APGOPO Qtr Exam review

all criminal defendants, regardless of their ability to pay, are entitled to criminal defense

Requires employers & public facilities to make "reasonable accommodations" for disabled people

segregation by law

clause giving Congress the power to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out powers

commercial speech is the most restricted

process by which the BOR has been applied to states using 14th amendment

SCOTUS case affirming the supremacy of natl govt and implied powers

When an individual accused of a crime is compelled to be a witness against themselves in court

govt powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government

SCOTUS decision holding that the first amendment protects newspapers from prior restraint.

Magnified the problems of the Articles of Confederation and the need for a stronger government

Federal grants given to states or communities to support broad programs

SCOTUS case giving Congress power to regulate nearly every form of commercial activity

the distribution of the population's beliefs about politics and policy issues

describes US with history of immigration and mixing of cultures, ideas, and peoples.

Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches,

constitutional protections against govt actions, declared in the Bill of Rights

first constitution of the US, establishing a "firm league of friendship" among the states

regular pattern by which women are more likely to support Democratic candidates.

sampling error refers to the level of confidence in the findings of a public opinion poll

obtaining evidence in a haphazard way in violation of the 4th amendment

theory that upper class elite hold all political power

A written defamation of a person's character, reputation, business, or property rights.

States are prohibited from unreasonably discriminating against residents of other states

SCOTUS case upholding flag burning as protected free speech

The process of reallocating seats in the House of Representatives every 10 years

The 17th amendment provided for direct Election of U.S. Senators

The fedl govt may give money to parochial schools for religious purposes

powers specifically listed in the constitution

SCOTUS case declaring that the govt can limit speech that presents a clear and present danger

Gave women the right to vote

guarantees rights to those who do not belong to majorities.

Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws

A written defamation of a person's character, reputation, business, or property rights.

The 14th amendment protects us against cruel and unusual punishment

the 23rd amendment outlines rights for civil cases

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

policies to protect people against discriminatory treatment by govt officials or individuals

freedom from excessive bail or fines and freedom from cruel or unusual punishment

requires that each state accept public acts, records, judicial proceedings of every other state

A choice that government makes in response to a political issue

Applied the exclusionary rule to the states

The process by which we select our governmental leaders and what policies these leaders pursue

elections, political parties, interest groups, media

SCOTUS case ruling that the BOR only restrains the natl govt

Required employers to document citizenship of all employees

transfer responsibilities of governing from the federal govt to state and local govts.

nonverbal communication, such as burning a flag or wearing an armband.

reserved powers to the states

supremacy clause makes - the supreme law of the land

authorization from court specifying area to be searched & what police are searching for

The process through which an individual acquires his or her particular political orientations,

Sedition is protected free speech

system of selecting policymakers & organizing govt to represent the public's preferences

struck down poll taxes at the STATE level

13th amendment

SCOTUS held that Congress exceeded its commerce clause power by prohibiting guns in schools

System of govt in which both the states & the national govt remain supreme in their own spheres

The Bill of Rights includes the first 15 amendments to the Const

Federalists were supporters of the Constitution

22nd amendment

categorial grant distributed according to a specified formula

A coherent set of beliefs about politics, public policy, and public purpose.

ruled that obscenity is not constitutionally protected free speech.

government is restricted in what it can and cannot do by constitution

The 4th amendment was designed to protect individuals accused of crimes.

SCOTUS decision that a law requiring Bible reading in schools violated the 1A

States obligated to recognize same-sex marriage from other states

legal process by which a fugitive of justice is returned to state in which crime was committed

condition that occurs when interests conflict; no coalition is strong enough to form a majority

the 2nd amendment guarantees the right to bear arms

Censorship imposed before a speech is made or a newspaper is published

political process open to the participation of all groups with shared interests, none dominate

Rights inherent in human beings, not dependent on governments

powers of the fedl govt that are not explicitly stated but reasonably suggested

Ended white primaries

communication in the form of advertising,