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AP Psych Exam Review
AP Psych Exam Review
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1
The somatic nervous system is part of the
sympathetic nervous system
central nervous system
autonomic nervous system
peripheral nervous system
2
Bandura's Bobo doll experiment evidenced the importance of __________ in social learning
modeling
mirror neurons
sublimation
latent learning
3
Intelligence researchers like Gardner and Sternberg argue that schools focus too much on
traditional and analytical subjects and methods
nonessential subjects like art and music
meeting the needs of students with disabilities
environmental factors that influence intelligence
4
A charity includes free address labels in its fundraising letters to increase contributions
fundamental attribution error
out-group homogeneity
self-fulfilling prophecy
reciprocity norm
5
What factors are ignored when people commit the fundament attribution error
situational
dispositional
social
behavioral
6
Which part of the brain is "newest" in an evolutionary sense
cerebellum
hypothalamus
cerebral cortex
pons
7
A variable ratio of reinforcement is often preferable to a fixed ratio because
fixed ratio schedules are more time intensive
variable ratio schedules are more resistant to extinction
variable ratio schedules produce the quickest results
fixed ratios allow both classical and operant learning
8
Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment studied what developmental concept
parenting style
attachment
assimilation
motor development
9
10 YO Genna underwent a right hemispherectomy. What action best shows her neuroplasticity
understanding what was said to her
speaking aloud
moving her left hand
solving a logic problem
10
Patients who are described as "split brain" have had what structure removed
hippocampus
prefrontal cortex
medulla oblongata
corpus callosum
11
Which would a researcher need to use to determine whether experiment data is significant
inferential statistics
descriptive statistics
standard deviation
counterbalancing
12
Which theory would assert that a key motivation for people is spreading their genetic material
evolutionary
psychodynamic
humanistic
cognitive
13
A musician who signs a recording contract stops playing for fun. This is best explained by
latent learning
social learning theory
the overjustification effect
the law of effect
14
What kind of therapy involves both cognitive and behavioral interventions
rational emotive behavior therapy
counterconditioning
aversion therapy
systematic desensitization
15
Someone who can't move the muscles needed for accurate speech might have brain damage where
Gage's area
Wernicke's area
hippocampus
Broca's area
16
What percent of people score between 70 and 130 on the WISC (M: 100, SD:15)
95
50
68
84
17
Sigmund Freud made this perspective popular in Western Europe at the turn of the 20th century
psychoanalytic
cognitive
behavioral
evolutionary
18
The ability to solve a new computer game based on logical puzzles probably depends on
crystallized intelligence
multiple intelligences
fluid intelligence
aptitude intelligence
19
Runners in a park increase their speed when another runner comes into view. This illustrates
social facilitation
social roles
conformity
disinhibition
20
Which of the following is LEAST likely to contribute to prejudice
superordinate goals
stereotyping
scapegoating
out-group homogeneity
21
Classical conditioning involves __________; operant conditioning involves __________
schedules; punishers
fixed intervals; variable ratios
learned responses; physiological reactions
pairing stimuli; rewards and punishments
22
Knowledge of different categories of trees is an example of what type of long-term memory
eidetic memory
semantic memory
episodic memory
procedural memory
23
If the College Board left out questions about neuroscience on the AP exam, the test would lack
test-retest reliability
predictive validity
split-half reliability
content validity
24
An American's prototype of a chair is most likely to include
an armchair, chairlift, and wheelchair
pens, pencils, and a computer
four legs and a seat
a desk and/or table
25
In a class of 25 students, all but 2 score between 82 and 94. The 2 scores of 47 and 55 are
variances
outliers
modes
normally distributed
26
Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism states personality results from the interaction of
traits, the environment, and behavior
genetics, the unconscious, and social facilitation
id, ego, and superego
rewards, punishments, and reinforcers
27
Turning up the volume on a radio changes which aspect of sound
