What must a researcher do to fulfill the ethical principle of informed consent?

Allow participants to choose whether to take part.

What is one likely result of overconfidence?

People underestimate how much money they should save.

When do researchers, NOT have to gain informed consent from their participants?

When ps are in a public place where observation is expected

Choose all of the components of The Scientific Attitude:

Skepticism, Humility, Curiosity

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Instinctive knowing, without the use of rational processes

clarifying participants' understanding after the study

An illusory correlation...

Creates a perception of a relationship where none exists

What is a dependent variable?

a variable whose value depends on that of another.

Which statement is correct?

Scatter-plot--little scatter indicates high correlation

Any effect that seems to be a consequence of a placebo

beliefs and customs of a group of people

Which answer is NOT true of the Correlational Research Method?

Manipulate one or more variables

What is the dependent variable?

the time it takes to finish maze

in a double blind experiment...

the subjects and the researcher don't know the treatment

A perfect positive correlation (+1.0)

Is a diagonal line from bottom left corner to upper right

What is hindsight bias?

believe after learning outcome,that you would've foreseen it

What are three different methods psychologists use to describe behavior?

case studies, naturalistic observation and surveys

Descriptive Statistics describe or summarize while inferential statistics

allow for conclusions to be drawn

When, where, how, and by whom your were raised

Which of the following would be an example of hindsight bias?

Seeing a math problem as simple after getting it wrong

Validity refers to...

The honesty of a test. It measures what it intends to

Which of the following is an example of negative correlation?

People who spend more time exercising tend to weigh less.

studbud

Research Methods

79 termsStudBud Administration103 plays

Unit II Material for Myers' Psychology Second Edition. Psychology Research Methods. Thinking critically with psychological science. Scientific Method. Correlation and Experimentation. Statistical Reasoning in Everyday Life.

