Why do Romanian orphan studies have fewer confounding variables compared to other studies on institutionalisation?

They had fewer negative influences before institutionalisation

What is one effect of institutionalisation?

Disinhibited attachment and delay in intellectual development

What is Bowlby's concept of the Internal Working Model?

Primary attachment relationship provides a template for later relationships

According to Simonelli et al.'s study in Italy, what was the observed change in secure attachment rates?

Secure attachment rates dropped to 50%

What is a limitation of Romanian orphan studies in terms of adult development?

No data on the long-term effects of institutional care on adult development

What is a criticism of cross-cultural attachment studies regarding imposed etic?

Behaviors in the SS have different meanings in different cultures

How has the research on Romanian orphans led to real-world applications?

It has improved the adoption process and institutional care practices

What is a potential long-term outcome of secure attachment, as suggested by the research?

Predicts better school success and less bullying

What did Rutter et al.'s ERA project find about the Romanian orphans adopted in the UK?

They showed low IQ and disinhibited attachment later in life

What behavior characterizes a child with a secure attachment?

Enthusiastic greeting, generally content, moderate anxiety

What is the main aim of Ainsworth's Strange Situation?

To observe attachment behaviors and responses to separation and reunion

What does Bowlby say about the "critical period" in attachment?

Deprivation during the first 2½ years can cause lasting damage

What did research with the Czech twins suggest about the "critical period" in attachment?

The Czech twins recovery suggests a "sensitive period"

What conclusion did Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg draw from their research on cultural variations in attachment?

Attachment is innate and universal, with secure attachment being the norm

What did Zeanah et al.’s BEI project find regarding the attachment types in institutionalized children?

Only 19% of the institutional group showed secure attachment,

What did Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research find about attachment types across countries?

There was more variation within countries than between countries

According to research, what type of relationships do securely attached children tend to have?

Better friendships and are less likely to be involved in bullying

What is one potential issue with retrospective studies on early attachment and later relationships?

They assume attachment type has stayed the same and rely on self-report

What is a counter of good predictive validity according to Kagan?

Behavioural differences may be due to genetically-influenced anxiety levels

In Jin et al.'s study of Korea, what was the finding regarding attachment types?

The secure vs. insecure attachment rate was similar to other studies

Which of the following is one of the three main attachment types identified by Ainsworth?

Secure attachment, Insecure avoidant attachment

Why might the Strange Situation test be considered culture-bound?

Attachment behaviouir varies due to different experiences

What is one of the potential confounding variables in cultural attachment studies?

Apparent cultural differences may be due to environmental differences

Which of the following is a positive aspect of the Strange Situation's reliability?

94% agreement between trained observers

What did the Regensburg longitudinal study find about attachment continuity?

There was no continuity in attachment type from 1 to 16 years

What did Bowlby’s research find about affectionless psychopaths and early separations?

More affectionless psychopaths had prolonged early separations

What is the difference between deprivation and privation in Bowlby's theory?

Deprivation causes less severe damage than privation

Which of the following was found in the research regarding mothers' attachment styles?

