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D&A Unit 1 Exam Review Flashcards | StudBud
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D&A Unit 1 Exam Review
D&A Unit 1 Exam Review
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1
A researcher starts with a theory and constructs specific, testable hypotheses to rule out possibilities
Deductive reasoning
Inductive reasoning
Hasty generalization
A confirmational strategy
2
A logical fallacy that confuses correctness of claim with its origins
Argument from antiquity fallacy
Appeal to ignorance fallacy
Genetic fallacy
Hasty generalization fallacy
3
Agreement; participants state willingness to participate in the study (18+)
Assent
Protocol
Informed consent
IRB
4
Revealing the truth about the purpose of the research if deception was used
Informing participants about purpose of research
Desensitization
Funnel debriefing
Dehoaxing
5
Hypnotherapists claim that hypnotherapy is a treatment that will be a
cure-all
for illnesses or issues.
Psychobabble
Overuse of ad hoc immunizing hypotheses
Evasion of peer review
Absence of boundary conditions
6
Modus Tollens is...
b. Is logical reasoning
a. A confirmational strategy
Both b. and c. are correct
c. A disconfirmational strategy
7
When a theory is
productive
it...
provides the simplest explanation for past findings
is capable of being proven false or incorrect
is capable of being proven
generates predictions that are tested through the process research
8
Deliberately or unintentionally taking the ideas of someone else and claiming as your own
Falsifying/altering data
Omitting data
Plagiarism
Fabricating data
9
A logical fallacy when someone draws conclusions based on insufficient evidence
Hasty generalization
Genetic fallacy
Argument from antiquity fallacy
Appeal to ignorance fallacy
10
To measure concepts in a clear and systematic way that is free of personal bias
Being public (5 traits)
Replicable and verifiable results (5 traits)
Being objective (5 traits)
Data-driven (5 traits)
11
"You must obey the law because it's illegal to break the law" is an example of...
Hasty generalization
Genetic fallacy
Not me fallacy
Circular reasoning fallacy
12
Not telling a participant that a study is about memory so that they do not memorize the info given to them
Debriefing
Active deception
Passive deception
Invasive procedures
13
Observe, question, research, hypothesize, experiment, test hypothesis, draw conclusions, report
Pseudoscience
Goals of research
Metaphysical claims
Scientific method
14
Eliminating negative feelings that might have resulted from the study
Funnel debriefing
Informing participants about purpose of research
Dehoaxing
Desensitization
15
One might question where such grand ideas came regarding hypnotherapy is an example of...
Emphasis on confirmation rather than refutation
Absence of boundary conditions
Absence of connectivity
Lack of self-correction
16
Consequent of pseudoscience in which harm to animals provide substances with no proven medicinal effect
An opportunity cost
Direct harm
Animal death and extinctions
An inability to think critically
17
Hypnotherapists use language that seems respectable such as "Clinical trials have found..." is an example of...
Emphasis on confirmation rather than refutation
Absence of boundary conditions
Lack of self-correction
Psychobabble
18
A hypothesis is...
is falsifiable, parsimonious, and productive
a general explanation for a large number of findings
the same as a theory
a specific, testable prediction derived from a theory
19
When a theory is
parsimonious
it...
is capable of being proven false or incorrect
generates predictions that are tested through the process research
is capable of being proven
provides the simplest explanation for past findings
20
Nature/Nurture argument can be an example of...
Bandwagon fallacy
Appeal to authority fallacy
Either-or fallacy
Emotional reasoning fallacy
21
Replicability, ruling out rival hypotheses, Occam's razor, and falsifiability are all examples of...
Goals of research
6 Principles of scientific thinking
Pseudoscience
Logical fallacies
22
Someone spending lots of money on homeopathic treatments but refusing medical care is an example of...
Inability to think critically
Animal death and extinctions
Direct harm
Opportunity cost
23
Data are collected but some or whole studies are removed is...
Plagiarism
Falsifying/altering data
Fabricating data
Omitting data
24
Children, pregnant women, prisoners, mentally/psychologically disabled, and economically/educationally disadvantaged
No risk
Cannot participate in research ever
Minimal risk
Vulnerable populations
25
Deadly sin of pseudoscience that uses impressive-sounding scientific jargon in order to make claims seem respectable
Psychobabble
Absence of connectivity
Emphasis on confirmation (i.e., proof), rather than refutation
Evasion of peer review
26
A cover story or false feedback would be an example of...
Invasive procedures
Active deception
Debriefing
Passive deception
27
Deiderik Stapel is responsible for...
