What is rigor mortis?

After death ATP stores are exhausted so myosin can't release

Define hyperthyroidism.

thyroid gland secretes too much hormone

What are muscle spindles?

Stretch receptors that send info about muscle length

Why don't adults with growth hormone hypersecretion grow taller?

Their epiphyseal plates have closed

What is Parkinson's disease?

Progressive neurological disorder

That does thyrotropin do?

Controls hormone synthesis and secretion in thyroid gland

Name one-way actin differs in skeletal and smooth muscle.

Smooth muscle Actin lacks troponin

Protein wraps around actin to cover it's mysoin binding site

After the thyroid peroxidase adds iodine to tyrosine to make T3 and T4, what happens?

Thyroglobin taken back into follicular cell

Highly organized bundles of contractile and elastic proteins

Basal state of muscle contraction result from tonic activity

What are the three hormones used in growth?

Growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin

What are tropic hormones?

hormones that control secretion of other hormones

Why is the less active form of the thyroid hormone given to treat hypothyroidism?

In peripheral tissues, T4 can be converted to T3

Long loop negative feedback: cortisol feedback to the what?

Hypothalamus and Anterior Pituitary

Select the correct order of how scientist identify hormones.

remove gland, replace hormone, create excess hormone

What is the difference between slow wave potentials and pacemaker potentials?

Slow is cyclic; pacemaker is regular depolarization

What is the stretch reflex?

Reflex pathway in which muscle stretch initiates contraction

What is the sliding filament theory of contraction?

Overlapping actin & myosin filaments slide past one another

Calcium binding complex controls positioning of tropomyosin

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Physiology Unit 2

151 termsStudBud Administration115 plays

Chpt 7: Intro to the Endocrine System Chpt 23: Endocrine Control of Growth and Metabolism Chpt 12: Muscle Chpt 13 Integrative Physiology 1

