Microbiology 1 The Allopathically Distorted History of Microbiology

Body’s defenses against specific disease.

Agent must be isolated and grown outside the host.

The study of fungi.

Multiple growth colonies formed; took samples and tested them on animals to see what disease processes would occur.

Hans Christian Gram expanded on simple staining technique which is the most widely used staining technique.

When decaying meat was kept isolated from flies, maggots never developed. Meat exposed to flies was soon infested.

Bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan; though some lack cell walls.

Biochemistry began with Pasteur’s work on fermentation and Buchner’s discovery of enzymes in yeast extract.

Causes of disease.

Meaning their cells lack nuclei

Frequency, distribution, and spread of disease.

Combines aspects of biochemistry, cell biology, and genetics to explain cell function at the molecular level.

Discovered the association with plasmodium (protozoa) and malaria in 1880.

The study of bacteria and archaea.

Range in size from microscopic forms to adult tapeworms that can grow to 33 ft in length?

Discovered the association with Yersinia pestis (bacterium) and Bubonic plague in 1894.

Examined water and visualized tiny animals, fungi, algae, and single-celled protozoa; “animalcules”.

Discovered the association with Flavivirus yellow fever virus and Yellow fever in 1900.

Single-celled eukaryotes

When agent is introduced to a healthy, susceptible host, the host must get the disease.

Studied cholera and suspected transmission through contaminated agent in water.

Penicillin

The study of algae.

The study of viruses.

Obtain food from other organisms. Possess cell walls.

From Koch’s postulate work, it was realized that some microbes needed to be stained to be seen.

Unicellular or multicellular, eukaryotes. Photosynthetic; make their own food. Simple reproductive structures.

Concluded that microorganisms exist in air and can contaminate experiments.

Use of microbes to remove pollutants.

The study of protozoa.

Unicellular; reproduce asexually by budding; some produce sexual spores.

The study of blood serum.

First seen around 1932 under electron microscope.

Inserting a missing gene or repairing a defective one in humans by inserting desired gene into host cells.

Concluded that Needham failed to heat vials sufficiently to kill all microbes or had not sealed them tightly enough.

Suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and be absent from healthy hosts.

___________ proposed spontaneous generation Living things can arise from nonliving matter.

Similar to animals in nutrient needs and cellular structure. Live freely in water; some live in animal hosts.

Have membrane-bound nucleus.

Have a pink tint

He performed several experiments to find agents aka “magic bullets”, that would kill the pathogen and not the human.

Use of microbes to control insect pests.

Sewage treatment, water purification, and control of insects that spread disease.

Use of chemical substances to treat disease.

Cat scratch disease claimed to be caused by bacterium that had not been cultured were

Archaeal cell walls are composed of polymers rather than peptidoglycan.

Biochemistry: chemical reactions within cells

Reduction or elimination of harmful microbes in food and drink.

Began making and using simple microscopes. Often made a new microscope for each specimen.

Experiments with beef gravy and infusions of plant material reinforced this idea.

Koch’s Experiments led to advances in laboratory microbiology.

Discovered the association with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (protozoan) and African sleeping sickness in 1902.

Cell extensions that flow in direction of travel.

Same agent must be found in the diseased experimental host.

Created smears onto solid surface medium like a potato slice or gelatin.

Discovered the association with Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (bacterium) and typhoid fever in 1880.

Studied causative agents of disease (etiology).

Causes bread to rise and produces alcohol from sugar

The study of parasitic protozoa and parasitic animals.

Introduced antiseptic techniques and cleanliness into nursing practice.

Determined genes are contained in molecules of DNA.

Established that a gene’s activity is related to protein function.

Which is the smallest of the two?

Determined cells can be categorized as bacteria, archaea, or eukaryotes.

When the “swan-necked” flasks remained upright, no microbial growth appeared.

Extensions of a cell that are fewer, longer, and more whiplike than cilia.

Leeuwenhoek’s microorganisms can be grouped into six categories: bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa and algae

His work began the field of biochemistry.

Proposed the idea of hand washing when he noticed mortality rates in hospitals vs at home births.

Spontaneous generation of microorganisms does not occur; all living things arise from other living things.

Demonstrated fermentation does not require living cells. Showed enzymes promote chemical reactions.

Discovered the association with Neisseria gonorrhoeae (bacterium) and gonorrhea in 1879.

Played a role in setting standards for public hygiene to prevent spread of infection.

The study of metabolism; chemical reactions that occur in living organisms.

Swedish botanist, developed a taxonomic system for naming plants and animals, and grouping similar organisms together.

Genes in microbes, plants, and animals manipulated for practical applications. Also known as genetic engineering.

Scientists agreed large animals could not arise spontaneously, but believed microbes could.

What role do microorganisms play in the environment?

Alteration of microbial genes to synthesis useful products.

Acellular obligatory parasites composed of small amounts of genetic material (DNA or RNA), surrounded by a protein coat.

Associated with yeast infections.

Numerous short protrusions that propel organisms through its environment.

Linus Pauling proposed that gene sequences could:

Needham’s experiments with beef gravy and infusions of plant material reinforced this idea.

Asexual (mostly) and sexual reproduction?

The study of the body’s defenses against specific pathogens.

Have a purple tint.

Hygiene in health care setting and control of nosocomial infections.

The microbe is nothing. The terrain is everything.

Multicellular; grow as long filaments; reproduce by sexual and asexual spores

Microbes used as model systems for biochemical reactions.

English physician hypothesized that cowpox provided protection against the potentially fatal disease; smallpox.

Manufacture of vaccines and antibiotics.

Functions if DNA and RNA

Ultimately founded antiseptic surgical technique and provided avenues for research in this field.

Development and use of drugs to treat infectious diseases.

Developed the fraudulent germ theory of disease.

Relationships between microbes and among microbes, other organisms, and their environment.