Flashcards79 cardsFPractice quizPHost liveL

Questions 79

Answers

1
What must a researcher do to fulfill the ethical principle of informed consent?
Protect participants from potential harm.
Allow participants to choose whether to take part.
Keep information about participants confidential.
Provide participants with a post-experimental explanation of the study.
2
The group that receives the placebo
experimental group
in-group
control group
out-group
3
What is one likely result of overconfidence?
People refuse to shop at some businesses without good cause.
People buy unnecessary goods just because they are on sale.
People hesitate to open businesses or buy homes.
People underestimate how much money they should save.
4
__ is an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.
Correlation
Theory
Hypothesis
Scientific Method
5
When do researchers, NOT have to gain informed consent from their participants?
They always have to get it
When ps are in a public place where observation is expected
If the ps is in a relationship with the researcher
If ps are above the age of 25
6
Descriptive statistics...
none of them
both of them
describe what the data is
describe what the data does
7
Researchers are required to get informed consent from research participants
True
False
8
Choose all of the components of The Scientific Attitude:
Method
Skepticism
Humility
Curiosity
9
Which answer is NOT true of the Experimental Research Method?
Sometimes not feasible; results may not generalize; not ethical at times
Independent variable(s) are manipulated
Nothing is manipulated
It specifies cause and effect; variables are controlled
10
After the student council election, a friend tells you he has known for weeks who would be elected president. This is:
Hindsight Bias
Overconfidence
Critical Thinking
Skepticism
11
You should ALWAYS doubt big, round, undocumented numbers!
True
False
12
Psychology is
Fun
the study of mental illness
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Difficult
13
If Axel wants to replicate the work of James it means that he intends to:
refute the research.
re-mediate the research.
repeate the research.
reflect the research.
14
Frequently, random sequences don't look random and so they are over interpreted.
True
False
Huh?!?
Not True
15
A scientist's willingness to admit that she is wrong is an example of:
humility
cuirosity
intelligence
skepticism
16
Intuition
Freedom from doubt
Instinctive knowing, without the use of rational processes
Reflect deeply on a subject
Accumulated knowledge or erudition or enlightenment
17
In an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is , to one version of the independent variable.
control group
placebo
experimental group
random group
18
Debriefing involves:
'pantsing' someone in the middle of a research study
clarifying participants' understanding before the study
clarifying participants' understanding after the study
withholding information from participants during a study
19
Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship between two variables?
+ .30
+ .75
+ 1.3
- 1.3
20
An illusory correlation...
Creates a graphed cluster of dots
Displays a accurate relationship amongst variables
Displays a statistical index of a variable relationship
Creates a perception of a relationship where none exists
21
Find the mode.
20
25
35
10
22
What is a dependent variable?
a variable whose value depends on that of another.
asdfghjklasdfghjklasdfghjklasdfghjklasdfghjklasdfghjkl
залежнай пераменнай
a variable whose value doesn't depend on that of another.
23
A testable prediction that drives research is known as a(n):
operational definition
theory
random sample
hypothesis
24
Which statement is correct?
Scatter-plot--little scatter indicates not enough data
Scatter-plot--High scatter indicates high correlation
Scatter-plot--little scatter indicates low correlation
Scatter-plot--little scatter indicates high correlation
25
When the difference between an experimental group and control group are not chance, it is
reliable.
statistically reliable.
highly variable.
experimentally empirical.
26
Participants take part in either control OR experimental group:
Matched pairs
Repeated measure
Independent groups
27
In a research study, informed consent is a concern of
ethics
practical application
statistical significance
replicability
28
Placebo Effect
The group that is exposed to the treatment
The group that is not exposed to the treatment
A sugar pill
Any effect that seems to be a consequence of a placebo
29
Culture is
not passed on from person to person
beliefs and customs of a group of people
an eight-letter word
overrated
30
Which answer is NOT true of the Correlational Research Method?
To detect naturally occurring relationships
Does not specify cause and effect
Manipulate one or more variables
Works with large groups of data; used where an experiment is unethical
31
What is the dependent variable?
the time it takes to finish maze
amount of food
type of fish
type of food
32
in a double blind experiment...
the treatment causes blindness
the subjects and the researcher don't know the treatment
only the subject does not know which treatment was given
the subject knows the treatment given, not the researcher
33
_____ is a research method where investigators manipulate one or more factors to observe the effect.
experimental group
control group
random assignment
experiment
34
___ the extent to which two variables change together, and thus of how well either variable predicts the other.
causation
correlation coefficient
correlation
scatter-plot
35
Define mean
Average of the data set
Range
Most common data value
Standard deviation
36
Identify the experimental group in Smithers' experiment:
Group B
Group A
The number of stacks of paper
the Special Juice
37
A normal distribution curve is __________
funny
symmetric
always purple in color.
skewed
38
_____ describe concepts with precise procedures or measures.
Replication
Standard Deviation
Operational definitions
Theories
39
I could answer this question: What are some strengths & weaknesses of the 3 different methods used to describe behavior?
True. I've got this!
False. I need to do more research
40
A perfect positive correlation (+1.0)
Is a vertical line
Has scatter all over
Is a diagonal line from bottom left corner to upper right
Is a diagonal line from upper left corner to bottom right
41
What is hindsight bias?