Fabricating data
Plagiarism
Falsifying/altering data
Omitting data
28
A logical fallacy that uses emotions as a guide in evaluating the validity of a claim
Either-or fallacy
Emotional reasoning fallacy
Appeal to authority fallacy
Bandwagon fallacy
29
Withholding info, usually so participants do not catch onto the specific purpose of the study
Invasive procedures
Debriefing
Active deception
Passive deception
30
Driving recklessly as a teenager and believing that you won't get hurt is an example of...
Not me fallacy
Genetic fallacy
Hasty generalization
Circular reasoning fallacy
31
Induction is
From specific to general
The rule for testing a hypothesis according to Carl Popper
From general to specific
Top down logic
32
Concluding that an empirical study must be fake news because you saw it on Facebook is an example of...
Hasty generalization
Argument from antiquity fallacy
Appeal to ignorance fallacy
Genetic fallacy
33
When someone says "I'm feeling inadequate, so I must be worthless" is engaging in...
Emotional reasoning fallacy
Either-or fallacy
Bandwagon fallacy
Appeal to authority fallacy
34
Scientific findings undergo peer review and are shared with others
Data-driven (5 traits)
Being objective (5 traits)
Replicable and verifiable results (5 traits)
Being public (5 traits)
35
"Students who receive feedback should perform better in class" is an example of...
Describing
Explaining
Applying
Predicting
36
Conclusions from data are always subject to future revision based on new research; they are never absolute.
Being objective (5 traits)
Tentative conclusions (5 traits)
Being public (5 traits)
Replicable and verifiable results (5 traits)
37
Concluding that all men are bad after being dumped a few times is an example of...
Argument from antiquity fallacy
Genetic fallacy
Hasty generalization fallacy
Appeal to ignorance fallacy
38
If research is considered
at minimal risk
it includes...
Observations
Deception
Situations similar to those encountered everyday
Invasive procedures
39
The other 6 principles of scientific thinking include:
Skepticism and cynicism
Belief perseverance and confirmation bias
Modus Tollens and affirming the consequent
Correlation isn't causation and big claims require lots of evidence
40
Using rhino horns as a treatment/drug is an example of...
Direct harm
An opportunity cost
Animal death and extinctions
An inability to think critically
41
There has been scientific data that refutes the claims that hypnotherapy makes, yet it is still practiced today.
Emphasis on confirmation rather than refutation
Evasion of peer review
Lack of self-correction
Absence of boundary conditions
42
A good theory is everything
except
:
parsimonious
falsifiable
proven
productive
43
"How will feedback help students in my class learn?" is an example of...
Describing
Predicting
Explaining
Applying
44
Deadly sin of pseudoscience that fails to build upon existing scientific knowledge and ideas are created from nothing
Evasion of peer review
Psychobabble
Absence of connectivity
Emphasis on confirmation (i.e., proof), rather than refutation
45
If research is considered
at risk
it includes...
Deception
Observations
Invasive procedures
Situations similar to those encountered everyday
46
Debriefing includes...
All of these are correct
Desensitization
Dehoaxing
Informing participants about purpose of research
47
The other 5 traits of scientific knowledge include...
Replicable and verifiable results; tentative conclusions
Falsifiability; Occam's Razor
Metaphysical claims; pseudoscience
Induction; deduction
48
A set of claims that seem scientific but are not; Lack safeguards against confirmation bias and belief perseverance
Pseudoscience
Metaphysical claims
Cynicism
Skepticism
49
Consequent of pseudoscience where "Treatments" cause harm themselves
Direct harm
Inability to think critically
Animal death and extinctions
Opportunity cost
50
To find solutions to everyday problems; cure illnesses; dev technology
Explain
Apply
Describe
Predict
51
Deduction is
Top down logic
The rule for testing a hypothesis according to Carl Popper
All of these are correct
From general to specific
52
When a theory is
falsifiable
it...
provides the simplest explanation for past findings
is capable of being proven
is capable of being proven false or incorrect
generates predictions that are tested through the process research
53
Those who actually practice hypnotherapy often do not publish their results is an example of...
Psychobabble
Overreliance on anecdotal evidence
Evasion of peer review
Lack of self-correction
54
Hypnotherapists claim that hypnotherapy does not work for everyone, especially those not willing is an example of...