transduction of the wave
amplitude of the wave
frequency of the wave
pitch of the tone
28
Garcia and Koelling's research on aversions established which UCS/CS pairs as most powerful
nausea and food or drink
movement and electrical shocks
performing a task and receiving food
punishment and aversion
29
What kinds of motivations best encourage positive behaviors to persist over time
primary drives
need for achievement
intrinsic motivation
extrinsic motivation
30
Which disorder would respond best to cognitive behavioral therapy
bipolar disorder
major depressive disorder
dissociative identity disorder
schizophrenia
31
A doctor determining whether an accident caused structural damage to the brain would use
MRI
EEG
rTMS
PET
32
Of the following, children will most likely develop this skill first
write with a pencil
clap their hands
cut with a knife
say a sentence
33
Which best summarizes the results of Tolman's latent learning experiment
reinforcement had little impact on the rats' performance
rats that were continually reinforced ran the maze faster
rats who explored the maze first ran faster when reinforced
rats that received punishment ran the maze faster
34
Your girlfriend dumps you. "I always knew she was bad news" your friend says. This demonstrates
hindsight bias
overconfidence
self-serving bias
a theory
35
Which kinds of personality theorists would make use of a projective test
psychoanalyst
social-cognitive
humanist
trait
36
Harlow's rhesus monkey experiment illustrated
that primates can make and use tools
the importance of physical contact to development
that language is a uniquely human skill
the danger of separating babies from their natural parents
37
After a natural disaster Faye says, "Serves them right for not having better warning systems."
just world bias
Barnum effect
self-serving bias
false consensus effect
38
What was one of the factors that increased conformity in Asch's studies
wearing guard uniforms
placebo effect
size of the group
presence of an authority figure
39
Which question would be most useful to test Kohlberg's idea of pre & post-conventional morality
If 3 are taken from a group of 12, how many are left
should you tell a small lie to not hurt someone's feelings
at what age can children reason abstractly
what is the best way to respond to a baby crying in her crib
40
Which theory explains how experiences from infancy through old age influence personality
Piaget's cognitive development theory
Erikson's psychosocial stage theory
Kohlberg's moral development theory
Harlow's contact comfort theory
41
Which is most closely associated with creativity
contextual intelligence
hypothesis testing
functional fixedness
divergent thinking
42
Children who suffer brain damage can regain function more quickly than older patients due to
effective psychological environment
hemispheric lateralization
neuroplasticity
contralateral control
43
What research method could study the relationship between owning a hybrid car and being vegan
experiment
correlation study
case study
naturalistic observation
44
According to Kohlberg, in order to reason at the postconventional level, people must
have been exposed to good, moral role models
believe in God
resolve the integrity vs. despair conflict
be able to take another person's perspective
45
James is interested in the processing strategies children use to learn new information. He is a
cognitive psychologist
sociocultural psychologist
clinical psychologist
personality psychologist
46
Which technique controls for both experimenter and subject bias
Hawthorne effect
single blind study
double blind study
counterbalancing
47
Choosing 20 people at random from a large lecture class of 400 is an example of
random assignment
random sampling
assignment to conditions
representative assignment
48
Why are psychoanalysts interested in talking with patients about dreams
symbols in dreams represent unconscious conflicts
neurotransmitter anomalies cause dream disturbances
counter conditioned behaviors are often revealed in dreams
disturbing dreams are obstacles to self actualization
49
The "c" in the word
cat
is best described as a
grapheme
phoneme
holobase
morpheme
50
Sherif's Robbers Cave study indicates that this principle best reduces tensions between groups
group polarization
diffusion of responsibility
superordinate goals
deindividuation
51
A teacher ignoring her students' prior grades so her opinion of them is not influenced avoids
self-serving bias
fundamental attribution error
self-fulfilling prophecy
cognitive dissonance
52
Restarting your printer over and over but failing to notice it is out of paper demonstrates
