Fixed ratio partial reinforcement schedule

Reward delivered after fixed number of responses

Encodes memories from short term to long term

The WAIS tests through

Picture completion, picture arrangement, block design, etc.

The adaptation stage/stage of resistance is

when the shock has worn off and body has adapted

Correlational studies

establish a relationship between variables

Stress increases risk of

Muscular-skeletal and skin disease, Cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory diseases

looks over proposals, its approval is needed for experiment

The army used 2 versions of the IQ test IN WW1 to try to reduce bias

Alpha (for literate) and Beta (for illiterate)

What is a descriptive study?

A study that does not use a control, makes observations

Includes memories not part of our consciousness

Introspection was used to study

Both functionalism and structuralism

In anterograde amnesia

The hippocampus is impacted most

judgement about degree of potential harm of a stressor

Crystallized intelligence was characterized as

acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it

Fixed initial partial reinforcement schedule

Reward delivered at predictable time intervals

Between subjects design

has a separate control group and experimental group

Operant conditioning is

Learning consequences of behavior

The serial position effect is

Humans are better at remembering beginning and end

Make all possible sounds used in language

a long term state, pleasant life, good life, meaningful life, hard

the mind and body are one entity

Which is an example of negative punishment?

Taking away a toy after misbehavior

the separation of body and mind

Retrograde amnesia is

The inability to remember long term memory

Variable interval partial reinforcement schedule

Reward delivered at unpredictable time intervals

Inductive reasoning is the ability to

infer new principles from observation

occurs when a researcher interprets data to fit hypothesis

Sympathetic adrenal medullary system

general, as simple as possible, generative, falsifiable

Dualism solved the issue of

differentiating humans and animals, 'I think therefore I am'

