If only about 2 percent of the world's water is tied up in glacial ice, why would we worry if all of the ice melted?

Even though the percentage is low, the volume is large, so melting floods

What force pushes groundwater from pore to pore below the water table?

hydraulic gradient or pressure gradient

Milankovitch cycles may affect Earth's climate by

changing the amount of solar energy that is received over time across diffe

What is by far the most important agent of chemical weathering, and why?

Water: It is a good solvent and carrier of acids.

Where is erosion concentrated along a meandering stream?

On the outer parts of the meander loops or bends

As ____ increases the surface area of a rock or mineral, this allows ____ to occur at a faster rate.

Mechanical weathering, chemical weathering

downslope movement of rock, regolith, soil via gravity

What is the wave base?

Water depth equal to 1/2 the distance between successive waves

Why has Niagara Falls lasted so long and cut its channel back 7 miles (11 kilometers)?

The Lockport Dolostone is a resistant rock unit that covers a wide zone bet

Which one of the following coastlines typically have wave-cut cliffs, sea stacks, sea arches, and wave-cut platforms?

one where bedrock is vigorously eroded as sea level rises

Which one of the following best describes how urbanization affects small-stream watersheds?

Infiltration decreases and lag time is shortened

Which of the following lists the correct sequence in the formation of a sedimentary rock?

weathering, erosion, deposition, lithification

What will happen when a dam and reservoir are constructed on a graded river?

deposition upstream from the dam; channel downcutting below

How are spits, hooks, and baymouth bars formed?

Sand is deposited from longshore currents.

Assume that water filling a crack in a rock undergoes cycles of freezing and melting. Which statement is true?

Water expands as it freezes, causing the crack walls to be pushed apart

A natural, meandering, river channel is modified into a more or less straight and smooth channel. Which is true?

The natural channel had a lower gradient and higher friction than straight

Where is erosion concentrated along a meandering stream?

on the outer parts of the meander loops or bends

What economic value do shale have, such as the Queenston Formation below the Niagara Escarpment

Raw materials for brick making, pottery or tiles

Which one of the statements is false

when magma reaches the surface, its dissolved gas content increases

What is a braided channel, and what is happening there?

