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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review 2A Flashcards | StudBud
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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review 2A
AP Psychology - AP Exam Review 2A
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
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1
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
retroactive interference
retrograde amnesia
pseudoforgetting
anterograde amnesia
2
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
consciousness
perception
sensation
hypnosis
3
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
the conscious
irrational thoughts
the unconscious
maladaptive behaviors
4
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
law of small numbers
representativeness heuristic
conjunction heuristic
availability heuristic
5
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
endocrine system
limbic system
reticular formation
leftbrain/right brain communication
6
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
reversibility
conservation
centration
egocentrism
7
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
corpus callosum
cerebral cortex
hypothalamus
medulla
8
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
unrealistic demands from family/friends
9
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
industry vs. inferiority
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
initiative vs. guilt
trust vs. mistrust
10
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
display rules
the principle of collectivism
the reciprocity norm
the law of cognitive dissonance
11
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an approach-approach conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
12
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
basis for performing pro-social behavior
halo effect in aggression
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
13
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
efferent nerves
sympathetic nerves
afferent nerves
autonomic nerves
14
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
i wanted a cookie
cookie
give cookie
I eated a cookie
15
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
phonemic
platonic
mnemonic
morphemic
16
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
delusions
obsessions
hallucinations
illusions
17
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
excessive guilt
social charm
manipulative behavior
aggressiveness
18
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
subliminal perception
a false alarm
a superimposed stimulus
a just noticeable difference
19
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
cochlea
stirrup
temporal lobe
oval window
20
Anhedonia is when a person...
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
has trouble getting along with people
experiences mild manic states
has two different psychological disorders
21
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
tone
light
salivation
food/meat powder
22
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
script
schema
semantic network
chunk
23
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
processing
attention
perception
sensation
24
A perceptual set implies that...
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
people often see what they expect to see
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
25
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
collectivism
individualism
attributionism
functionalism
26
The function of sensory memory is to...
put information into long-term memory
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
hold information for a lifetime
27
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
thyroid
gonads
thalamus
pituitary
28
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the observational group
the control group
the experimental group
the correlational group
29
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
repression
suppression
neurogenic amnesia
avoidance
30
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
predictive validity
standardized validity
content validity
criterion-related validity
31
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
censoring dissent from group members
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
32
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
cultural practices
amount of time awake
exposure to light
amount of time alseep
33
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
cocaine
marijuana
mescaline
heroin
34
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
latent learning
insight learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
35
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an achievement test
an intelligence test
a personality test
an aptitude test
36
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
after autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
37
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
construct
absolute
content
criterion-related
38
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
conflict
frustration
change
pressure
39
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
mental age
a potential score
IQ
a percentile score
40
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
41
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
a headache
not been dreaming
been dreaming
not really been asleep
42
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
longitundinal
time of testing
cross-sectional
sequential
43
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
episodic memories
sensory memories
non-declarative memories
flashbulb memories
44
What is somnambulism?
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-walking
sleep-talking
difficulty breathing when asleep
45
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
encoded
ablated
modeled
retrieved
46
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
sedatives
narcotics
cannabis
alcohol
47
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
become fearful/cautious
become aggressive
remain in continuous sleep
remain in continuous wakefulness
48
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
a distinctive attribution
an external attribution
a situational attribution
an internal attribution
49
Framing refers to...
presenting only part of the information required
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting irrelevant information
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
50
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
activation-synthesis theory
problem-solving theory
None of the Above
wish fulfillment theory
51
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
development of secondary sex characteristics
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
post-conventional moral reasoning
formal operations
52
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
schematizing
cognitive structuring
cultural direction
stereotypes
53
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
thyroid gland
pancreas
pituitary gland
sebaceous gland
54
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
functionalism
neodynamism
psychoanalysis
behaviorism
55
What is cognitive dissonance?
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
56
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
variable-ratio schedule
fixed-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
57
Homeostasis is a state of...
physiological instability
psychological stability
psychological instability
physiological stability
58
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
the absolute refractory period
transduction incapacity
the relative threshold period
transduction capacity
59
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
were put into a simulated prison
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
60
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
superstitious behavior
observational learning
classical conditioning
positive reinforcement
61
Negative reinforcement involves...