The original thought about intelligence was that

There was a single general factor, g

Within subjects design

is each subject is given every treatment, including control

The parasympathetic nervous system

helps everything calm down after fight or flight

A continuous reinforcement schedule

Delivers a reward each time behavior is displayed

studbud

Psych exam 1

182 termsStudBud Administration22 plays

Psych

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Questions 182

Answers

1
Fixed ratio partial reinforcement schedule
Reward delivered at unpredictable time intervals
Reward delivered after fixed number of responses
Reward delivered after unpredictable number of responses
Reward delivered at predictable time intervals
2
The hippocampus
Processes sensory inputs
Is where short term memories are stored
Encodes memories from short term to long term
Is where long term memories are stored
3
Wundt is considered
not important
a fraud
the father of psychology
4
The WAIS tests through
Story telling
Word association and picture arrangement
Picture completion, picture arrangement, block design, etc.
Only word problems
5
The adaptation stage/stage of resistance is
when body can no longer adapt to stressor, illness possible
when the shock has worn off and body has adapted
immediate reaction, similar to fight/flight
a persistent amount of stress over long period of time
6
Language helps to structure our ability to reason
False
True
7
Semantics
set of rules used to convey meaning
the words of a given language, vocab
the way words are organized
the process of deriving meaning
8
Intelligence is shaped by
Neither nature nor nurture
Nature (genetics)
Nurture (homelife)
Nature and Nurture
9
Correlational studies
tell you definitively why something happens
establish a relationship between variables
determine causation
involve manipulation of subjects
10
Binet developed
The IQ test used today
The first IQ test
An alternative to the IQ test
A non-standardized way to measure intelligence
11
Stress increases risk of
Muscular-skeletal and skin disease
Cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory diseases
12
The IRB
helps to design experiments
looks over results and final data
looks over proposals, its approval is needed for experiment
looks over proposals, its approval is not needed
13
The army used 2 versions of the IQ test IN WW1 to try to reduce bias
Alpha (based on West culture) and Beta (East culture)
Alpha (for literate) and Beta (for illiterate)
Alpha (for illiterate) and Beta (for literate)
14
What is a descriptive study?
A study that is never useful
A study with multiple groups to test different conditions
A study that determines causation
A study that does not use a control, makes observations
15
The IQ test was misused because
It had large cultural bias
It was never misused
16
How do you control for expectational bias?
Use a representative sample
Use multiple groups
Use a larger sample
Use a blind study
17
Reflexes and instincts
Do not need to be learned
Are learned at a very early age
Are not actually real
Are different for every person
18
Implicit memory
Includes all of our memories involving swear words
Includes memories we consciously try to remember and recall
Includes assumptions and instincts
Includes memories not part of our consciousness
19
Introspection was used to study
Functionalism
Neither functionalism or structuralism
Structuralism
Both functionalism and structuralism
20
The IQ test holds across cultures
True
False
21
In anterograde amnesia
The medulla is impacted most
The hippocampus is impacted most
The frontal cortex is impacted most
The temporal lobe is impacted most
22
Primary appraisal
tendency toward equilibrium
judgement of available options to deal with stressor
promotes return to equilibrium through change
judgement about degree of potential harm of a stressor
23
Crystallized intelligence was characterized as
imaginative and innovative
the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems
acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it
street smarts, common sense
24
Fixed initial partial reinforcement schedule
Reward delivered after unpredictable number of responses
Reward delivered at unpredictable time intervals
Reward delivered after fixed number of responses
Reward delivered at predictable time intervals
25
Between subjects design
uses each subject as their own control
has a separate control group and experimental group
never has a control group
never has an experimental group
26
Operant conditioning is
Not an actual thing
Not a type of learning
Learning consequences of behavior
The same as classical conditioning
27
The serial position effect is
Humans are better at remember the beginning
Humans are better at remembering the middle
Humans are better at remembering beginning and end
Humans are better at remembering the end
28
IQ stands for
Intellectual Quantity
Intelligence Quotient
Informational Questionaire
Intelligence Quiz
29
At birth babies can
Make very few sounds used in language
Make the sounds used by parents
Make about half of all possible sounds used in language
Make all possible sounds used in language
30
Happiness is
a long term state
pleasant life, good life, meaningful life
hard
a myth
31
Conditioning is
Implicit
Explicit
32
IRB stands for
Institutional Research Board
Institutional Review Board
Individual Research Body
Individual Review Board
33
Monism is
the mind and body are one entity
Id
the mind and body are separate entities
the mind and body are sometimes related
34
Which is an example of negative punishment?
Giving candy after good behavior
