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Issues and Debates
What is determinism?
What is an etic approach?
Issues and Debates
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AQA Psychology, paper 3
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Answers
1
What is an etic approach?
Norms only understood within specific culture
Culture-specific idea is wrongly imposed on another culture
Belief that one's own culture is superior
Research looks at behaviour outside a culture and generalise
2
What is determinism?
The world is controlled by humans
Behaviour is controlled by external forces
Humans make own choices
People believe they have control
3
What is it called when research has wider ethical implications?
Implicational
Socially sensitive
Essentialist perspective
Ethical issues
4
What is taking an idiographic approach?
Focuses on individual case
All behaviour has a cause
Individuals have free will
Focuses on general laws
5
What is reductionism?
Study large groups of people
Explain behaviour by breaking it down
Can generalise behaviour
Consider the person as a whole
6
Who supports the nature side of debate?
Locke
Freud
Skinner
Descartes
7
What is androcentrism?
Women behaviour accepted as norm
Conclusions drawn from research applied to everyone
Men behaviour accepted as norm
Research doesn't represent gender differences
8
What are the two types of reductionism?
Biological and psychic
Psychic and behavioural
Biological and environmental
Psychic and environmental
9
What is a weakness of holism?
Some behaviours only in group context
Forms basis for scientific research
Gives detailed research (case study)
Can't test scientifically
10
What is cultural bias?
Imposed etic
Research doesn't recognise differences between cultures
Research accepts one's own culture as the norm
Research doesn't acknowledge differences between genders
11
What is an implication of the nature-nurture debate?
Investigate origins of behaviour
Linking genetics, race and intelligence
Study artificial intelligence
Links culture and behaviour
12
Which of these isn't a type of hard determinism?
Behaviourist
Environmental
Psychic
Biological
13
Which approach recognises free will?
Biological
Psychodynamic
Behaviourist
Humanistic
14
Which of these is not a concern according to Sieber and Stanley?
Participant differences
Validity
Law/policies
Implications
15
What is and example of soft determinism?
Behaviourist approach
Psychodynamic approach
Biological approach
Cognitive approach
16
What is an interactionist stance?
Considering both nature and nurture
Considers different levels of explanation interacting
17
What is an example of alpha bias?
Cognitive approach
Fight or flight response
Freud's theory
Attachment types
18
What is a strength of free will?
Can be tested
Evidence - neurological study (pressing button)
Has face validity
Consistent with science
19
Which is the interactionist model where a person's environment marks their DNA for offspring?
Cognitive theory
Epigenetics
Relative importance
Diathesis stress model
20
What is it when differences between genders are underestimated?
Alpha bias
Androcentrism
Imposed etic
Beta bias
21
What is a weakness of culture in psychology?
Challenges Western ways of thinking
Not scientific
Issue is outdated
Issue is sexist
22
How is phenomena studied using a nomothetic approach?
Uses case studies
Calculates relative importance
Uses experiments
23
What is a weakness of nomothetic approach?
Ignores individual human experience
Research more scientific
Uses detailed qualitative methods
Research too restricted
24
Which approach is more idiographic?
Cognitive
Behaviourist
Humanistic
Biological
25
What is a weakness of ethical implications?
Ignores differences
Research gives greater sensitivity to society
Guidelines too strict
Code of ethics governed by BPS
26
What is an example of imposed etic?
Gender differences not represented
Secure attachment most common across cultures
Strange situation based in USA
Brain scans invented in USA
27
What is an essentialist perspective?
Women aren't included in research process
Gender differences underestimated
People have different and fixed characteristics
Genders are treated the same
28
Which approach is due to nurture?
Psychodynamic
Biological
Humanistic
Behaviourist
29
What is a strength of gender in psychology?
Challenges norms and values
Psychologists recognise effects of own assumptions
Practical applications - olympics
30
How can OCD be explained in a reductionist way?
Due to an interaction of nature and nurture
Due to biological abnormality
Due to the culture they live in
Due to negative surroundings