wide and shallow stream, usually at the ends of glaciers; is choked with se

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1
If only about 2 percent of the world's water is tied up in glacial ice, why would we worry if all of the ice melted?
Even though the percentage is low, the volume is large, so melting floods
Even though the percentage is low, the volume is large. Therefore, melting
This percentage is low, but the volume is also low
This percentage is low, and so is the volume of glacial ice, so melting it
2
Feldspars commonly decompose during weathering to clay minerals, silica, and soluble constituents.
True
False
3
What term describes the situation when an aquitard lies above the main water table and caused a localized saturated zone
Perched aquizone
Perched aquitard
Perched aquifer
Perched water table
4
What force pushes groundwater from pore to pore below the water table?
seepage affluence factor
hydraulic gradient or pressure gradient
permeability steepness
integrated saturation impulse
5
River Systems include areas of collection, _________, and dispersal.
development
Transport
lithification
deposition
6
Which of the following must result in a lower base level for river and streams?
Sea level rises; land subsides.
Sea level drops; land rises.
Sea level drops; land subsides
Sea level rises; land rises.
7
Turbidity currents are generally associated with which one of the following sedimentary features?
graded beds
mudcracks
cross bedding
ripple marks
8
Milankovitch cycles may affect Earth's climate by
generating a nuclear winter through an asteroid impact
solar warming of Earth's upper atmosphere (Ionosphere)
changing the amount of solar energy that is received over time across diffe
warming Earth's surface because of solar storms
9
Calcite, a major component of some monumental and building stones, slowly dissolves in weakly acidic waters.
True
False
10
Quartz is quite resistant to weathering and is an important component of sands in riverbeds and on beaches.
True
False
11
Which of the following is primarily used to classify detrital sedimentary rocks?
particle size
chemical composition
silica content
mineral composition
12
What is by far the most important agent of chemical weathering, and why?
Exfoliation: New cracks give chemical reactions the chance to operate.
The Sun: It drives all external processes on Earth.
Soil: Moisture in soil is the carrier of acids and drives chemical weatheri
Water: It is a good solvent and carrier of acids.
13
common name for sediments with particle size > 2 mm = gravel?
False
True
14
Which sediment gets lithified to become shale?
Sand
Silt and Sand
All clay sized sediement
Gravel
15
The minerals gypsum and halite are found deposited in lake environments. Which kind of chemical sedimentary rock do they
chert or flint
limestone or dolostone
coal
evaporites
16
Where is erosion concentrated along a meandering stream?
On the straight channel segments that connec the meander loops
On the inner banks of the meander loops
At the unconsolidated point bars
On the outer parts of the meander loops or bends
17
Whats the term for a cone-shaped accumulation of sediment that occurs when rapid streams emerge from mountainous to flat
turbidite
landslide
floodplain
alluvial fan
18
Like most other liquids, water decreases in volume when it freezes False
True
False
19
Which of the following would indicate that a coastline was emerging?
numerous large estuaries
extensive barrier islands
many small bedrock islands
elevated, wave-cut terraces
20
As ____ increases the surface area of a rock or mineral, this allows ____ to occur at a faster rate.
Mechanical weathering, chemical weathering
Infernal weathering, mechanistic weathering
Chemical weathering, mechanical weathering
Recrystallization, thermal weathering
21
Shales are distinguished from other mudrocks by their ______.
Colour
Fissility
Fossil Content
Sand content
22
Mass Wasting is:
Deformation of the original rock fabric
Bedload transport in streams
downslope movement of rock, regolith, soil via gravity
A Friday Night at Fraternity Row
23
The tendancy for a mineral like quartz to break in a smoothly curved manner is termed _______?
Anomalous cleavage
Elliptical breakage
Spherical Cleavage
Conchoidal Fracture
24
Of the substrates listed below, which would have the largest capacity to naturally remove sewage pollutants?
well-sorted, coarse gravel
limestone with solution channels and caverns
fractured granite
slightly clayey sand
25
A stream begins at an elevation of 200m and flows a distance of 400km to the ocean. What is the average gradient?
0.5 km/in
0.5 m/Km
2 km/m
2 m/km
26
What is the wave base?
The minimum elevation of a wave before it will start to curl
Water depth equal to 1/2 the distance between successive waves
The minimum elevation of a wave before it will start to curl
Wave height equal to 1/2 the distance between successive waves
27
Which characteristic is absolutely necessary for sedimentary rocks to have potential as a reservoir for gas?
Clastic texture
