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Nursing & Midwifery Research Quiz
Nursing & Midwifery Research Quiz
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1
Stratified random sampling divides the population into strata that are?
Purposefully chose for the study
Different for each conceptual category
Homogeneous
Heterogeneous
2
Randomised control trials are always the best way to do a study?
False
True
3
Variance is a measure of variability that includes?
The lowest scores in the distribution
The highest scores in the distribution
Every score in the distribution
Most of the scores in the distribution
4
Methods to avoid an overly biased interpretation of the data may include?
Providing examples from original data to illustrate themes
All of the above
Asking peers external to study to review the analysis
Providing an audit trail allowing others to draw conclusions
5
Writing about the implications of your study for healthcare is important because?
readers like to know about health problems in communities
A well-planned research study should have implications
It indicates a lack of careful research planning
People need to know what healthcare is about
6
The literature review should inform the reader?
That literature relevant to topic has been examined
That the topic has been well researched
That gaps have been identified
That the researcher has looked at published articles
7
Quantitative research explores, examines, describes - True or False?
True
False
8
Nurses & midwives should work with other health-related departments because?
Hospital administrators will know when research is conducted
It will help describe aspects of patient care in other areas
Everyone will be conducting the same research
It is critical to meet as many health professionals you can
9
The primary characteristic of probability sampling is?
To select participants who meet the study criteria
To ensure the findings will be credible
Generalisation of findings of the study to the population
The random selection of elements from the population
10
What is research methodology?
Grounded theory research
Experimental & Ethnomenthodology research
Different approaches to systematic inquiry
All of the above
11
Thematic analysis is normally associated with?
An inductive, iterative process
Line-by-line coding
Researcher objectivity
Breaking the data up into abstracted bits
12
The main advantage of qualitative, descriptive & exploratory approaches to research is?
All of the above
They can be easier to manage
They don't use complicated terminology
They can incorporate a variety of different perspectives
13
Evidence-based nurses ask whether there is a scientific basis for care they deliver in order to
Provide the most effective care for their clients
Change their practice regularly
Make certain they can evaluate findings correctly
Convince their colleagues to change practice
14
Grounded theory aims to?
Develop a well-rounded theor for use in later research
Develop a rationale for lining qualitative to quantiative
Develop explanations for experimental events & future study
Develop theories for socially constructed events/hypothesis
15
The Australian College of Nursing & NZ Nurses Organisation
Do not think that all research is important
Want all nurses to conduct research
Want to promote reserach as part of nursing practice
Think all nurses should undertake higher degrees in nursing
16
The main advantage to descriptive-explorative approaches to research is?
Thay can be easier to manage
They do not limit to a philosophical world-view
They can incorporate a variety of different perspectives
They don't use complicated terminology
17
Evidence-based practice is a quality improvement process because?
You hae learned how to skim when reading research articles
EBP is a key factor to accountability & benchmarking
Trial & error is still important in clinical practice
You have critically analysed many research articles
18
In qualitative studies the phenomena of interest are explored:
Within an holistic & humanistic context
Only in a community context
With a single focus group of people
Only in the clinical area
19
Which of the following are most valid operational definitions of variables?
Heart function
Health-related quality of life
Verbalised satisfaction with care received
Pain rated on a scale of 1 to 10
20
CINAHL stands for?
Comparative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature
Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature
Cumulative Indicators to Nursing & Allied Health Literature
Comparative Indicators to Nursing & Allied Health Literature
21
What is research design?
Data collection & Data Analysis
Sampling
All of the above
The phsyical "doing" part of a study
22
The term "statistically significant" means?
Unlikely to occur due to fluctuations in data analysis
Unlikely to occur due to chance fluctuations in sampling
Unlikely to occur due to fluctuations in data interpretation
Likely to have occurred due to fluctuations in data analysis
23
In which stage of the research process can qualitative data be analysed?
Either following data collection or simutaneously
Only if all data has been collected
All of the above
Once research team agrees on wording of research question
24
A systematic review is the most appropriate type of review to examine?
Descriptive and exploratory studies
Level III studies
Cause-and-effect experimental studies
Studies in a meta-synthesis
25
Sample size is determined?
After the study has started
Prior to commencement of the study
While recruitment of participants is taking place
Once the consent forms have been signed
26
Research frameworks serve as a frame of reference that researchers can predict or explain?
Study designs
Study outcomes
Study inputs
Study methods
27
Understanding a research article and seeing the terms in relation to the context relate to?
Synthesis understanding
Preliminary understanding
Comprehensive understanding
Analysis understanding
28
Random allocation or assignment:
Places participants in groups based on age/gender/education
Allows participants to choose the group they want to join
Excludes some participants from the study
Assigns participants to treatment or control groups
29
In quasi-experimental designs, randomisation and blinding may not be used?