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Questions 151

Answers

1
What is rigor mortis?
Another word for power stroke
A phase in the power stroke
After death ATP stores are exhausted so actin can't release
After death ATP stores are exhausted so myosin can't release
2
Define hyperthyroidism.
thyroid gland enlarges
thyroid gland disintegrates
thyroid gland secretes too little hormone
thyroid gland secretes too much hormone
3
What are muscle spindles?
Stretch receptors that send info about muscle length
Stimulated by mechanical distortion of joint
Found at junction of tendons and muscle fibers
Basal state of muscle contraction result from tonic activity
4
Which cells secrete calcium regulating hormone called calcitonin?
C cells
F cells
G cells
Ca cells
5
Follicular cells secrete what?
Thyroid hormone
Calcitonin
Serotonin
Parathyroid hormone
6
Collagen-producing cells of cartilage.
Osteoblast
Chondrocytes
Osteoclasts
Epiphyseal plates
7
What is a portal system?
Way the endocrine system avoids dilution of neurohormones
Modification of circulatory system
Neurohormones enter on the way to the anterior pituitary
All of the above
8
Why don't adults with growth hormone hypersecretion grow taller?
Their osteoblasts degenerate
Their osteoclasts die
Their epiphyseal plates have closed
Their chondrocytes inactivate
9
What is Parkinson's disease?
Progressive neuromuscular disorder
Progressive connective tissue disorder
Progressive neurological disorder
Progressive muscular disorder
10
That does thyrotropin do?
Controls hormone synthesis and secretion in thyroid gland
Controls hormone synthesis and secretion in adrenal gland
Controls hormone synthesis & secretion in parathyroid gland
Controls hormone synthesis and secretion in thymus gland
11
Name one-way actin differs in skeletal and smooth muscle.
Smooth muscle Actin lacks troponin
Smooth muscle Actin lacks calmodulin
Smooth muscle Actin lacks tropomyosin
Smooth muscle Actin lacks titin
12
What is tropomyosin?
Protein wraps around actin to cover it's mysoin binding site
Used for ATP production
Calcium binding complex controls positioning of tropomyosin
None of the above
13
After the thyroid peroxidase adds iodine to tyrosine to make T3 and T4, what happens?
Enzymes separate T3 and T4 from protein
Symporter brings in I- and moves it into the colloid
Thyroglobin taken back into follicular cell
Follicular cells synthesizes enzymes and thyroglobin
14
What way can smooth muscle not be categorized?
Contraction Pattern
Length
Communication with neighboring cells
Location
15
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is an example of what?
Hypercortisolism
Hypocortisolism
Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
16
What lowers plasma calcium concentration?
None of the above
Calcitonin
PTH
Calcium
17
What are gap junctions in cardiac muscles called?
Intercalated cells
Intercalated lines
Intercalated junctions
Intercalated disks
18
What are golgi tendon organs?
All of the above
Respond to muscle tension created during isometric contract
Insensitive to muscle stretch
Receptors found at joint of tendon and muscle fibers
19
What does ACTH stand for?
adrenocorticotropin hormone
accessory cortisol tropic hormone
adrenocotropin
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
20
What are myofibrils?
Highly organized bundles of contractile and elastic proteins
Repeating contractile units
Collection of muscle cells
Allow action potential to move from cell surface to interior
21
Slow twitch fibers have less myoglobin, an oxygen-binding pigment with high oxygen affinity.
True
False
22
Which hormone regulates water balance?
Vasopressin
Cholesterol
Oxytosin
Chinese Food
23
What is muscle tone?
Collection of pathways controlling a single joint
Inhibit extensor to contract while flexor is contracted
Basal state of muscle contraction result from tonic activity
Stretch receptors that send info about muscle length
24
Hypothalamus - (INSERT ANSWER HERE) - Anterior Pituitary - ACTH - Adrenal Cortex - Cortisol
CTH
CPH
CRH
CWH
25
What is an explanation for muscle fatigue?
Phosphate combines with calcium so there is less calcium
Depletion of muscle glycogen stores
Excitation-contraction failure
All of the above
26
What are the three hormones used in growth?
Growth hormone, thyroid hormone, iodine
Growth hormone, parathyroid hormone, insulin
Growth molecule, thyroid hormone, insulin
Growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin
27
What is not a cause of hypercortisolism?
Adrenal tumor that secretes cortisol
Pituitary tumor that secretes ACTH
Physician caused hypercortisolism
Thyroid tumor that secretes T3
28
Low plasma calcium levels is called what?
Hypokalemia
Hyperkalemia
Hypercalcemia
Hypocalcemia
29
What are tropic hormones?