low experiential intelligence
a mental set
belief perseverance
divergent thinking
53
In the 3-box model of information processing, memories are first stored in
long-term memory
procedural memory
short-term memory
sensory memory
54
A personality test which calls Jan an extravert the first time and an introvert the next lacks
construct validity
standardization
test-retest reliability
aptitude measures
55
Testing the problem-solving skills of 10, 20, and 30-year-olds in a study uses this method
cross-sectional study
social-cognitive study
longitudinal study
developmental study
56
Which concept is most relevant to Noam Chomsky's theory of how children learn language
linguistic relativity hypothesis
serial position effect
phonemes and morphemes
language acquisition device
57
An EEG of Cyrus after he has been asleep for about an hour would show primarily
alpha waves
delta waves
beta waves
sleep spindles
58
which is an example of an implicit memory
describing the taste of a birthday cake
remembering how to tie your shoelace
recalling the name of your JH math teacher
recognizing a celebrity
59
In people, rods, unlike cones,
have a lower absolute threshold for light
are located in the center of the retina
respond more quickly to colors
are unable to detect motion
60
When like-minded groups take more extreme positions than individuals comprising the group
groupthink
deindividuation
group polarization
social facilitation
61
Which 2 competing theories explain the effects of hypnosis
circadian rhythm and paradoxical sleep
manifest content and latent content
role theory and dissociation theory
conscious level and non conscious level
62
Light enters the eye through an opening in the
fovea
iris
blind spot
retina
63
Delusions and hallucinations are most characteristic of
dissociative identity disorder
obsessive-compulsive disorder
antisocial personality disorder
schizophrenia
64
How would drive reduction theory explain a person eating half a bowl of M&M's and stopping
they were satisfying the 2nd step on the hierarchy of needs
humans are instinctively driven to eat sugar and fat
the person stopped when their body had reached homeostasis
people eat in moderation to prevent being seen as selfish
65
Which structure is located at the most central and protected part of the brain
cerebellum
medulla
cerebral cortex
sensory cortex
66
What theory of emotion are cognitive psychologists likely to support
opponent process theory
James-Lange theory
Schachter two-factor theory
social facilitation theory
67
Which technique would be most helpful in avoiding the problems associated with groupthink
encouraging contrary opinions within the group
responding to deindividuation among group members
identifying approach-avoidance conflicts
increasing group polarization within different groups
68
A therapist who tells a client to write down their depressed thoughts is using this perspective
behavioral
pharmacological
structuralist
cognitive
69
The case study of Phineas Gage was significant because it was one of the the first examples of
using a CAT scan to document the extent of the injury
a specific brain area associated with emotional changes
treating a brain-damaged patient with psychotherapy
treatment with drugs that alter neurotransmission
70
How would a psychometrician interpret an IQ score of 145
slightly above average
well below the average of 200
three standard deviations above the mean of 100
the person has high verbal bot low logical intelligence
71
Lara is attracted to Craig but can't stand his friends and family. Her conflict is classified
approach-approach
approach-avoidance
she does not have a conflict
avoidance-avoidance
72
A musicians ability to discern between 2 similar pitches depends on which concept
difference threshold
signal detection theory
bottom up processing
absolute threshold
73
Counterconditioning lies at the heart of which therapeutic approach
token economies
REBT
systematic desensitization
client-centered therapy
74
Withdrawal symptoms are most directly caused by this process
activation-synthesis
tolerance
dissociation
antagonists
75
Dan is a toddler who avoids eye contact and resists to changes to routine. He shows symptoms of
Down syndrome
mental retardation
fetal alcohol syndrome
autism spectrum disorder
76
Which best explains the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
physiological reaction and cognitive labeling cause emotion
an event causes an emotion and a physiological response
perceived control over life reduces stress and improves mood
people follow a pattern of alarm, resistance, exhaustion
77
A low level of glucose in Sam's bloodstream would most likely make him want to