Taking away a toy after misbehavior
Taking away unpleasant object after good behavior
Giving a shock after a wrong answer
35
Dualism is...
the acknowledgement that the mind and body work together
the study of only the mind
the study of only the body
the separation of body and mind
36
Episodic memory is
Implicit
Explicit
37
What is NS?
Neutral signal
Neural signal
Neutral stimulus
Neural stimulus
38
Every time you work with memory it can be changed
False
True
39
Retrograde amnesia is
The inability to live
The inability to do anything
The inability to remember long term memory
The inability to encode new memories
40
Variable interval partial reinforcement schedule
Reward delivered after fixed number of responses
Reward delivered at unpredictable time intervals
Reward delivered at predictable time intervals
Reward delivered after unpredictable number of responses
41
Inductive reasoning is the ability to
recognize conceptional similarities despite physical diff.
infer new principles from observation
work through a problem through trial and error
derive consequences from accepted premises
42
Interpretation bias
occurs when a researcher interprets data to fit hypothesis
occurs when a researcher doesn't want a specific outcome
occurs when a researcher expects a certain outcome
occurs when a researcher fails to interpret their data
43
The most powerful partial reinforcement schedule is
Variable interval
Fixed ratio
Variable ratio
Fixed interval
44
SAM stands for
Sympathetic adrenal medullary system
Something actually meaningful
Sympathetic area moms
Snake apple men
45
A theory must be
specific, generative, complicated, not falsifiable
specific, complicated, falsifiable
general, as simple as possible, generative, falsifiable
general, generative, not falsifiable
46
Dualism solved the issue of
it didn't solve any issues
differentiating humans and animals, 'I think therefore I am'
classification of frogs
understanding the mind
47
The original thought about intelligence was that
There was a single general factor, g
There were 2 different types
There were 8 different types
There were 3 different types
48
Procedural memory includes
All conscious memory
Personally experienced events
Motor and cognitive skills
Facts and general knowledge
49
Within subjects design
lets each subject pick control or experimental group
is each subject is given every treatment, including control
has distinct control and experimental groups, no overlap
randomly decides how many treatments to give a subject
50
The parasympathetic nervous system
helps everything calm down after fight or flight
activates fight or flight
51
A continuous reinforcement schedule
Delivers reward whether or not behavior is displayed
Never delivers reward
Delivers a reward each time behavior is displayed
Randomly delivers reward
52
Where did modern psychology originate?
Philosophy
Mathematics
Biology
Theology
53
Tichener developed
Structuralism
Functionalism
Dualism
Monism
54
The alarm reaction is
when body can no longer adapt to stressor, illness possible
a persistent amount of stress over long period of time
immediate reaction, similar to fight/flight
when the shock has worn off and body has adapted
55
Functionalism is
the study of what to do if you see a bear
the study of the life
the study of the purpose of consciousness
the study of consciousness
56
Semantic memory is
Explicit
Implicit
57
Distress
bad stress
good stress
58
Antegrade amnesia is
The inability to live
The inability to encode new memories
The inability to remember long term memory
The inability to do anything
59
Learning
allows an organism to respond to change
can occur unconciously
can occur consiously
relatively permanent change in knowledge/behavior
60
Empiricism is
sensory experiences do not matter
all human knowledge derives from sensory experience
all human knowledge comes from thoughts
the idea we are born knowing everything we need
61
People in individualistic cultures
Focus on relationships between objects
Focus on larger items
62
Semantic memory includes
Facts and general knowledge
Motor and cognitive skills
All conscious memory
Personally experienced events
63
What is true about sensory memory?
It is low level, happens to sensory receptors
Requires attention to encode into short term memory
Lost if not attended to
Lasts less than 1 second to a few seconds
64
The IQ test was used to determine
If soldiers could serve
Who had access to education
If immigrants should be allowed in the country
Who should be sterilized
65
Syntax
set of rules used to convey meaning
the process of deriving meaning
the words of a given language, vocab
the way words are organized
66
Stress is
does not have a good/clear definition
where a person perceives then responds to threatening events
a demanding/threatening event
the body's response to a threatening event
67
Culture influences intelligence
True
False
68
Which is an example of positive punishment?
Taking away a toy after misbehavior
Taking away unpleasant object after good behavior
Giving candy after good behavior
Giving a shock after a wrong answer
69
What is CS?
Conditioned sigh
Conditioned stimulus
Corporate skunk
Conditioned sign
70
Lexicon
set of rules used to convey meaning
the words of a given language, vocab
the way words are organized
the process of deriving meaning
71
Shaping is a way to condition a more complicated action/set of actions through
Rewarding any response close to target
Doing fun poses
Until eventually only reward for target
Then narrowing acceptable response range
72
What is UR?
Unconditioned rodent
Unconditioned reply
Unconditioned response