hormones that decrease secretion of red blood cells
hormones that control synthesis of other hormones
hormones that control secretion of white blood cells
hormones that control secretion of other hormones
30
What does the zona fasciculata secrete?
Sex hormones
Aldosterone
Epinephrine
Glucocorticoids
31
How is hypothyroidism treated?
Drugs to block hormone synthesis
Oral thyroid hormone
Surgical removal of gland
Destruction of thyroid cells with radioactive iodine
32
Why is the less active form of the thyroid hormone given to treat hypothyroidism?
Tricks the body into thinking there is more hormone
Allows body to get rid of drug more easily
In peripheral tissues, T4 can be converted to T3
None of the above
33
Long loop negative feedback: cortisol feedback to the what?
Anterior Pituitary
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus and Anterior Pituitary
Hypothalamus and Posterior Pituitary
34
Hypersecretion is when the hormone is present in excessive amounts.
True
False
35
What is difference in how contract force is varied in multi-unit & single unit smooth muscle?
Multiunit increases force by recruitment
All of the above
Single unit increases force by increasing Ca2+ entry
None of the above
36
Select the correct order of how scientist identify hormones.
remove gland, stim. hormone secretion, create excess hormone
remove gland, replace hormone, create excess hormone
replace hormone, create excess hormone, remove gland
remove gland, create excess hormone, replace hormone
37
Which is not a Ca2+ function?
Protein synthesis
Signal molecules
Intracellular tight junctions that hold cells together
Coagulation cascade
38
Cortisol is involved in what?
Na+ homeostasis
Stress respones
K+ homeostasis
Fight-or-flight response
39
When myosin cross bridges swivel and push actin toward the center of the sarcomere.
Sliding filament theory
None of the above
Power stroke
Contraction
40
Fight or flight response is controlled by what hormone?
Epinephrine
Stress
Gastrin
Cortisol
41
Why must dosage of steroid hormones be tapered off gradually?
A. Hypersecretion causes atrophy
None of the above
Both A and B
B. Allow gland to work back up to normal hormone production
42
Growth depends on what?
Adequate water
Nature
Nurture
Genetics
43
What is the difference between slow wave potentials and pacemaker potentials?
Slow is cyclic; pacemaker is regular depolarization
Slow and pacemaker are cyclic
Slow and pacemaker regularly depolarize
Pacemaker is cyclic; slow is regular depolarization
44
Which type of sport would require more slow twitch fibers?
Sprinting
Tennis
Volleyball
Basketball
45
What is the stretch reflex?
Reflex pathway in which muscle stretch initiates contraction
In order for flexor to contract extensor must relax
Cause arm to pull away from noxious stimuli
Helps maintain balance when flexion reflex occurs
46
Hyposecretion is when the hormone is present in excessive amounts.
True
False
47
What is the sliding filament theory of contraction?
Myosin cross bridges swivel and push actin toward center
Overlapping actin & myosin filaments slide past one another
Power stroke
Overlapping actin & myosin filaments slide with one another
48
What do FSH and LH do?
Affects ovaries and testes
Affects calcium homeostasis
Affects adrenal glands
Affects cortisol homeostasis
49
What is troponin?
Calcium binding complex controls positioning of tropomyosin
Chloride binding complex controls positioning of tropomyosin
Potassium binding complex control positioning of tropomyosin
Sodium binding complex controls positioning of tropomyosin
50
Where is oxytocin secreted from?
Thymus
Hypothalamus
Anterior Pituitary
Posterior Pituitary
51
Which one is not a common cause of hypercortisolism?
Hypothalamic tumor
Pituitary tumor that secretes ACTH
Physician-caused
Adrenal tumor that secretes cortisol
52
Short loop negative feedback: ACTH feeds back to the what?
Posterior Pituitary
Anterior Pituitary
Adrenal Cortex
Hypothalamus
53
High plasma calcium levels is known as what?
Hypokalemia
Hyperkalemia
Hypercalcemia
Hypocalcemia
54
Name two ways smooth muscle myosin differs from skeletal muscle myosin.
Smooth muscle myosin is longer and has fewer heads
Smooth muscle myosin is shorter and has more heads
Smooth muscle myosin is longer and has more heads
Smooth muscle myosin is shorter and has fewer heads
55
What is dwarfism?
Oversecretion of growth hormone
Severe growth hormone deficiency
None of the above
Coarse facial features continued growth of hands and feet
56
What does GTO stand for?
Golgi tendon options
Gran Turismo Omologato
Golgi tendon organs
Gold tennis open
57
Which hormone is not secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?
Growth Hormone
Vasopressin
Thyrotropin (TSH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