True
False
30
Numerical questionnaires to examine feelings/perceptions/social effects is a quantitative study
False
True
31
Nurses & midwives need to be able to critically read research articles because?
All nurses & midwives should conduct research
All nurses & midwives enjoy reading
The knowledge will enhance their practice
They will be able to practice EBP & improve patient care
32
Main role of institutional or regional ethics committee in Australia & NZ is to?
Protect institutions involved from adverse publicity
Protect research participants from harm
Protect researchers from criticism
Protect funding body of the research
33
The first part of the research process involves?
All of the above
Identifying ideas, questions, statements or hypotheses
Searching & reviewing primary & conceptual literature
Identifying the problem or issue
34
To produce an adequate transcript of a one-hour interview usually takes?
Two days
One week
Half a day
Two hours
35
Bias is introduced into a study when?
Sample selection is carried out with a sampling frame
Eligible individuals do participate
Sampling techniques are used without a good sampling frame
The population is homogeneous
36
Informed consent involves?
Consenting after receiving detailed info on the study
Informing a particpant about a study prior to participating
Particpants agreeing after being told which drug to take
Freely agreeing after receiving detailed info on the study
37
Nurses & Midwives do not always conduct research because?
They find it difficult to translate findings into practice
They find it difficult to conduct research in clinical area
They have limited time to change their practice
They think research findings are irrelevant/not good enough
38
The most common methods used for collecting qualitative data is?
Interview
Survey
Observation
Biological measurement
39
The purpose of a literature review is?
To find out who else is writing about your topic
To critically analyse all articles your colleagues published
To identify different ways to write research studies
To systematically & critically revew published papers
40
A research hypothesis is also known as?
A directional hypothesis
A scientific hypothesis
A causal hypothesis
A non-directional hypothesis
41
Bias is introduced when participants know they have got the intervention being tested?
True
False
42
The first step to become knowledgeable research consumer involves?
Understanding how it impacts nursing practice
Understanding research theories, methods & processes
Understanding the "language" of research
Understanding how to conduct research
43
Selecting only unemployed & promising to pay them money to participate in study does not meet?
Ethical requirement of respect for privacy
Ethical requirement for justice & equity
Ethical requirement for autonomy
Ethical requirement of beneficience
44
The purpose of sampling is to?
Increase the efficiency of a research study
Recruit as many participants as possible
Make predictions about the study
Obtain a sample that is representative of the population
45
Non-experimental correlation studies are used because RCTs are not possible in nursing projects
False
True
46
Using pseudonyms in qualitative studies to quote participant's narrative ethically meets?
Beneficience
Respect for autonomy
Respect for privacy
Respect for justice and equity
47
What is dependability?
Untruth of findings
Faithfullness
Auditability
Fittingness
48
An RCT is the most powerful type of design examining cause and effect relationships?
False
True
49
Coding is the process of interrogating the data for?
Terms, phrases and keywods
Themes and topics
Ideas and concepts
All of the above
50
Grounded theory originates from and has been further developed by?
Strauss & Chopin
Glaser & Corbin
Strauss & Corbin
Glaser & Strauss
51
Key feature of inductive analysis is?
Applying your values and assumptions to the data
Using reasoning to interpret and organise meaning from data
The use of predetermined codes
Hypothesis testing
52
If a study has not obtained ethics approval
The study should be replicated immediately
It can still contribute to the database of nursing knowledge
It should not be published
The findings should not be disclosed
53
The last part of the research process involves?
Analysing collected research data
Determining research results & findings
All of the above
Disseminating research findings
54
Research findings no matter what the outcome should be published because?
Nursing communities will know what research has been done
All studies are worth publishing
Everyone enjoys reading about research findings
Everyone wants to know what research has been done
55
The underlying assumption for "member checking" is?
Participants can evaluate interpretations of experiences
It prevents researcher subjectivity
This allows for researcher reflexivity
All of the above
56
What is credibility?
Truth of findings
Fittingness
Reflect all of the above
Accountability
57
In research - what is considered a variable
Weight
All of the above
Age
Pulse Rate
58
Ethnography typically includes the study of?
Cultures-fieldwork-surveys-insider & outsider reality
Individuals-laboratory-observation-insider/outsider reality
Cultures-fieldwork-observation-insider & outsider reality
Individuals-fieldwork-observation-insider & outsider reality
59
A qualitative researcher knows that it is not useful to collect any further data when?
When participants say they have nothing more to say
When data overload is reached
When data saturation/redundancy of data is reached
When they sense that this is the case
60
How many years is it necessary to go back in the literature for an evidence-based project?