Psychobabble
Evasion of peer review
Exaggerated Claims
Overuse of ad hoc immunizing hypotheses
55
Deadly sin of pseudoscience where one avoids scrutiny by other scientists
Emphasis on confirmation (i.e., proof), rather than refutation
Evasion of peer review
Exaggerated Claims
Psychobabble
56
A logical fallacy that assumes a claim is correct because others believe it is correct
Appeal to authority fallacy
Either-or fallacy
Emotional reasoning fallacy
Bandwagon fallacy
57
A logical fallacy that bases claim on the same claim reworded in slightly different terms
Hasty generalization fallacy
Genetic fallacy
Circular reasoning fallacy
Not me fallacy
58
What questions; identifies characteristics or topics
Describe
Apply
Explain
Predict
59
Risks in research should
Always be necessary
Never be present
Always be maximized
Always be minimized
60
If it is a car, then it has wheels. It does not have wheels. Therefore, it is not a car.
Not logical
Logically correct Modus Tollens
A confirmational strategy
Logical fallacy of affirming the consequent
61
Deadly sin of pseudoscience that promises remarkable results but does not deliver on its claims
Emphasis on confirmation (i.e., proof), rather than refutation
Absence of boundary conditions
Exaggerated Claims
Evasion of peer review
62
The 4 goals of psychological research are...
Being objective, data-driven, public; having tentative conclusions
Describe, predict, explain, apply
Observe, research, experiment, publish
Observe, experiment, analyze, report
63
Consequent of pseudoscience where one might even forgo treatments that do work
Animal death and extinctions
Direct harm
Inability to think critically
Opportunity cost
64
Saying "I don't believe in climate change because many people do not believe in it" is an example of...
Either-or fallacy
Emotional reasoning fallacy
Appeal to authority fallacy
Bandwagon fallacy
65
Purposely mislead participants by giving them info that is not true
Invasive procedures
Passive deception
Active deception
Debriefing
66
"Why do we do better on tests when we study?" is an example of...
Explaining
Applying
Describing
Predicting
67
"My friend says hypnotherapy works for her, so I'll try it" is an example of...
Overreliance on anecdotal evidence
Emphasis on confirmation rather than refutation
Psychobabble
Lack of self-correction
68
"What are some strategies to study for tests?" is an example of...
Predicting
Explaining
Applying
Describing
69
If someone
infers
or generalizes
from specific cases, which type of reasoning are they using?
Deductive
All of these are correct
Inductive
Top down logic
70
A logical fallacy: belief that we are immune to thinking errors; often unaware of our own biases.
Hasty generalization fallacy
Genetic fallacy
Circular reasoning fallacy
Not me fallacy
71
Knowledge and understanding of scientific concepts and processes
scientific literacy
hypothesis
skepticism
theory
72
Deadly sin of pseudoscience where someone says they know someone that the product/treatment/etc worked for them
Absence of connectivity
Psychobabble
Evasion of peer review
Overreliance on anecdotal evidence to support claims
73
Consequent of pseudoscience where our personal biases and blind spots can often lead to...
An inability to think critically
Direct harm
An opportunity cost
Animal death and extinctions
74
If research is considered
no risk
it includes...
Observations
Situations similar to those encountered everyday
Deception
Invasive procedures
75
A logical fallacy that frames answers to questions as black or white
Appeal to authority fallacy
Emotional reasoning fallacy
Either-or fallacy
Bandwagon fallacy
76
Conclusions follow logically from data and empirical evidence
Data-driven (5 traits)
Replicable and verifiable results (5 traits)
Being objective (5 traits)
Being public (5 traits)
77
The Institutional Review Board (IRB)
All of these are correct
Awards grant money
Examines the ethical protocols of a research study
Consists of 3 members
78
Essential oils, WeightWatchers, and hypnotherapy can all be examples of...
Confirmation bias
Pseudoscience
Skepticism
Belief perseverance
79
The 5 traits of scientific knowledge include being objective, data-driven, and sharing results publicly
True
False
80
Deadly sin of pseudoscience that creates escape clause or loophole in order to keep claims from falsification
Overuse of ad hoc immunizing hypotheses
Psychobabble
Exaggerated Claims
Absence of connectivity
81
Independent labs/researchers using the same methods for testing the hypothesis should find similar results
Being public (5 traits)
Being objective (5 traits)
Replicable and verifiable results (5 traits)
Tentative conclusions (5 traits)
82
Consequent of pseudoscience where one invests time, effort, energy, and money into treatments that do not work
Opportunity cost
Direct harm
Inability to think critically
Animal death and extinctions
83
Asking participants about the study prior to debriefing
Funnel debriefing
Informing participants about purpose of research
Dehoaxing
Desensitization
84
______ : openness and scrutiny :: ______ : close-mindedness and dismissal
cynicism; skepticism
skepticism; cynicism
scientific literacy; cynicism
cynicism; scientific literacy
85
A forecast of what we think will happen or how people will behave
Explain
Predict
Apply
Describe