58
What makes a chemical a hormone?
transported to a close target
Secreted by a neuroendocrine gland
secreted into the ECF
exert their effects at very low concentrations
59
Where is phosphocreatine found?
Connective Tissue
Nerve
Epithelial
Muscle
60
What is an example of abnormal responsiveness of target tissue hormone?
Hypercalcemia
Hypocalcemia
Leptin receptor deficiency
Extra production of CRH & ACTH to stimulate cortisol release
61
Fast twitch fibers are used occasionally, slow used constantly.
True
False
62
What is the difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia?
Hyperplasia is increased neuron size; hypertrophy, number
Hypertrophy is increased cell size; hyperplasia, cell number
Hypertrophy is increased neuron size; hyperplasia, number
Hyperplasia is increased cell size; hypertrophy, cell number
63
Which is not a layer of the adrenal cortex?
Zona kampulatis
Zona glomerulus
Zona reticularis
Zona fasciculata
64
Coarsening of facial features is an example of a symptom of what disorder?
Hypothyroidism
Dwarfism
Giantism
Acromegaly
65
Calcitonin works where?
Kidney
Adrenal Gland
Bone
Brain
66
What causes goiter?
Thyroid gland is enlarged because of a viral infection
Elevated TSH levels resulting in enlarged thyroid gland
Thyroid tumor that causes inflammation
Elevated TSH levels causes inflammation
67
How does the parathyroid hormone raise plasma [Ca2+]?
Stops renal reabsorption of calcium
Decreases intestinal absorption of calcium
Mobilizes calcium from bone
Decrease bone calcium
68
What is an epiphyseal plate?
Region in long bone at end of bone shaft
Region in long neuron at end of shaft
Region in long epithelial at end of shaft
Region in long muscle at end of shaft
69
What controls cortisol secretion?
Hypothalamic-pituitary-thymus pathway
Thalamic-pituitary-adrenal pathway
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal pathway
Hypothalamic-pineal-adrenal pathway
70
What do hormones control?
Gene expression
Metabolism
White blood cell production
None of the above
71
A motor unit is the basic unit of contraction.
True
False
72
Portal system is a special modification of what system?
Pulmonary system
Circulatory system
Nervous system
Endocrine system
73
GH doesn't work unless thyroid hormone is present, is called?
Specificity
Permissiveness
Antagonism
Synergism
74
What are sarcomeres?
Repeating contractile units
Allow action potential to move from cell surface to interior
Highly organized bundles of contractile and elastic proteins
Collection of muscle cells
75
What does GHRH stand for?
growth hormone real hormone
growth hormone releasing hobby
growth hormone releasing hormone
gain hormone releasing hormone
76
What is an example of a learned reflex?
Dog salivating when hearing bell to indicate it will be fed
Breathing
Coughing
Walking
77
Define synergism.
one hormone can't work if another hormone isn't present
combined effect of two hormone is additive
combined effect of two hormones is greater than sum effect
two hormones that work against each other
78
Which choice is not a classification of hormone?
Peptide hormones
Nucleotide hormones
Steroid hormones
Amino acid derived hormones
79
Which is a hormone of the posterior pituitary?
Cortisol
Thyroid Hormone
ACTH
Vasopressin
80
What is an example of hormone deficiency?
Excess CRH and ACTH to stimulate more cortisol release
Hyperinsulinemia
Tumor in thyroid causes hypersecretion
Leptin Receptor deficiency
81
Define osteoclast.
Controls breakdown of bone
Channel protein
Specialised bone forming cell
Inactive bone forming cell
82
What does the parathyroid hormone do?
Control sodium homeostasis
Control potassium homeostasis
Control chloride homeostasis
Control calcium homeostasis
83
What happens to the I band and H zone when the muscle contracts?
Lengthens
Opens
Appears
Disappear
84
Define hormone.
Chemical messenger
Chemical messenger secreted into blood at low concentration
Messenger that exerts its effects at low concentration
Chemical messenger secreted into the blood
85
(INSERT ANSWER HERE) - CRH - Anterior Pituitary - ACTH - Adrenal Cortex - Cortisol
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Thyroid
Epithalamus
86
What is a muscle fiber?
Repeating contractile units
Carry action potential from cell surface to interior
highly organized bundles of contractile and elastic proteins
Collection of muscle cells
87
Which is a flexor?
Hamstring
Bicep
Tibialis Anterior
All of the above
88
Which is not a symptom of Parkinson's?
Failure to blink
Difficulty maintaining movement
Develop depression
Tremor in neck
89
Define extensor.
Muscle that moves bone farther away when muscle contracts
Muscle that moves bone closer together when muscle contracts
90
What does the zona glomerulosa secrete?
Sex Hormones
Aldosterone