Unconditional rage
73
Bandura used Bobo and observational learning to show that when a role model was violent
Nothing changed
Kids were more likely to be violent
Violence was most likely if adult was not punished
The kids were less violent
74
Wundt's main idea
'the atoms of the mind', the basis ingredients of the mind
the mind is weird
that experimental research is impossible
the mind cannot be split into simpler pieces
75
Homeostasis
tendency toward equilibrium
judgement of available options to deal with stressor
promotes return to equilibrium through change
judgement about degree of potential harm of a stressor
76
WAIS helps prevent some cultural bias through
It doesn't
Testing in person
Using only word problems
Using more practical questions
77
Priming is the
Same as working memory
Belief that you know something before you learn it
Activation of info in short term memory
Activation by sensation input of info already in LTM
78
The current model of intelligence has how many intelligences?
8
6
10
4
79
Monism
said only the body can be studied
said the mind can be studied directly
said that reality is not real
said the mind cannot be studied
80
Practical intelligence involves
academic problem solving and computation
street smarts, common sense
acquired knowledge and the ability to recall it
imaginative and innovative problem solving
81
Gestalt psychology was
something Hitler developed
the same as behaviorism
a reaction to behaviorism
developed before behaviorism
82
Behaviorism
is not a thing
is the idea that behavior is fake
is the idea that behavior cannot be studied
is the idea that you can only study behavior
83
What is US?
Unconditioned stimulus
Uncoordinated snake
Uncultured swine
Unconditioned sign
84
Which is an example of positive reinforcement?
Giving a shock after a wrong answer
Taking away a toy after misbehavior
Giving candy after good behavior
Taking away unpleasant object after good behavior
85
Thorndike
He killed thorns
These cats learned through consequences
As they figured out what didn't work they were faster
Created puzzle boxes for cats
86
The WAIS (or WISC for children)
Has gone through many revisions
Is regularly normalized on 1800 individuals
Is the same as it has always been
Is one of the most biased intelligence tests
87
The IQ test
Is completely useless
Asses reasoning ability and judgement
Compares where you are vs where your peers are
Created a normalized measure of intelligence
88
Placebo effect
occurs when subjects expect effects
occurs when subjects expect no effects
occurs when you have a too small sample
occurs when you have too large sample
89
Lots of stress
leads to shortened telomeres
weakens your immune system
90
Nativism is
all things are already known
the brain is born as a blank slate
the brain has an innate ability to interact with world
the brain needs to learn how to interact with the world
91
Those in western cultures are more likely to sort items by what?
Taxonomic
Function
92
All research participants must give
A signature
Name and age
Name and address
Informed consent
93
Experiments
have an independent and dependent variable
involve manipulation of the dependent variable
never work
are the only way to prove causation
94
Implicit/non-declarative memory is
Sometimes impacted by amnesia
Only impacted by retrograde amnesia
Impacted by amnesia
Not impacted by amnesia
95
Variable ratio partial reinforcement schedule
Reward delivered at unpredictable time intervals
Reward delivered after fixed number of responses
Reward delivered at predictable time intervals
Reward delivered after unpredictable number of responses
96
Which are descriptive studies?
Correlational study
Survey
Case/clinical study
Experiment
97
Confounding variable
has no impact on outcomes
is a variable that effects outcomes that is not controlled
is a planned second dependent variable
is a very confused variable
98
Allostasis
judgement about degree of potential harm of a stressor
tendency toward equilibrium
promotes return to equilibrium through change
judgement of available options to deal with stressor
99
How would you control for observer expectance bias?
Use a blind study
Use a larger sample size
Use a double blind study
Use a representative sample
100
People in collectivistic cultures
Focus on larger items
Focus on relationships between objects
101
The sympathetic nervous system
helps everything calm down after fight or flight
activates fight or flight
102
In retrograde amnesia
The frontal cortex is impacted most
The temporal lobe is impacted most
The hippocampus is impacted most
The medulla is impacted most
103
The Law of effect states
All learning is controlled by consequences
Learning only happens on one's own
Social conditioning is the root of all learning
Consequences have no effect on learning
104
Which is an example of negative reinforcement?
Taking away unpleasant object after good behavior
Taking away a toy after misbehavior
Giving candy after good behavior
Giving a shock after a wrong answer
105
What is true about short term memory?
Must rehearse to maintain
Is the same as working memory
It lasts seconds to minutes
It can be effortful or automatic
106
Explicit memory
Includes all of our memories involving swear words
Includes memories we consciously try to remember and recall
Includes facts and figures
Includes memories not part of our consciousness
107
After the 1 type of intelligence, the next accepted theory was 2 types of intelligence:
Creative and crystallized
Crystallized and fluid inteligence
Analytical and practical
Fluid and analytical
108
IQ is calculated by
Subtracting mental age from chronological age