make new friends
pursue a romantic interest
eat a meal
go for a run
78
How would a person with schizophrenia most differ from a person with a dissociative disorder
a person with dissociative disorder has trouble keeping jobs
a person with schizophrenia experiences hallucinations
a person with schizophrenia has more than one personality
a person with a dissociative disorder has delusions
79
People who catch violent movies are more likely to behave violently: this statement reflects
latent learning
counterconditioning
observational learning
insight learning
80
Which newborn reflex helps infants find and eat food
rooting
stepping
Moro
Babinski
81
Psychogenic amnesia is an indication of which kind of psychological disorder
personality
dissociative
anixety
schizophrenic
82
What would Piaget test to see if a child is in pre-operational or concrete operational stage
conservation
object permanence
attachment
universal ethical principles
83
What area of psychology focuses on subjective well-being, optimism, self-esteem, and happiness
positive psychology
psychometrics
social psychology
health psychology
84
What is the principle tool used in all forms of psychotherapy
talking to a patient
biomedical interventions
cognitive-behavioral interventions
secondary preventions
85
Which type of therapist is most likely to prescribe lithium for a patient with bipolar disorder
psychiatrist
cognitive psychotherapist
clinical psychologist
psychoanalyst
86
What kind of personality theorist would be most interested in the results of the MMPI
biological
humanistic
psychoanalytic
trait
87
Physiological reactions like surprise or shock are controlled by which part of the NS
endocrine system
somatic nervous system
serotonin system
sympathetic nervous system
88
Which of the following terms applies to IQ tests
triarchic
achievement
standardized
projective
89
According to Piaget, when we can't ______ new information, we change our schemas through ______
assimilate : accomodation
reward : punishment
ignore : adaptation
reduce : stereotypes
90
Which is a common criticism of Freud's personality theory
Genetics was not advanced enough to be used as Freud tried
his evidence comes from therapy sessions, not empirical data
it doesn't apply to people with disorders
his research wasn't representative of the population
91
A librarian gives a prize for every five books students read. Her schedule of reinforcement is
variable interval
continuous
fixed variable
fixed ratio
92
When Jake is late to basketball practice his coach makes him run laps. Jake is not late again
positive punishment
positive reinforcement
modeling
negative reinforcement
93
Most people can taste 1g of salt in 1qt of water. Which concept is related to this statement
absolute threshold
difference threshold
sensory adaptation
frequency theory
94
A test that identifies people with the potential to be great lawyers is an example of a(n)
EQ test
achievement test
aptitude test
IQ test
95
Which of the following statistics provides most information about how spread out a data set is
range
mean
median
standard deviation
96
When first born, humans' dominant sense is
sight
touch
hearing
smell
97
Vance's psychiatrist diagnoses him with bipolar disorder. Which medication would he prescribe
SSRIs
L-Dopa
benzodiazepines
lithium
98
What number will tell Matt whether his research is statistically significant
a probability of chance less than 5%
a correlation coefficient close to .75
a standard deviation of 4 or more
a mean that is the same as the median
99
If a distribution of scores includes outliers, which measure of central tendency should be used
range
mean
median
standard deviation
100
Authoritarian parents demonstrate
low warmth and low control
high warmth and high control
low warmth and high control
high warmth and low control
101
Milgram's obedience study was criticized based on what ethical grounds
risk of psychological harm
violation of confidentiality
lack of informed consent
lack of debriefing
102
What is true about experiments that is not of other research methods
they take place in more realistic, real-life settings
they can determine causal relationships between variables
they involve more research participants than other studies
they can gather data from a large number of people quickly
103
Which of the therapies below is no longer used to treat patients
free association
gestalt therapy
prefrontal lobotomy
electro-convulsive shock therapy
104
According to Freud, what is the dominant factor in determining our personality traits
secondary drives and needs
genetics and nutrition
parenting styles
unconscious conflicts
105