All literature is to be included
10 years is expected
5 years is preferred
1 year is sufficient
61
Ethical clearance from HREC is necessary before commencing a study because?
The HREC wants to know what your research is about
Participants will want to tell their friends about the study
The HREC wants to know when you intend to begin your study
Participants can feel confident in being treated ethically
62
Which of the following would be a disadvantage of observational data collection methods?
Individual judgements & values may influence perceptions
All of the above
Ethical concerns using observational data collection methods
Individual bias interfering with data collection
63
Data collection in quantitative research follows from?
Identifying variables for observation by the researcher
A review of the literature
The researcher defining variables & choosing the best method
Assessing objectivity of variables identified by researcher
64
In research what is a "structured interview"?
All of the above
An interview asking for explanations
An interview asking random questions
An interview with precise wording and order
65
Clinical governance was first described as?
A system designed to ensure continuous improvement
A system designed to ensure continuity of education programs
A system designed to ensure implementation of findings
A system designed to ensure research findings are being used
66
The population criteria establish the?
Representativeness of a sample
Way a sample is drawn
Number of participants in a study
Target population
67
Which of the following conditions enhance generalisability of findings?
Small sample size
Representative sample
Random selection of participants
Few threats to validity
68
Any design using counts or measures something is?
Ethnographic
Phenomenological
Qualitative
Quantitative
69
Critical & interpretive research paradigms generally use?
Qualitative methods to examine phenomena of interest
Qualitative methods to examine hypotheses
Quantitative methods to examine phenomena of interest
Quantitative methods to examine hypotheses
70
Therapeutic research is?
The effect of experiences shared in qualitative studies
Research that benefits society
Research benefiting future patients
Investigating treatment most effective to least effective
71
The highest level of evidence for a therapy question is?
A descriptive design
A correlational design
A qualitative approach
A randomised controlled trial
72
Research misconduct refers mainly to?
Erros in data analysis or interpretation
Fabrication or falsification of research results
A study that has been poorly conducted
A study that is unscientific
73
Controlling extraneous variables & removing alternative explanations of findings eliminates?
Independent variables
A priori control
Threats to validity
Randomisation of participants
74
Sometimes control can be implemented by manipulating one variable and not another?
True
False
75
Statistical analysis is?
All of the above
Learning to count
Understanding experiences
Based on principles of gathering numerical data
76
Which are following ways to control extraneous variables?
Manipulating the explanatory variable
Randomly selecting participants
Conducting a pilot study
Using a sample homogeneous on background characteristics
77
Qualitative & quantitative research is a common classification of research paradigms of?
Negativist, uncritical & interpretive
Deductive, inductive & productive
Positivist, critical & productive
Positivist, critical & interpretive
78
Which of the following is an example of "grey" literature?
Full-text papers in a published journal
Abstracts in printed proceedings from a conference
An abstract of a primary study in a textbook
Abstracts from an online bibliographical database
79
Notifyng a person of any proposed participation in research, meets what ethical requirement ?
Respect for privacy
Respect for justice
Respect for autonomy
Beneficience
80
Studies talking about death set up access to counselling services. They ethically meet?
Beneficience
Respect for autonomy
Respect for privacy
Respect for justice
81
What is validity in quantitative research terms?
All of the above
The accuracy and truth of data & findings that are produced
The inaccuracy of truth of data& findings that are produced
Concepts being investigated such as people and objects
82
The purpose of qualitative data analysis is to?
All of the above
Manipulate the data to answer research question
Order the data to enhance understanding
Establish cause-and-effect relationships
83
As effect size increases, sample size?
Decreases
Increases
Needs to be multiplied by 1.9%
Stays the same
84
What is an unstructured interview?
An interview using closed-ended questions
An interview that gives opportunity to talk freely
An interview using open ended questions
None of the above
85
The main features of action research are?
Change cycles, socio-community, mixed-methods, empowerment
Participation, mixed-methods, empowerment, organisational
Mixed-methods, change cycles, participation, empowerment
Mixed-methods, participation, randomisation, change cycles
86
A research consumer is one who?
Wants to conduct research in clinical area
Wants to read critically & evaluate findings to implement
Wants to change practice in the clinical area
Wants to participate in the conduct of research
87
Experimental designs are used
To assess the impact of an intervention
All of the above
To establish cause-and-effect relationships of variables
To test the hypothesis
88
Administration of an intervention to one group of participants and not another is an RCT
True
False
89
The distribution of sample means will approximate to the?
Population mean
Normal distribution
Curve mean
Sample mean
90
Ethnography has its origins in?
Feminist research
Anthropology
Quantitative research
Historical research
91
Focus group interviews are?