I-knew-it-all-along, I know all the answers
After the test,Cindy said "B is the answer"
the opinion
believe after learning outcome,that you would've foreseen it
42
______ examines assumptions, assesses the source, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence and assesses conclusions.
Psychological Research
Critical thinking
Scientific Method
Overconfidence
43
What are three different methods psychologists use to describe behavior?
polls, naturalistic observation and surveys
case studies, naturalistic observation and surveys
case studies, naturalistic observation, and field study
questioning, reflecting and repeat
44
Descriptive Statistics describe or summarize while inferential statistics
summarize, infer, and describe
allow for conclusions to be drawn
also describe and summarize
list
45
What is culture?
When, where, how, and by whom your were raised
The air you breathe.
Where you live.
Your ethnicity/race
46
Which of the following would be an example of hindsight bias?
Believing you are the president of the United States
Saying you know a couple will divorce during their reception
Being tired after performing poorly after getting bad sleep
Seeing a math problem as simple after getting it wrong
47
Validity refers to...
Derived from the Greek word valour, meaning courage
The act of air passing through any bodily orifice
The ability of a test to produce repeatable results
The honesty of a test. It measures what it intends to
48
Which of the following is an example of negative correlation?
People who spend more time exercising tend to weigh less.
Teenage females tend to have fewer speeding tickets than teenage males.
Students with low IQ scores tend to have lower grades.
As hours studying for a test decrease, so do grades on that test.
49
___ a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value.
range
distribution
standard deviation
skewed distribution
50
hindsight bias and overconfidence often make people...
to have confidence
underestimate their knowledge
underestimate their potential
overestimate their potential
51
Statistical Significance
always have clinical significance
Due to the cohort effect
Outcome not due to chance
Null hypothesis is not rejected
52
What do descriptive statistics describe?
How big the numbers are
How small the data range is
What is the central tendency of the data
A story
53
Standard deviation is a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score.
False
True
54
Which answer is NOT true of the Descriptive Research Method
data is collected on two or more variables; no manipulation
it has uncontrolled variables
Case studies, naturalistic observations or surveys
The purpose is to observe and record behavior; nothing is manipulated.
55
A statistical index of the relationship between two variables (from -1.0 to +1.0).
Scatter-plot
Correlation coefficient
Not a real thing
Correlation
56
How could overconfidence be why the ship sunk?
The crew was overestimating the technologys power
Because the captain thought the ship could take a hit
The people thought the ship was safe, unsinkable.
all played a role in the sinking
57
Which of the following questions is best investigated by means of a survey?
What is the best study technique for tests?
Is IQ related to grades?
Are violent criminals genetically different from nonviolent criminals?
Are students more likely to be politically liberal or conservative?
58
Which group does not receive the experimental treatment?
Experimental group
Control group
Scientific habits of mind group
Data group
59
independent variable
the change that occurs in response to the (blank) varible
the only factor that the scientist purposefully changes
THE POWER OF SCIENCE COMPELS YOU!!!!!!
This isn't a thing.
60
Which of the following is most likely to inhibit critical thinking?
operational definitions
the double-blind procedure
overconfidence
random assignment
61
I can explain the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics in research.
True.
False. I better look this up!
62
_____ is a testable prediction, often implied by a theory.
Theory
Best Guess
Hypothesis
Hypothesys
63
In an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group...
high schoolers
experimental group
middle schoolers
control group
64
What is debriefing?
The experiment
The post experiment explanation
The pre experiment explanation
The hypothesis
65
Is this a histogram?
No; it's a bar graph.
No; it's a box plot.
Yes!
No; it's a stem-and-leaf plot.
66
Which concept explains that "Monday morning quarterbacks" rarely act surprised about the outcome of a game?
Overconfidence
Intuition
Illusory Correlation
Hindsight Bias
67
___ is a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables.
Correlation
Correlation coefficient
Scatter-plot
Hypothesis
68
assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences.
random assignment
placebo group
experimental group
control group
69
Which displays hindsight bias?
knowing the definitions to your vocabulary words
when trying to pick out winning lottery numbers
copying someone's math homework
remembering the answers to a test after hearing them
70
If an exam question is about "Media Myths" and the findings run counter to "common sense" you should pay extra attention
Why does this matter?
True
Thanks Mrs. Cole
False
71
Is this a histogram?
No
Yes
72
Define Median
Most common
average of data set
Middle data value
73
What is a confounding variable?
When effects from 2+ variables can be distinguished
When effects from 3+ variables can't be distinguished
When effects from 3+ variabled can be distinguished
When effects from 2+ variables can't be distinguished
74
Which of the following is most important when conducting survey research?
Choosing a sample that includes every member of the population.
Choosing a representative sample
Choosing a biased sample
Choosing a large sample
75
_____ the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.
shooting range score
range
skewed distribution
standard deviation
76
In statistics, with psychology, "Association does not prove causation."
True
False
77
The mean is used more often than the median and the mode.
True
False
78
Which of the following is NOT one of the critical thinking guidelines?
Analyze biases.
Rely on common sense.
Tolerate uncertainty.
Define your terms.
79
Overconfidence is the tendency to underestimate the accuracy of our thoughts and judgements
False
True