Which social psychology principle best explains prejudice
in-group bias
individualism
self-serving bias
compliance strategies
106
Which brain structure is involved in hunger motivation
medulla
cerebellum
amygdala
hypothalamus
107
Which is most directly involved in the electrical aspect of neurotransmission
neurotransmiters
terminal button
synaptic cleft
myelin
108
Which of the following has been linked to a deficit of dopamine
Parkinson's disease
Alzheimer's disease
autism
major depressive disorder
109
When Susie went to prom with Dan, Max channeled his feelings of frustration into artwork
sublimation
reaction formation
displacement
projection
110
4YO Kate sits right in front of all the other kids to watch a magician. According to Piaget,
Kate lacks object permanence
Kate cannot reason hypothetically
Kate is demonstrating egocentrism
Kate has a lack of conservation
111
One group receives an ad for 99% fat free milk; the other for 1% fat milk. What being tested
confirmation bias
representativeness heuristic
inattentional blindness
framing effects
112
An artist making a drawing could use which of the following to add depth to the picture
linear perspective
closure
retinal disparity
convergence
113
Ani believes she is capable of succeeding in nursing school. Her mindset is associated with
high self-efficacy
low self-esteem
a strong superego
an extraverted personality
114
En route
to the visual cortex, information from the eyes' retinas crosses at the
fovea
optic chiasm
feature detectors
optic nerve
115
Lana learns how to be goalie as her coach gradually rolls the ball faster at parts of the goal
law of effect
token economy
behavior shaping
higher-order conditioning
116
According to humanist theory, psychological disorders are most likely caused by
learned associations
unfulfilled needs
neurochemical imbalances
unhealthy attributional styles
117
What kind of symptom is common among all somatic symptom disorders
substance abuse and dependence
inappropriate or flat affect
experiencing a physical problem without a physical cause
disconnection from reality and delusions
118
Which psychologist would agree w/the following: behavior results from reinforcers & punishers
B.F. Skinner
Carl Rogers
Albert Bandura
William James
119
A person who experiences flashbacks after a serious car accident is likely to be diagnosed with
bipolar disorder
panic disorder
post-traumatic stress disorder
dissociative identity disorder
120
Which of the following is found in Jung's model of the collective unconscious
repressed memories
functional fixedness
archetypes
inferiority complexes
121
Amy has a cat. The first time she sees a rabbit she calls it a cat. Her mistake is due to
discrimination
habituation
assimilation
accommodation
122
Negative reinforcers __________ a stimulus in order to ___________ a behavior
remove : increase
remove : decrease
add : decrease
remove : punish
123
Which of the following most impacts the speed of motor development
early gross motor practice
concrete operational exercises
myelination of brain neurons
secure attachment with parents
124
An A+ grade in a class is which kind of reinforcer
partial
continuous
primary
secondary
125
A person with a painful skin rash finds hard scratching temporarily relieves the pain
transduction theory
opponent-process theory
gate-control theory
frequency theory
126
The limbic system plays an important role in
planning for the future
maintaining balance
processing sensory information
regulating emotion
127
If Pavlov's dogs began to salivate when they heard a sound similar to a bell they would show
stimulus generalization
unconditioned response
stimulus discrimination
spontaneous recovery
128
Which statement best represents the relationship between performance and arousal
performance continually decreases as arousal increases
performance is best at low and high levels of arousal
performance steadily increases as arousal increases
too little or too much arousal is harmful to performance
129
A test which places someone into personality categories (e.g.extravert/introvert) is based on
trait theory
social cognitive theroy
psychodynamic theory
biological theory
130
Erikson's initiative vs. guilt stage is most closely related to Freud's
anal stage
oral stage
phallic stage
latency period
131
When running for class president, Edy puts pictures of herself everywhere. Why might this help
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
mere-exposure effect
deindividuation
central route persuasion
132
Maria slams the car door and yells at her kids. Now when they hear a car door slam they cringe
classical conditioning
observational learning
operant conditioning