Dividing chronological age by mental age
Adding mental age and chronological age
Dividing mental age by chronological age
109
Good life involves
enjoying daily pleasures
using skills for enrichment
saying goodness
contributing to the greater good
110
Fluid intelligence was characterized as
acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it
the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems
imaginative and innovative
street smarts, common sense
111
First paradigm shift
Was to functionalism
Was to monism
Was to behaviorism
Was to phrenology
112
Intelligence is distributed
In a linear fashion
In an unpredictable way
In an exponential growth curve
In a bell curve
113
Over time Fluid intelligence (gf)
Increases with age
Decreases with age
Fluctuates
Remains the same
114
The frontal cortex is thought to be
Where long term memories are stored
Not important to memory
Where sensory memories are stored
Where short term memories are stored
115
Eustress
good stress
bad stress
116
The IQ test held which group as the gold standard?
Upper class educated immigrants
Educated immigrants
The middle class educated non-immigrants
Illiterate Americans
117
Procedural memory is
Explicit
Implicit
118
After the 2 factor theory of intelligence, the Triarchic theory was introduced, including
Practical, interpersonal, and spatial intelligence
Analytical, practical, and creative intelligence
Analytical, creative, and fluid intelligence
Analytical, practical, and interpersonal intelligence
119
Non-associative learning
Adaption to changing stimuli
Adaption to unchanging stimuli
120
How do you control for interpretation bias?
Create a well-defined set of potential observations
Use a larger sample size
Use a control group
Use researchers who don't know the hypothesis
121
Chunking is
Splitting info into smaller chunks, helps memory
Splitting info into smaller chunks, hurst memory
Only being able to remember the end
Only being able to remember the beginning
122
Analogical reasoning is the ability to
derive consequences from accepted premises
work through a problem through trial and error
recognize conceptional similarities despite physical diff.
infer new principles from observation
123
Meaningful life involves
enjoying daily pleasures
defining words
using skills for enrichment
contributing to the greater good
124
What is true about long term memory?
Has no limits
Is all the things you can remember
Is possible to lose
Could potentially be in memory forever
125
Skinner
Skinned animals for fun
Had a box and did some conditioning
Hated behaviorism
Was very involved in behaviorism
126
Cognitive revolution
behavior should be thought of in terms of cognition
never happened
only focused on AI
127
Research must be
repeatable, replicable, subjected to peer review
based on previous research, done multiple times
falsifiable, repeatable, simple
replicable, falsifiable, subjected to peer review
128
Genetics play a role in intelligence
True
False
129
The scientific method is
research, theory, observation, hypothesis
hypothesis, observation, research, theory
research, observation, theory, hypothesis
theory, hypothesis, research, observation
130
Sampling bias
occurs when your sample does not represent target population
occurs when the subjects know which group they are in
never occurs
131
Secondary appraisal
promotes return to equilibrium through change
judgement of available options to deal with stressor
judgement about degree of potential harm of a stressor
tendency toward equilibrium
132
Analytical intelligence involves
imaginative and innovative problem solving
acquired knowledge and the ability to recall it
academic problem solving and computation
street smarts, common sense
133
Structuralism is
the mind can be broken into elements, sensations/perceptions
the study of the function of conciousness
the mind is very stuctured
the idea that the mind is broken
134
IRB is needed for
Any research
Any psychology department
Only animal research
Human participant research
135
Extinction occurs when
Years after reinforcement is stopped
Never
Reinforcement is stopped (variable timelines)
Immediately after reinforcement is stopped
136
William James developed
Functionalism
Phrenology
Dualism
Structuralism
137
Daily hassles in life
Don't have any impact
Can also contribute to stress and risk of illness
138
HPA stands for
Hippopotamus panther anteater
Hypothalamic pudding ability
Hypothermic penguin adult
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
139
Creative intelligence involves
acquired knowledge and the ability to recall it
street smarts, common sense
academic problem solving and computation
imaginative and innovative problem solving
140
People in individualistic cultures
Focus on relationships between objects
Focus on larger items
141
Deductive reasoning is the ability to
work through a problem through trial and error
recognize conceptional similarities despite physical diff.
derive consequences from accepted premises
infer new principles from observation
142
Phrenology is
the idea the skull is exactly the same in everyone
ability to smell determines personality
the study of the skull can determine personality
the manipulation of the skull to change personality
143
Memory
Is very concrete
Can be implanted
Is manipulatable
Is confirmational
144
Morphemes are
Smallest unit of language that conveys meaning
Basic units of language
145
The HPA
Releases adrenaline and cortisol
Releases cortisol/corticosterone
Does nothing
Probably something important
146
The exhausation stage is
when body can no longer adapt to stressor, illness possible