Research Methods Flashcards | StudBud

Research Methods

79 termsStudBud Administration103 plays

Flashcards79 cardsFPractice quizPHost liveL

Questions 79

Answers

1
What must a researcher do to fulfill the ethical principle of informed consent?
Protect participants from potential harm.
Allow participants to choose whether to take part.
Keep information about participants confidential.
Provide participants with a post-experimental explanation of the study.
2
The group that receives the placebo
experimental group
in-group
control group
out-group
3
What is one likely result of overconfidence?
People refuse to shop at some businesses without good cause.
People buy unnecessary goods just because they are on sale.
People hesitate to open businesses or buy homes.
People underestimate how much money they should save.
4
__ is an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.
Correlation
Theory
Hypothesis
Scientific Method
5
When do researchers, NOT have to gain informed consent from their participants?
They always have to get it
When ps are in a public place where observation is expected
If the ps is in a relationship with the researcher
If ps are above the age of 25
6
Descriptive statistics...
none of them
both of them
describe what the data is
describe what the data does
7
Researchers are required to get informed consent from research participants
True
False
8
Choose all of the components of The Scientific Attitude:
Method
Skepticism
Humility
Curiosity
9
Which answer is NOT true of the Experimental Research Method?
Sometimes not feasible; results may not generalize; not ethical at times
Independent variable(s) are manipulated
Nothing is manipulated
It specifies cause and effect; variables are controlled
10
After the student council election, a friend tells you he has known for weeks who would be elected president. This is:
Hindsight Bias
Overconfidence
Critical Thinking
Skepticism
11
You should ALWAYS doubt big, round, undocumented numbers!
True
False
12
Psychology is
Fun
the study of mental illness
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Difficult
13
If Axel wants to replicate the work of James it means that he intends to:
refute the research.
re-mediate the research.
repeate the research.
reflect the research.
14
Frequently, random sequences don't look random and so they are over interpreted.
True
False
Huh?!?
Not True
15
A scientist's willingness to admit that she is wrong is an example of:
humility
cuirosity
intelligence
skepticism
16
Intuition
Freedom from doubt
Instinctive knowing, without the use of rational processes
Reflect deeply on a subject
Accumulated knowledge or erudition or enlightenment
17
In an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is , to one version of the independent variable.
control group
placebo
experimental group
random group
18
Debriefing involves:
'pantsing' someone in the middle of a research study
clarifying participants' understanding before the study
clarifying participants' understanding after the study
withholding information from participants during a study
19
Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship between two variables?
+ .30
+ .75
+ 1.3
- 1.3
20
An illusory correlation...
Creates a graphed cluster of dots
Displays a accurate relationship amongst variables
Displays a statistical index of a variable relationship
Creates a perception of a relationship where none exists
21
Find the mode.
20
25
35
10
22
What is a dependent variable?
a variable whose value depends on that of another.
asdfghjklasdfghjklasdfghjklasdfghjklasdfghjklasdfghjkl
залежнай пераменнай
a variable whose value doesn't depend on that of another.
23
A testable prediction that drives research is known as a(n):
operational definition
theory
random sample
hypothesis
24
Which statement is correct?
Scatter-plot--little scatter indicates not enough data
Scatter-plot--High scatter indicates high correlation
Scatter-plot--little scatter indicates low correlation
Scatter-plot--little scatter indicates high correlation
25
When the difference between an experimental group and control group are not chance, it is
reliable.
statistically reliable.
highly variable.
experimentally empirical.
26
Participants take part in either control OR experimental group:
Matched pairs
Repeated measure
Independent groups
27
In a research study, informed consent is a concern of
ethics
practical application
statistical significance
replicability
28
Placebo Effect
The group that is exposed to the treatment
The group that is not exposed to the treatment
A sugar pill
Any effect that seems to be a consequence of a placebo
29
Culture is
not passed on from person to person
beliefs and customs of a group of people
an eight-letter word
overrated
30
Which answer is NOT true of the Correlational Research Method?
To detect naturally occurring relationships
Does not specify cause and effect
Manipulate one or more variables
Works with large groups of data; used where an experiment is unethical
31
What is the dependent variable?
the time it takes to finish maze
amount of food
type of fish
type of food
32
in a double blind experiment...
the treatment causes blindness
the subjects and the researcher don't know the treatment
only the subject does not know which treatment was given
the subject knows the treatment given, not the researcher
33
_____ is a research method where investigators manipulate one or more factors to observe the effect.
experimental group
control group
random assignment
experiment
34
___ the extent to which two variables change together, and thus of how well either variable predicts the other.
causation
correlation coefficient
correlation
scatter-plot
35
Define mean
Average of the data set
Range
Most common data value
Standard deviation
36
Identify the experimental group in Smithers' experiment:
Group B
Group A
The number of stacks of paper
the Special Juice
37
A normal distribution curve is __________
funny
symmetric
always purple in color.
skewed
38
_____ describe concepts with precise procedures or measures.
Replication
Standard Deviation
Operational definitions
Theories
39
I could answer this question: What are some strengths & weaknesses of the 3 different methods used to describe behavior?
True. I've got this!
False. I need to do more research
40
A perfect positive correlation (+1.0)
Is a vertical line
Has scatter all over
Is a diagonal line from bottom left corner to upper right
Is a diagonal line from upper left corner to bottom right