instrumental learning
133
Research indicates that which factor most influences one's sexual orientation
hormones released in the womb
masculine/feminine personality traits
traumatic childhood experiences
parenting style
134
Abraham Maslow theorized that people are motivated by
achieving physiological homeostasis
satisfying needs on a hierarchy
desire to achieve in the eyes of others
reinforcement of primary and secondary needs
135
People who are easily hypnotizable are likely to score highly on which Big 5 trait
conscientiousness
openness
neuroticism
extraversion
136
Pat is laughing because she just won the lottery. Sal thinks she is a fun person. Sal's opinion
is influenced by the fundamental attribution error
is influenced by the self-serving bias
is influenced by the just world hypothesis
is influenced by the norm of reciprocity
137
What is the first step in any example of classical conditioning
following a response with a reinforcement or punishment
reinforcing for a behavior similar to the desired behavior
rewarding a conditioned response with a conditioned stimulus
pairing an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus
138
A medication prescribed for major depression would most likely act on which neurotransmitter
dopamine
adrenaline
acetylcholine
serotonin
139
Seeing someone at the grocery store and remembering their name is an example of
recall
retroactive memory
episodic memory
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
140
Julie is more alert in the morning; John in the evening. This is because of differences in
circadian rhythm
sleep cycles
personalities
daily activities
141
At what age is the onset of schizophrenia most typical
late 40s
puberty
early 20s
mid 30s
142
After studying for weeks and taking an AP exam, Conrad gets the flu. What theory explains this
Yerkes-Dodson law
Selye's general adaptation syndrome
Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory
James-Lange theory of emotion
143
Which personality theory is criticized for its overly optimistic view of human nature
psychoanalytic
cognitive
humanistic
trait
144
Which is an important technique used by humanist psychologists during therapy
defense mechanisms
secondary central dispositions
factor analysis
unconditional positive regard
145
REM sleep deprivation generally causes what kinds of side effects
heightened manifest dream content
interference with memory tasks
intense, prolonged periods of Stage 3 & 4 sleep
sleep apnea and night terrors
146
Which of the following is most likely to lead to a confabulated memory
proactive interference
brain injury
leading questions
relearning effect
147
Someone who fails an exam and reacts by studying longer probably has this locus of control
external
situational
internal
fundamental
148
Which best describes how neurons communicate with one another
physical contact between dendrites
chemical signals at the synaptic cleft
electrical signals between two myelin sheaths
hormones jump from one axon to the next
149
Damage to the occipital region of the brain would most likely affect which sense
touch
hearing
balance
sight
150
Our ability to perceive depth depends on what other perceptual abilities
binocular and monocular cues
top-down and bottom-up processing
vestibular and kinesthetic senses
proximity and similarity
151
Which structure in the eye is most responsible for color vision
optic nerve
rods
cornea
cones
152
What is the purpose of the DSM V?
explain the symptoms and cures of disorders
discuss theories related to the treatment of disorders
list the diagnostic criteria and symptoms of disorders
describe the biopsychosocial causes of disorders
153
The fact that our ears are located on opposite sides of our head best helps us with
hearing high frequencies
detecting absolute threshold
sensory adaptation
sound localization
154
After repeated firings, neural connections are strengthened. What is this process
state-dependent memory
semantic encoding
long-term potentiation
proactive interference
155
In the nature vs. nurture debate, nature is most closely associated with
culture
family
temperament
environment
156
Learned helplessness is most likely to be directly related to
an external locus of control
unconditional positive regard
the Oedipus complex
the self-serving bias
157
Which structure is part of the inner ear
malleus (hammer)
semicircular canals
auditory canal
tympanic membrane
158
Elizabeth Loftus' research on wording and misinformation effects on memory best demonstrate
the reconstructive nature of memory
the role of the hippocampus in memory
the rate at which people forget information
the serial position effect