Glucocorticoids
Epinephrine
91
What is reciprocal inhibition?
In order for flexor to contract extensor must relax
Cause arm to pull away from noxious stimuli
Helps maintain balance when flexion reflex occurs
Muscle stretch initiates a contraction response
92
What allows action potentials to move from cell surface to interior of muscle fibers?
Power stroke
Transverse Tubules
Contraction
Myofibrils
93
What is the difference between contraction and relaxation?
Contraction creates tension, relaxation releases tension
Contraction stops power stroke from happening
Relaxation stops power stroke from happening
Contraction releases tension, relaxation creates tension
94
Which is an example of isotonic contraction?
Holding a book
Leaning against a door
Standing
Lifting your pencil
95
Hormones act in what three ways?
All of the above
Transport of molecules across cell membrane
Rate of enzymatic reaction
Gene expression
96
A condition where exercising muscles can no longer generate or sustain power is called what?
Fatigue
Summation
Tired
Recruitment
97
Why are skeletal muscles described as striated?
When muscle contracts is becomes stripped
Myosin is multicolored
Muscle is stripped because of elastic proteins, tropomyosin
Banding pattern of organized filaments in sarcomere
98
Vasopressin works on what?
Thyroid
Gonads
Kidney
Liver
99
Long-loop (-) feedback is when hormone secreted by what feeds back to suppress ant pit hormone?
pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
peripheral nervous gland
peripheral endocrine gland
100
A portal system consists of _ set(s) of capillaries.
Four
Two
Three
One
101
Which hormone effects water reabsorption?
Aldosterone
Prolactin
Corticotropin (ACTH)
Vasopressin (ADH)
102
Primary Pathology is when the pathology arises late in the endocrine gland pathway.
True
False
103
Slow twitch fibers have quicker twitches because they pump calcium into their SR more rapidly.
True
False
104
What do current drugs do to correct osteoporosis?
Induce osteoclast apoptosis
Stimulates formation of new bone
Work on bone metabolism
All of the above
105
What is Graves' disease?
Hyperthyroidism
Cause of hypothyroidism
Cause of hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
106
What is hypocortisolism?
Autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex
Excess parathyroid gland
Autoimmune destruction of adrenal medulla
Excess cortisol
107
What acts on the thyroid gland to promote hormone synthesis?
TSH
TRH
Thyroid stopping hormone
Thyroid releasing hormone
108
Summation of muscle fibers means that the _ of fiber increases with repeated action potentials.
Width
length
None of the above
Tension
109
Define Calcitriol.
Vitamin D3
facilitates renal reabsorption of calcium
responsible for enhancing calcium uptake in small intestine
All of the above
110
What events take place before contraction begins?
Release of Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum
Diffusion of Ca2+ to contractile filaments
All of the above
Creation of muscle action potential
111
Which is not a hormone of the anterior pituitary gland?
Luteinizing Hormone
Growth Hormone
Prolactin
Vasopressin
112
Which hormone does NOT control calcium balance?
Parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin
Calcitriol
Thyroid hormone
113
Define Half-life.
Time it takes substance to reach half its concentration
temperature of a substance at twice its concentration
time it takes substance to reach twice its concentration
temperature of a substance at half its concentration
114
The portal system is used to avoid what of hormones?
Termination
Dilution
Migration
Compartmentation
115
Which is the least complex?
Rhythmic
Voluntary
Involuntary
Reflex
116
What does the zona reticularis secrete?
Sex Hormones
Aldosterone
Epinephrine
Glucocorticoids
117
What is the difference between isometric and isotonic contraction?
Isotonic changes action potential, isometric doesn't
Isotonic moves a cell, isometric creates force w/o movement
Isotonic moves a load, isometric creates force w/o movement
Isometric moves a load, isotonic creates force w/o movement
118
What is summation?
A. Interval of time between action potential shortens
C. Adding muscle fibers together
B. create a more forceful contraction
Both A and B
119
Define adrenal cortex.
Outer layer of adrenal gland
Secretes catecholamines
Secretes protein hormones
Inner layer of adrenal gland
120
What does growth hormone do?
Stimulates hormone production by liver
All of the above
Effects metabolism
Causes growth
121
When two molecules work against each other it's called antagonism.
True
False
122
What does TRH stand for?
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
Thyroid releasing hormone
Thyroid refinement hormone
Thyroid releasing hobby
123
Define osteoblast.
