rhyming slang?
Sleeve
Believe
Crease
Evil
180
What is an example of technology developing language?
Acne
Pwned
Pothole
Damp Squib
181
What are facilitative tag questions for?
Solidarity to encourage conversation
Wanting to be sure of info
Softening potentially negative speech
182
Example of specialising - narrowing of meaning
Wife
Meat
Vegetables
Fruit
183
Example of pejoration
Islam
People
Brummie
Villain
184
What were Norman Fairclough's forms of in-formalisation?
Technologisation
Conversationalism
185
When did Jean Aitchison share her metaphors for language change?
1999
1969
1996
1966
186
What is paralinguistic restitution?
;)
:)
!
?
187
Language that is male dominated is known as ...
Androgynous
Mantalk
Mansplaining
Androcentric
188
What was the name of Robert Lowth's book on grammar in 1762?
A Short Introduction to English Grammar
Lectures on scared poetry
Lectures on English Grammar
A Comprehensive English Grammar
189
What words were left out of Dr Johnson's dictionary?
20
7
3
4
190
When did Holmes and Stubbe do their research?
2004
2003
2005
2006
191
Example of affiliation (adding of a free morpheme)
Upstart
Disappointed
I'm bored
Unfriend
192
What is double voiced discourse?
Women cannot be effective in handling difficult discourse
Women are a minority when talking
Adjust language to take into account audiences view
193
What does BBE stand for?
Bumble Bee Empire
British Black Ethincity
Black British English
194
When did Lave and Wenger catergorise their communities of practise?
1919
1990
1999
1991
195
What is the definition of a proprietary eponym?
When a name becomes so common all others are forgotten
Advertising until specific brand is used as regular name
196
What metaphor suggests language catches on like habits due to contact
Crumbling castle
Damp spoon
Infectious disease

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