when the shock has worn off and body has adapted
a persistent amount of stress over long period of time
immediate reaction, similar to fight/flight
147
Episodic memory includes
Personally experienced events
Facts and general knowledge
All conscious memory
Motor and cognitive skills
148
It is possible to
Use certain words to manipulate memory (crash/smash/bump)
Plant false memories
149
The slope of the correlational coefficient
is only good if it is positive
determines causation
describes strength and direction of relationship
describes how well you collected data
150
Selye's adaption theory involves which three stages/reactions
Alarm reaction, adaptation stage, exhaustion stage
Adaptation stage, exhaustion stage, fight reaction
Alarm reaction, flight reaction, adaptation stage
Flight reaction, fight reaction, exhaustion reaction
151
Selective attention
Just keeps out irrelevant info
Is something only certain people have
Just enhances relevant info
Inhibits irrelevant info, enhances relevant info
152
What is CR?
Conditioned response
Conditioned reply
Critical response
Critical reply
153
Watson
was very involved in humanism
was very involved in behaviorism
was just a random person I made up
154
John B. Watson
said that introspection is not objective
said introspection is objective
155
Pavlov did
Classical conditioning
All of the conditioning
Operant conditioning
No conditioning
156
Gestalt psychology says
Germans are the worst
Germans are the best
sensory influences are relative, whole is > sum of parts
behavior does not matter
157
Spontaneous recovery is
return of previously extinct CR, following a rest period
not real
complete learning of CR
return of memory following head injury
158
Associative learning
Classical conditioning, Pavlov
Never goes extinct
Can be completely lost
Creates a conditioned response
159
Skinner trained pigeons to
Push a level to get food, using operant conditioning
Dance for food, using classical conditioning
160
What order is memory transferred in (Atkinson-Shiffrin Model)?
Sensory input to sensory to short term to long term
Sensory input to short term to sensory to long term
Long term to sensory input to sensory to short term
Sensory to sensory input to long term to short term
161
Over time memory
Decreases
Fluctuates
Remains the same
Increases
162
Grammar
the words of a given language, vocab
the way words are organized
the process of deriving meaning
set of rules used to convey meaning
163
A stress response is
the body's response to a threatening event
does not have a good/clear definition
a demanding/threatening event
where a person perceives then responds to threatening events
164
Pleasant life involves
eating pheasants
enjoying daily pleasures
using skills for enrichment
contributing to the greater good
165
Those with amnesia
Could still learn explicitly
Could still learn implicitly
Could still learn
Could not learn anything
166
A stressor is
the body's response to a threatening event
where a person perceives then responds to threatening events
does not have a good/clear definition
a demanding/threatening event
167
Language can be
Learned only within the first 5 years of life
Learned in childhood, at 14 when window starts to close
Learned until you hit your mid-life crisis
Learned throughout life
168
What is the WAIS-III
An out of date intelligence
A modern intelligence test
A proposed intelligence test
The original intelligence test
169
Freud
had some really weird ideas about parent child relationships
had ideas that are still used today
developed psychoanalysis
believed all behavior was related to child trauma
170
Habituation
occurs when when is continuously bothered by a stimulus
occurs when one is comfortable at home
occurs when we learn not to respond to a repeated stimulus
never actually happens
171
Priming is
Explicit
Implicit
172
Watson conditioned little Albert through
Classical conditioning with bells and food
Operant conditioning using a maze
Operant conditioning using a box
Classical conditioning, fluffy object, then loud sound
173
Over time Crystallized intelligence (gc)
Increases with age
Fluctuates
Remains the same
Decreases with age
174
A theory is a(n)
integrated set of principles--explain/predict relationships
observations that explain principles
fake
a bunch of hypothesis's that are similar
175
Phonemes are
Basic units of language
Smallest unit of language that conveys meaning
176
The magic number 7 is the
Idea that humans can remember 7 numbers/bits of info +/-2
Idea that humans can't remember anything more than 7 numbers
Idea that humans only have 7 main memories
Idea that there are 7 different types of memory
177
Humanism
is related to no other fields
the idea that people are in control of their destiny
was a reaction to behaviorism
is more negative than behaviorism
178
Wundt said
psychology is impossible to study
no one can truly understand the mind
psychology is a hard science and can be studied as such
psychology can be studied, but is a soft science
179
The SAM
releases adrenaline
releases stress
releases eggs
releases death
180
Observer expectancy bias
occurs when the researcher expects effects
occurs when the sample does not represent population
occurs when a researcher expects no effects
occurs when subjects expect effects
181
Those in eastern cultures are more likely to sort items by what?
Taxonomic
Function
182
Second order conditioning
The loss of association
The association of more things to CR
The spontaneous memory recovery of a conditioned response
Any conditioning that happens after the first

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