Are peer faciliated and topics are chosen by the group
Are only useful for market research
Small structured participant groups led by a facilitator
Are not very good for obtaining a range of perspectives
92
Data triangulation involves?
Using a variety of data sources in a single study
Differentiating between data sources in a single study
Using specific data sources in a single study
Prioritising data into discrete groups in a single study
93
The four main types of probability sampling are?
Simple random, systematic random, cluster & quota
Simple random, systematic random, cluster & stratified
Simple random, systematic random, convenience & quota
Simple random, systematic random, purposive & quota
94
Research design is dependent upon the following points?
Nature of the issue or problem being investigated
What is likely to offer best fit & potential outcomes
All of the above
Purpose & questions being asked
95
A convenience sample?
Gives everyone an opportunity to participate in a study
Is made up of people who enjoy being part of a study
Allows generalisability of findings to the population
Is made up of the most available & accessible persons
96
With a case study, the phenomenon of interest can be?
Individual/s, a group/community, organisation, process/event
Individual/s, group/community, conference, a process/event
Individual/s, a nation, an organisation, a process/event
Individual/s, a culture, an organisation, a process/event
97
Action research studies mainly focus on one or two broad areas such as?
Organisational development & community development
Procedural development & community development
Organisational development & procedural development
Organisational development & operation development
98
A questionnaire on a Likert Scale is one which contains?
Lists of statements
Open-ended response categories
Closed-ended response categories
Response categories that are evaluated on agreement
99
The main value of using mixed-methods research in nursing is that it?
Assists in reducing research error
Offers higher probability that study is reviewed complete
Helps researchers champion particular research paradigms
Allows the researcher to understand a wider range of methods
100
The wording of a research question should be different from?
A description of the design
The context of the study
The objectives of the study
The purpose or aim of the study
101
Research is guided by the following concepts and related questions?
Ontology, pedagogy & dermatology
Ontology, epistemology & oncology
Ontology, pedagogy & methodolgy
Ontology, epistemology & methodology
102
A true experiment design includes 4 properties: randomisation, blinding, control & manipulation
True
False
103
If the power of a study is low, what could the researcher manipulate to improve power?
Decrease the effect size
Decrease the sample size
Alter the significance level from 0.05 to 0.01
Increase the sample size
104
Concluding a difference exists when no such difference in reality exists is known as?
Type I error
The standard error
The standard deviation
Type II error
105
When might questionnaires be used as an appropriate method of data collection?
When open-ended & closed-ended responses are required
When data collected is from un-accessible participants
When questions used demonstrate to be clear & unambiguous
When researcher is interested in obtaining info directly
106
Qualitative research, by its nature, is usually?
Interpretive, etic, naturalistic & holistic
Deductive, emic, naturalistic & holistic
Deductive, etic, naturalistic & holistic
Interpretive, emic, naturalistic & holistic
107
Data collected before & after introduction of intervention, the design is a case control study?
False
True
108
Providing an audit trail when analysing data is important because?
It gives the reader info about methods used in analysis
It is useful to provide a trail for readers to follow
It makes the study more interesting
It shows that you can audit your research
109
Nurses & midwives, whether consumers or producers of research or both
Need to know only senior nurses are involved in research
Want every nurse to write research proposals
Want findings to be implemented in practice
Need to recognise research as being important to their field
110
A sampling frame is a list of?
The specific characteristics required for participants
People who want to participate in the study
All the participants already enrolled in the study
All the people in the population
111
Hypothesis testing is used to answer such questions as?
Is there a sifference between the two groups?
Is there a reason for doing the research study?
Are the predictions reliable?
What are the variables?
112
When planning your research study, a literature search is undertaken?
To identify gaps & limitations in published research
Because it is important to read many articles
To find a research topic
To see if other researchers like your topic
113
What is research method?
Unspecific methods of interviewing
An approach aimed at describing research
Just a theory
Specific procedures used to gather and analyse research data
114
Criteria for inclusion/exclusion in a study are designed to?
Control for any bias or extraneous variability
Keep the wrong participants out of the study
Get the best participants into the study
Make it easier for researchers to select participants
115
Qualitative research's main aim is to?
Determine what patients think about nurses
Include participants in the research
Investigate issues that quantitative is unable to reveal
Understand naturally occuring social phenomena
116
Which methods of qualitative analysis require immersion in data first in the analysis process?
Grounded theory
Discourse Analysis
Thematic Analysis
All of the above
117
Stating recommendations for further research is important because?
Research will think your research design was poor
It indicates research knowledge enhances understanding
Readers like to get ideas about topics from research studies
It shows you recognise limitations of your research study
118
Loss to follow up is one of the potential disadvantages of longitudinal studies?
True
False