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
62
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
a variety of environmental factors
genetic influences on IQ
changes in testing procedures
group differences in basic intelligence
63
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
midpoint
mean
median
mode
64
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
marital problems
bipolar disorder
schizophrenia
anxiety disorders
65
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
stimulus generalization
spontaneous recovery
conditioned emotional reactions
stimulus discrimination
66
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
anal
genital
latency
oral
67
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
concrete
conventional
postconventional
preconventional
68
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
color
saturation
light purity
brightness
69
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
observational learning
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
reinforcement
70
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
self-serving bias
stereotypes
prejudices
attributions
71
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
spatial
mechanical
musical
logical-mathemathical
72
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the experimental group
the correlational group
the control group
the observational group
73
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
predictability
representativeness
accuracy of inference
consistency
74
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
intermediate-term
sensory
short-term
long-term
75
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
print letters
fear the dark
sing a song
tie shoe laces
76
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
relearning
recall
recognition
reiteration
77
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
narcolepsy
insomnia
pseudoinsomnia
sleep apnea
78
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
prefrontal cortex
medulla
hypothalamus
occipital cortex
79
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
introspection
cognition
mentalism
intelligence
80
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
social loafing
conformity
deindividuation
group polarization
81
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
vitreous humor
iris
lens
cornea
82
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
shaping
stimulus discrimination
selection
step-wise conditioning
83
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
intelligence; standardized
standardized; intelligence
personality; standardized
intelligence; personality
84
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
conscious experience
behavior
the unconscious
the brain
85
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
instinct theory
incentive theory
drive theory
evolutionary theory
86
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
aversion therapy
systematic desensitization
psychotherapy
avoidance therapy
87
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
observational learning
punishment
88
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
conversion disorder
bipolar disorder
fugue
panic disorder
89
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a self-serving attribution
a contravened stereotype
a heuristic observation
demonstrates an illusory correlation
90
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
state-dependent learning
observational learning
91
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
he's just like his father
he always gets in fights
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
92
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
lateral processing
bottom-to-top processing
bottom-up processing
top-down processing
93
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
closure
symmetry
similiarity
constancy
94
According to the medical model...
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
95
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the triarchic level of encoding
dyadic encoding
attention encoding
the semantic level of encoding
96
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the gambler's fallacy
the conjunction fallacy
overestimating the improbable
the confirmation bias
97
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
low in openness
low in extraversion
high in agreeableness
high in neuroticism
98
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
decibels
timbre
loudness
pitch
99
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
partial storage
complete storage failure
partial retrieval
complete retrieval failure
100
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
beta
alpha
gamma
delta
101
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 4
REM
stage 2
stage 1
102
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
personality
attachment
temperament
behavioral quality
103
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
sensory memory
just noticeable difference
absolute threshold
subliminal threshold
104
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
shared inhibition
strange situation
secure-avoidant
attachment probing
105
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
behavior is to motive
thought is to perception
feeling is to thinking
attitude is to action
106
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
boat-goat
tree-bird
car-nose
fill-feed
107
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
questionnaires
direct observation
physiological recordings
psychological tests
108
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
escape learning
an unconditioned response
avoidance learning
positive reinforcement
109
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
neurotransmitters
antagonists
action potentials
agonists
110
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
an obsession
a compulsion
a phobia
a delusion
111
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
memory
feeding
the endocrine system
the autonomic nervous system
112
A valid test is one that...
has been standardized but not normed
is reliable
is consistent
measures what it is supposed to measure
113
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
teratogens
opiates
prenatals
pathogens
114
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
dopamine
endorphin
serotonin
acetylcholine
115
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a forensic psychologist
a developmental psychologist
a clinical psychologist
a social psychologist
116
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
hallucinations
resistance to pain
total loss of personal control
reduction of inhibitions
117
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
coping mechanisms
offense mechanisms
id mechanisms
defense mechanisms
118
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
G. Stanley Hall
William James
Rene Decartes
Wilhelm Wundt
119
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
smell buds
olfactory cilia
gustatory bulbs
sciatic receptors
120
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
location of injury
spinal cord
cortex
thalamus
121
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
phonemes
linguistic heuristics
morphemes
syntax
122
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
fixation
regression
displacement
compensation
123
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender stereotypes
gender behaviors
gender differences
gender roles
124
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test scores
test levels
test norms
test scales
125
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
correlation coefficients
standard deviation
percentiles
means
126
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
parietal lobe
pineal gland
thalamus
corpus callosum
127
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
display rules
social scripts
investment differentiations
parental investments
128
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
logical reasoning
systematic hypothesis testing
physical interaction
abstract operations
129
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
procedural
fluid
episodic
crystallized
130
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
happiness
fear
surprise
sadness
131
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
computerized tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
electrographic tomography
positron emission tomography
132
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a self-report inventory
a deceptive test
a behavior rating
a projective test
133
An antagonist...
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
extends the absolute refractory period
134
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the cephalopedal trend
the proximodistal trend
the cephalocaudal trend
encephalitis
135
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
extinction
spontaneous remission
unconditioning
conditioned forgetting
136
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
limbic system
cerebellum
brainstem
reticular formation
137
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
loud noise
rabbit
rat
fear reaction
138
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
crowded living conditions
poor police protection
the personal qualities of the residents
job discrimination experienced by the residents
139
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a hallucinogen
a sedative
a narcotic
an amphetamine
140
The superego is Freud's term for...
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the moral component of personality
the conscious aspect of personality
141
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Sperry's area
Cannon's area
Wernicke's area
Broca's area
142
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
are using the availability heuristic
use the elimination by aspects strategy
are using the representativeness heuristic
use a holistic decision model
143
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
obedience
cognitive dissonance
groupthink
conformity
144
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the observational group
the experimental group
the correlational group
the control group
145
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
cyclical
bipolar
unipolar
dissociative
146
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
personality
schizophrenic
anxiety
mood
147
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
smelling an odor
moving a part of his body
seeing a flash of light
hearing a sound
148
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
stereotaxic inversion
lesioning
tumor ligation
ESB
149
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
metalinguistic awareness
semantic slanting
overextension
fast-mapping
150
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
psychoanalytic
behavioral
cognitive
humanistic
151
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
the internal state causes the facial expression
152
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
insight
intelligence
reasoning
creativity