Good stratification
Chemical Origin
High porosity
28
Why has Niagara Falls lasted so long and cut its channel back 7 miles (11 kilometers)?
The Lockport Dolostone is the knickpoint where rapids occur, but it is easi
The Lockport Dolostone is a resistant rock unit that covers a wide zone bet
The Lockport Dolostone is as hard as granite, so Niagara Falls will stay wh
. The Lockport Dolostone is a nonresistant rock unit, and the Niagara River
29
Which one of the following coastlines typically have wave-cut cliffs, sea stacks, sea arches, and wave-cut platforms?
one where bedrock is vigorously eroded as sea level rises
The rate of tectonic uplift exceeds the rate of sea-level fall.
The rate of glacial rebound exceeds the rate of sea-level rise.
The tectonic subsidence rate exceeds the rate of sea-level rise.
30
The angle to which unconsolidated sediment will accumulate before collapsing is called:
Angle of Repose
Angle of Decompose
Angle of Inclination
Right Angle
31
Which one of the following best describes how urbanization affects small-stream watersheds?
Infiltration increases slightly; Lag time is decreased
Infiltration is reduced. Lag time is increased
Infiltration decreases and lag time is shortened
Infiltration and lag time between storms and peak runoff is increases
32
After ice sheets and glaciers, ________ contain(s) the next highest percentage of the Earth's freshwater.
groundwater
the atmosphere
rocks & minerals
lakes and rivers
33
Which of the following lists the correct sequence in the formation of a sedimentary rock?
weathering, erosion, deposition, lithification
lithification, erosion, deposition, weathering
erosion, lithification, weathering, deposition
weathering, lithification, erosion, deposition
34
The two main types of bonding that form the structures in minerals are ?
Magnetic and Gravitational
Ionic and Covalent
Radioactive and Unstable
Double and Triple
35
What will happen when a dam and reservoir are constructed on a graded river?
channel downcutting upstream from the dam; deposition below
channel cutting down on both sides of the dam
deposition upstream from the dam; channel downcutting below
deposition on both sides of the dam
36
How are spits, hooks, and baymouth bars formed?
Sand is deposited from longshore currents.
Sand eroded from a wave-cut cliff is deposited around sea stacks and arches
A headland is eroded, and the sand is deposited in an offshore basin.
Wave erosion cuts away both sides of a long sandbar, leaving a sand ridge a
37
What are permeable layers of rock, such as sand or gravel, that freely transmit groundwater called?
Aquifers
Artisans
Aquitards
Aquicludes
38
Assume that water filling a crack in a rock undergoes cycles of freezing and melting. Which statement is true?
Water expands as it melts causing the crack walls to be pushed apart
Water shrinks as it melts, causing the crack walls to be pulled closer
Water expands as it freezes, causing the crack walls to be pushed apart
Water shrinks as it freezes causing the walls to be drawn closer
39
What name refers to the maximum-amplitude tides produced when the Sun, Earth, and Moon are aligned?
Spring tides
Neap tides
. Surf tides
Rip tides
40
How is heat on the surface of this planet moved from equatorial latitudes to the Poles?
Convection through the atmosphere
Conduction through the lithosphere
Ocean currents
D. Both A and C
41
A natural, meandering, river channel is modified into a more or less straight and smooth channel. Which is true?
There was no change in gradient or friction
The straight channel has a higher gradient and more friction than natural
The natural channel had a lower gradient and higher friction than straight
The natural channel had a lower gradient and less friction than modified
42
Where is erosion concentrated along a meandering stream?
at the unconsolidated point bars
on the straight channel segments that connect the meander loops
on the outer parts of the meander loops or bends
on the inner banks of the meander loops
43
Ferromagnesian minerals that crystallize at high temperatures in Bowen's reaction series are less suseptible to chem wea
True
False
44
Sheeting fractures and exfoliation domes commonly develop in areas with soft, highly fractured bedrock.
False
True
45
What economic value do shale have, such as the Queenston Formation below the Niagara Escarpment
High oil contents
Fine grained detrial gold
Raw materials for brick making, pottery or tiles
cut dimension stone for buildings
46
Which of the following is considered the characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks?
small particle size
mineral composition
presence of strata (beds)
smooth texture
47
Which one of the statements is false
Melting temperatures of silicate rocks are lowered by small amounts of wate
when magma reaches the surface, its dissolved gas content increases
Mafic magmas in general have higher temperatures than felsic magma
Melting temperatures of silicate rocks increase with increased pressure
48
What is a braided channel, and what is happening there?