The mother's attachment type matched that of their baby

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Attachment part 2

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Questions 31

Answers

1
Why do Romanian orphan studies have fewer confounding variables compared to other studies on institutionalisation?
They had been raised in controlled environments prior to adoption
Romanian orphans were not all from wealthy backgrounds
They had fewer negative influences before institutionalisation
They were only observed for short periods of time
2
What is one effect of institutionalisation?
No impact on intellectual development
Disinhibited attachment and delay in intellectual development
Low IQ and affectionless psychopathy
Disorganised attachment and delay in intellectual development
3
What did Goldfarb suggest about the effects of maternal deprivation?
It leads to high IQ and social development
It has no effect on intellectual development
It leads to emotionless psychopathy
It causes low IQ
4
What is Bowlby's concept of the Internal Working Model?
The theory that attachment is formed only in adulthood
Primary attachment relationship provides a template for later relationships
A model used to measure attachment in childhood
Early attachment styles have no effect on later relationships
5
According to Simonelli et al.'s study in Italy, what was the observed change in secure attachment rates?
Secure attachment rates dropped to 20% due to day care
Secure attachment rates increased by 50%
Secure attachment rates remained unchanged
Secure attachment rates dropped to 50%
6
What is a limitation of Romanian orphan studies in terms of adult development?
They studied only children who were adopted before the age of 1
No data on the long-term effects of institutional care on adult development
They focused only on children 1-6, not adults
The studies were too long to observe any long-term effects
7
What is a criticism of cross-cultural attachment studies regarding imposed etic?
Attachment behaviors are universal and cannot be studied cross-culturally
Attachment types are not applicable to non-western cultures
Behaviors in the SS have different meanings in different cultures
Cross-cultural studies do not account for individual differences
8
How has the research on Romanian orphans led to real-world applications?
It has led to the closure of all orphanages in Eastern Europe
It has had no impact on adoption and institutional care practices
It has improved the adoption process and institutional care practices
It has reduced the number of adoptions worldwide
9
What is a potential long-term outcome of secure attachment, as suggested by the research?
Increased likelihood of criminal behavior
Poor academic success and social isolation
Predicts better school success and less bullying
Higher levels of aggression in childhood
10
What did Rutter et al.'s ERA project find about the Romanian orphans adopted in the UK?
They showed low IQ and disinhibited attachment later in life
They showed low IQ and disorganised attachment
They showed affectionless psychopathy
They showed improved cognitive abilities and attachment after adoption
11
What behavior characterizes a child with a secure attachment?
Avoids reunion and shows reduced responses
Enthusiastic greeting, generally content, moderate anxiety
Resists reunion and shows more distress
Demonstrates no anxiety when separated
12
What is the main aim of Ainsworth's Strange Situation?
o measure the level of anxiety in children
To analyze a child's emotional intelligence
To assess a child's cognitive development
To observe attachment behaviors and responses to separation and reunion
13
Which attachment type is associated with children who resist reunion and are generally more distressed?
Secure attachment
Disorganised attachment
Insecure avoidant attachment
Insecure resistant attachment
14
What does Bowlby say about the "critical period" in attachment?
The critical period is not significant for attachment
Emotional care is only important after the age of 2½
It lasts for the first 5 years of life
Deprivation during the first 2½ years can cause lasting damage
15
What did research with the Czech twins suggest about the "critical period" in attachment?
The Czech twins did not recover from early deprivation
The Czech twins recovery suggests a "sensitive period"
The twins recovery shows that attachment isn't affected by separation
Deprivation during the first 2½ years causes irreversible damage
16
What conclusion did Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg draw from their research on cultural variations in attachment?
Attachment is innate and universal, with secure attachment being the norm
Attachment is purely influenced by cultural practices
Attachment varies a lot between countries but is mostly influenced by media
There is no universal attachment type across cultures
17
According to Bowlby’s theory, what leads to deprivation in children?
Loss of emotional care
Being cared for by a caregiver
Just physical separation
Moving to a bad environment
18
What did Zeanah et al.’s BEI project find regarding the attachment types in institutionalized children?
Disinhibited attachment was present in 74% of institutionalized children
All children in the institutional group displayed secure attachment
Only 19% of the institutional group showed secure attachment,
74% of the institutionalized children displayed secure attachment
19
What did Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research find about attachment types across countries?
There was little variation in attachment types across different countries
There was more variation between countries than within countries
There was more variation within countries than between countries
All countries had similar attachment rates
20
According to research, what type of relationships do securely attached children tend to have?
No difference in relationships compared to insecurely attached children
Better friendships and are less likely to be involved in bullying
More issues with social isolation and aggression
Poor friendships and more involvement in bullying
21
What is one potential issue with retrospective studies on early attachment and later relationships?
They account for the influence of later experiences on attachment types
They often provide overly accurate data about early attachment types
They are always based on long-term studies
They assume attachment type has stayed the same and rely on self-report
22
What is a counter of good predictive validity according to Kagan?
It fails to assess stranger anxiety and separation anxiety
It is culturally biased
It lacks good predictive validity
Behavioural differences may be due to genetically-influenced anxiety levels
23
In Jin et al.'s study of Korea, what was the finding regarding attachment types?
All attachment types were evenly distributed in Korea
The rate of insecure attachment was higher than in other countries
avoidant attachment was similar to Jordan
The secure vs. insecure attachment rate was similar to other studies
24
Which of the following is one of the three main attachment types identified by Ainsworth?
Secure avoidant attachment
Secure attachment
Insecure avoidant attachment
Disorganised attachment
25
Why might the Strange Situation test be considered culture-bound?
The study only focused on children in Japan
It cannot measure emotional responses in all children
Attachment behaviouir varies due to different experiences
The procedure was not standardized across cultures
26
What is one of the potential confounding variables in cultural attachment studies?
Apparent cultural differences may be due to environmental differences
No differences in attachment behaviors between countries
Cultural differences in child rearing are always accounted for
Consistent room size across all cultures studied
27
Which of the following is a positive aspect of the Strange Situation's reliability?
94% agreement between trained observers
The test can be applied universally across all cultures
It accounts for cultural differences in attachment behavior
The study has high predictive validity in determining future behavior
28
What did the Regensburg longitudinal study find about attachment continuity?
Attachment types remained consistent from 1 to 16 years
There was no continuity in attachment type from 1 to 16 years
Attachment types were irrelevant to later emotional development
Attachment types became more secure as children aged
29
What did Bowlby’s research find about affectionless psychopaths and early separations?
Affectionless psychopaths had no early separations
More affectionless psychopaths had prolonged early separations
More affectionless psychopaths had brief early separations
Early separations had no impact on psychopathy
30
What is the difference between deprivation and privation in Bowlby's theory?
Deprivation causes more severe damage than privation
Privation is less damaging than deprivation
Deprivation and privation are the same thing
Deprivation causes less severe damage than privation
31
Which of the following was found in the research regarding mothers' attachment styles?
Mothers (insecure) can never form secure attachments with their children
A mother’s attachment type had no impact on the child's attachment style
The attachment type of the mother did not change the childs attachment type
The mother's attachment type matched that of their baby

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