41
What is hindsight bias?
I-knew-it-all-along, I know all the answers
After the test,Cindy said "B is the answer"
the opinion
believe after learning outcome,that you would've foreseen it
42
______ examines assumptions, assesses the source, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence and assesses conclusions.
Psychological Research
Critical thinking
Scientific Method
Overconfidence
43
What are three different methods psychologists use to describe behavior?
polls, naturalistic observation and surveys
case studies, naturalistic observation and surveys
case studies, naturalistic observation, and field study
questioning, reflecting and repeat
44
Descriptive Statistics describe or summarize while inferential statistics
summarize, infer, and describe
allow for conclusions to be drawn
also describe and summarize
list
45
What is culture?
When, where, how, and by whom your were raised
The air you breathe.
Where you live.
Your ethnicity/race
46
Which of the following would be an example of hindsight bias?
Believing you are the president of the United States
Saying you know a couple will divorce during their reception
Being tired after performing poorly after getting bad sleep
Seeing a math problem as simple after getting it wrong
47
Validity refers to...
Derived from the Greek word valour, meaning courage
The act of air passing through any bodily orifice
The ability of a test to produce repeatable results
The honesty of a test. It measures what it intends to
48
Which of the following is an example of negative correlation?
People who spend more time exercising tend to weigh less.
Teenage females tend to have fewer speeding tickets than teenage males.
Students with low IQ scores tend to have lower grades.
As hours studying for a test decrease, so do grades on that test.
49
___ a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value.
range
distribution
standard deviation
skewed distribution
50
hindsight bias and overconfidence often make people...
to have confidence
underestimate their knowledge
underestimate their potential
overestimate their potential
51
Statistical Significance
always have clinical significance
Due to the cohort effect
Outcome not due to chance
Null hypothesis is not rejected
52
What do descriptive statistics describe?
How big the numbers are
How small the data range is
What is the central tendency of the data
A story
53
Standard deviation is a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score.
False
True
54
Which answer is NOT true of the Descriptive Research Method
data is collected on two or more variables; no manipulation
it has uncontrolled variables
Case studies, naturalistic observations or surveys
The purpose is to observe and record behavior; nothing is manipulated.
55
A statistical index of the relationship between two variables (from -1.0 to +1.0).
Scatter-plot
Correlation coefficient
Not a real thing
Correlation
56
How could overconfidence be why the ship sunk?
The crew was overestimating the technologys power
Because the captain thought the ship could take a hit
The people thought the ship was safe, unsinkable.
all played a role in the sinking
57
Which of the following questions is best investigated by means of a survey?
What is the best study technique for tests?
Is IQ related to grades?
Are violent criminals genetically different from nonviolent criminals?
Are students more likely to be politically liberal or conservative?
58
Which group does not receive the experimental treatment?
Experimental group
Control group
Scientific habits of mind group
Data group
59
independent variable
the change that occurs in response to the (blank) varible
the only factor that the scientist purposefully changes
THE POWER OF SCIENCE COMPELS YOU!!!!!!
This isn't a thing.
60
Which of the following is most likely to inhibit critical thinking?
operational definitions
the double-blind procedure
overconfidence
random assignment
61
I can explain the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics in research.
True.
False. I better look this up!
62
_____ is a testable prediction, often implied by a theory.
Theory
Best Guess
Hypothesis
Hypothesys
63
In an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group...
high schoolers
experimental group
middle schoolers
control group
64
What is debriefing?
The experiment
The post experiment explanation
The pre experiment explanation
The hypothesis
65
Is this a histogram?
No; it's a bar graph.
No; it's a box plot.
Yes!
No; it's a stem-and-leaf plot.
66
Which concept explains that "Monday morning quarterbacks" rarely act surprised about the outcome of a game?
Overconfidence
Intuition
Illusory Correlation
Hindsight Bias
67
___ is a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables.
Correlation
Correlation coefficient
Scatter-plot
Hypothesis
68
assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences.
random assignment
placebo group
experimental group
control group
69
Which displays hindsight bias?
knowing the definitions to your vocabulary words
when trying to pick out winning lottery numbers
copying someone's math homework
remembering the answers to a test after hearing them
70
If an exam question is about "Media Myths" and the findings run counter to "common sense" you should pay extra attention
Why does this matter?
True
Thanks Mrs. Cole
False
71
Is this a histogram?
No
Yes
72
Define Median
Most common
average of data set
Middle data value
73
What is a confounding variable?
When effects from 2+ variables can be distinguished
When effects from 3+ variables can't be distinguished
When effects from 3+ variabled can be distinguished
When effects from 2+ variables can't be distinguished
74
Which of the following is most important when conducting survey research?
Choosing a sample that includes every member of the population.
Choosing a representative sample
Choosing a biased sample
Choosing a large sample
75
_____ the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.
shooting range score
range
skewed distribution
standard deviation
76
In statistics, with psychology, "Association does not prove causation."
True
False
77
The mean is used more often than the median and the mode.
True
False
78
Which of the following is NOT one of the critical thinking guidelines?
Analyze biases.
Rely on common sense.
Tolerate uncertainty.
Define your terms.
79
Overconfidence is the tendency to underestimate the accuracy of our thoughts and judgements
False
True