stream cutting deep into strata; erodes boulders out of the bedrock, rollin
stream cutting meanders into high plateaus; takes sediment, with their wate
stream moving in sweeping bends across the valley floor; carries fine-grain
wide and shallow stream, usually at the ends of glaciers; is choked with se
49
Where is the world's second largest continental ice sheet?
Antarctica
Siberia
Greenland
Iceland
50
The very slow movement of material down slope is called
Creep
Rock fall
liquefaction
saltation
51
64-256 mm particle size range = cobble?
True
False
52
our periods of substantial continental Ice growth, and then melting, occurred during which of the time period
Eocene epoch
Holocene epoch
Pleistocene epoch
Paleocene epoch
53
With respect to constructing seashore buildings or foreshore engineering works, the best advice should be _______
Builder Beware; don't treat this as an unchanging setting
Don't worry, be happy.
Fight for publicly funded maintenance and insurance to protect investments
Don't build resorts or houses but seawalls, ports can be made strong enough
54
Which of the following best describes bedded gypsum and halite
Evaporites; chemical sedimentary rocks
Varities of coal and peat
Varieties of dolostone
Detrial sedimentary rocks
55
How does a sediment become transformed into a sedimentary rock?
By multiple cycles of redeposition
By processes of polymorhpism
By destruction of all bedding and original depositional features
By compaction and dewatering, followed by cementation
56
What are the chief constituents in most detrital sedimentary rocks?
quartz and clay minerals
quartz and olivine
feldspar and clay minerals
mica and quartz
57
Which one of the following is true concerning a major river system
Upstream tributaries can carry larger particles than the major river
Discharge decreases below junctions with perennial tributaries
Upstream tributaries generally have lower gradient than the major river
Channel bed roughness and turbulence generally increase downstream
58
Which of the following best describes the development of distributaries at the mouths of major rivers such as Mississipi
The main channel divides into several smaller channels, carrying water in v
The main channel is changed from a straight one to a meandering one to allo
The main channel is changed from a meandering one to a straight one to allo
The main channel is divided into several tributaries, carrying sediment pro
59
Which statement concerning sedimentary rocks is false?
The are composed of materials derived from weathering and erosion
They may contain fossils that provide clues about ancient life forms
The probably show some evidence of stratification
They were originally deposited at depth below the bottom of the sea
60
The upper limit of the zone of saturation is called the __________.
Vadose zone
Water table
Soil moisture belt
Groundwater Capillary Fringe
61
Oxidation of iron is an important chemical weathering process for ferromagnesian silicate minerals like olivine and biot
True
False
62
Milankovitch cycles are
cycles of continental accumulation and melting of ice during the Pleistocen
cycles of precession, obliquity and eccentricity of Earths orbit and rotati
A. cycles of solar storms that result in greater outputs of solar energy
cycles of meteor storms that as earth moves through
63
The water table is ________
an underground mass of partly saturated rock
a boundary between unsaturated bedrock below and saturated bedrock above
a boundary between unsaturated bedrock and an underground river
a boundary between saturated pore spaces below and unsaturated pore spaces
64
Which one of the following statements is the best description of erosion
Movement of weathered rock and regolith toward the base of a slope
The combined processes of leaching, eluviation and mass wasting
The process of weathered rock and mineral particles being transported
Disintegration and decomposition of rocks and minerals at surface
65
Where are most caverns created?
at or below the water table
at Earth's surface
where the water table rises to surface
on the sides of mountains
66
Abundant moisture and warm temperatures result in high rates of chemical weathering.
False
True
67
Dissolution of minerals occurs because most minerals are ionic crystals and ______
Water molecules are strongly polarized, competing with ionic bonds
Their bonds eventually wear out
Water selectively absorbs all of their electrons until the crystals fall
Water selectively removes all of their smaller anions
68
What kind of volcano Mount Garibaldi
A composite volcano
A basaltic cinder cone
A basaltic shield volcano
A small welded tuff cone
69
Which of the following sedimentary rocks is usually biochemical in origin?
Limestone
Sandstone
Wacke
Bedded salt
70
________ is an abandoned, cutoff, meander loop.
A builtrail
A cowhock
A gatorback
An oxbow
71
What is the world's greatest tidal range
Richards Island, NWT along the western Arctic Shore
Hudson Bat near Moose Factory Ontario