Bone destroying cells
Inactive bone forming cells
Immune cells for the bone
Specialised bone-forming cells
124
The hypophyseal portal system allows a small number of _ to control the anterior pituitary.
Connective Tissue
Epithelial
Neurons
Muscle
125
What is the difference between actin and myosin?
Myosin are motor proteins with ability to create movement
All of the above
Myosin execute a power stroke
Actin makes up thin filaments, myosin thick
126
Slow twitch fibers fatigue more easily.
False
True
127
After intracellular enzymes separate T3 and T4 from the protein, what happens?
Thyroid peroxidase adds iodine to tyrosine to make T3 and T4
Nothing
Symporter brings I- into cell and moves it to colloid
Free T3 and T4 enter circulation
128
What is secondary pathology?
When pathology arises from a bacteria
When pathology arises from an obstruction
When pathology arises in late endocrine gland
When pathology arises in the anterior pituitary gland
129
What hormones function is to increase plasma calcium concentration?
Thyroid hormone
Parathyroid hormone
Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts
130
Fast twitch fibers develop tension two to three times faster than slow twitch fibers.
False
True
131
What is an example of hormone excess?
Leptin receptor deficiency
Hyperinsulinemia
Hyposecretion of the thyroid hormone
Tumor in endocrine glands that cause hypersecretion
132
Define adrenal medulla.
Inner mass of adrenal gland
All of the above
Secretes catecholamines
Mediates fight or flight response
133
How is hyperthyroidism treated?
Surgical removal of the thymus gland
Drugs that block T3 and T4 synthesis
Destruction of thyroid cells with radioactive chloride
Oral thyroid hormone
134
What is the difference between phasic and tonic smooth muscle?
Phasic undergo periodic contraction and relaxation cycles
All of the above
Tonic continuously contracts
135
What is flexion reflexes?
In order for flexor to contract extensor must relax
Helps maintain balance when arm pulls away from stimuli
Muscle stretch initiates a contraction response
Cause arm to pull away from noxious stimuli
136
Define osteoporosis.
Bone resorption exceeds bone deposition
Bone calcification
Bone reabsorption exceeds bone deposition
Bone deposition exceeds bone resorption
137
Dense bodies that anchor smooth muscle actin are analogous to what structure in a sarcomere?
Z disks
Z space
Z zone
Z line
138
What is recruitment?
Addition of myofibrils to increase force of contraction
Addition of myosin to increase force of contraction
Addition of actin to increase force of contraction
Addition of motor units to increase force of contraction
139
Which is not a type of hormone?
All of the above
Peptide Hormone
Steroid Hormone
Amino Acid-Derived Hormones
140
Cellular Mechanism of Action is biochemical response initiated by hormones binding to target
False
True
141
Define flexor.
Muscle that moves bone closer together when muscle contracts
Muscle that moves bone away when muscle contracts
142
Hypothalamus - CRH - Anterior Pituitary - ACTH - (INSERT ANSWER HERE) - Cortisol
Adrenal Matrix
Adrenal gland
Adrenal Medulla
Adrenal Cortex
143
What does prolactin do?
Stimulate egg production
Stimulate milk ejection
Stimulate milk production
Stimulate sperm production
144
What is crossed extensor reflex?
In order for flexor to contract extensor must relax
Muscle stretch initiates a contraction response
Helps maintain balance when body pulls away from stimuli
Cause arm to pull away from noxious stimuli
145
What is hypercortisolism?
None of the above
Autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex
Excess cortisol
cortisol insufficiency
146
When a pituitary hormone feeds back to decrease hormone secretion by hypothalamus its call what
Short-loop positive feedback
Long-loop positive feedback
Long-loop negative feedback
Short-loop negative feedback
147
What does oxytocin do?
Controls pasteurization of milk
Controls ejection of milk
Controls production of milk
Controls filtration of milk
148
Define calcitonin.
All of the above
produced by C cells of the thyroid gland
Decreases bone resorption
Released when plasma calcium increases
149
Which is not a layer of the adrenal cortex?
Zona Reticularis
Zona Fasciculata
Zona Glucocorticoids
Zona Glomerulosa
150
What is a joint receptor?
Collection of pathways controlling a single joint
Stretch receptors that send info about muscle length
Found at junction of tendons and muscles fibers
Stimulated by mechanical distortion of flexible joints
151
What is a myotatic unit?
Collection of pathways extending a single joint
Collection of pathways flexing a single joint
Collection of pathways from a single joint
Collection of pathways controlling a single joint

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