Minas Basin, Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia
The Gulf of St. Lawrence along the eastern townships of Quebec
72
Thre process contribute to the formation of every igneous rock
Volcanism, plutonism, and magmatic differentiation
Partial melting, buoyant rise, and crystallization
Assimilation, crystallization, and dyke injection
Extrustion, intrustion, and consolidation
73
The behaviour and processes the govern the texture of magmatic rock depend on 3 distinct parts
High pressure, medium pressure, and low pressure
Andesite, basalt, and rhyolite
Quartz, feldspar, and ferromagnesian minerals
solid, liqiud and gas
74
______ generally constitutes the highest percentage of the annual sediment load moved by stream
Suspended Load
Saltation Load
Dissolved Load
Bed Load
75
Compaction is a very important part of the lithification process for which of the following sediments
Mud
Sand
Gravel
Cobble
76
Very fine-grained, iron oxide particles account for nearly all red, yellow, and brown soil colors.
False
True
77
What is the circulation of Earth's water supply between the hydrosphere, atmosphere, geosphere, and biosphere called?
precipitation
the water system
the hydrologic cycle
transpiration
78
Quartz weathers readily to aluminum-rich clay minerals.
False
True
79
________ describes the particle transport mode in streams intermediate between suspension and rolling along
Impact leaping
Siltation
Saltation
Alluviation
80
What is the vadose zone? A. the unsaturated zone below the water table where both air and water occupy pore space
the saturated zone below the water table
a water table that sits on top of an impermeable aquitard
the unsaturated zone above water table where both air and water occupy por
the unsaturated zone below water table where both air and water occupy pore
81
_____ Form when waves that approach the beach at an angle produce a net current that is parallel to the shore.
Refraction
Rip currents
Eddies
Longshore currents
82
In ______ bonding one atom gives up electrons to another that receives them.
Covalent
Ionic
Metallic
Polymorphic
83
Which of the following is a greenhouse Gas that contributes toward warming of the Earth's surface?
Argon
Nitrogen
Neon
Carbon Dioxide
84
Why are weathering, mass wasting, and erosion considered external processes?
These processes occur at Earth's surface but are considered external becaus
These processes require an external source of oxygen and can occur only at
These processes occur at Earth's surface and are powered by energy from the
These processes affect only the surface of the rock.
85
A Fjord is
a glacier-cut valley that is dammed by an end moraine, forming a large lak
a stream valley, deepened by glacial erosion, that floods as sea level rise
a large, kettle-pocked moraine left as an island when sea level rises foll
a glacier-cut valley that sinks below sea level because of glacial rebound
86
1/256 to 1/16 particle size range = silt?
True
False
87
________ controls the ease (or difficulty) of groundwater transmission through a porous material.
Portability
Permeability
Potability
Permeosity
88
The main use of bauxite is ?
A food additive
Acid production for batteries
The ore of copper
The ore of aluminum
89
Lateritic soils form under what climatic conditions?
Hot and dry as in the desert regions of North Africa
Hot and moist as in wet, tropical rainforest
Moist and temperate as in Southwest BC
Cool and relatively dry as in Nunavut
90
The strong tendancy of certain minerals to break along smooth, parallel planes is known as ______?
Rupture
Crystal Form
Streak
Cleavage
91
Which of the following minerals crystallize early in Bowen's reaction series
Quartz
Muscovite
Biotite
Olivine
92
What is the one basic requirement in order for glaciers to exist?
land above sea level
radiation from the Sun
land below sea level
chilling from the oceans
93
What are the most common cementing agents in sedimentary rocks
Clays and bitumen
Ca(OH)2
Calcite, silica, and iron oxides
CaO
94
particle size > 256 mm = boulder?
False
True
95
A ______ is a near surface, intrusive , igneous rock body that results from local inflation of a horizontal still
Volcanic Neck
Dike
Batholith
Laccolith
96
What are the two varities of basaltic lava flows
aa, pahoehoe
cinders, pumice
tuff, breccia
bombs, blocks
97
the _______ ocean basin is rimmed by the most subduction zones
Indian
Atlantic
Arctic
Pacific
98
Debris flows are an example of mass wasting. What is the term for flow that is composed primarily of water and volcanic
Ash Fall
Ash flow
Lahar
Mud flow
99
Which of the following igneous rocks is thought to be common in earth mantle but rare in crust?
Pumice
Peridotite
Pegmatite
Grainte
100
Which of the following best describes a confined aquifer?
The aquifer is closed on both ends, with a shale layer under it.
The aquifer opens out into a valley in springs.
The aquifer is overlain by sandstone or gravel.
Water flows into the aquifer on one end and is trapped by aquitards above a

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