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MCB FINAL EXAM prep (Unit 1)
MCB FINAL EXAM prep (Unit 1)
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1
Which of the following is an example of genetic drift?
Mutations create new alleles
A random event drastically reduces a population’s size
Individuals migrate between populations
Traits beneficial for survival become more common
2
When did the Great Oxygenation Event begin?
2.7 billion years ago
4.5 billion years ago
3.8 billion years ago
1.5 billion years ago
3
Genetic drift has a greater effect in small populations.
True
False
4
What is the third step in Koch's Postulates?
The isolated microbe must cause the same disease when in a healthy host
The microbe must be found in all cases of the disease
The microbe must be re-isolated from the newly infected host
The microbe must be isolated and grown in pure culture
5
Sexual selection favors traits that:
Improve fitness through migration
Result in genetic drift
Increase survival
Enhance reproductive success
6
Match the following as instances of polymer assembly or disassembly:
A reaction is exergonic
Assembly
Disassembly
7
What is the Endosymbiosis Theory?
All cells arise from pre-existing cells
Traits that enhance reproduction evolve over time
Eukaryotic organelles like mitochondria evolved from symbiotic prokaryotes
Microbes evolve through mutation
8
You have an aqueous solution with an initial pH of 8. You add Hydrogen Fluoride. The final pH=5.
The solution became:
1,000 times more basic
3 times more basic
1,000 times more acidic
30 times more acidic
9
What is the significance of the Great Oxygenation Event?
It allowed anaerobic life to thrive
It led to the extinction of most anaerobic prokaryotes
It caused the evolution of viruses
It marked the beginning of multicellular life
10
A microbiologist adds Hydrogen Nitrate (HNO
3
) to an aqueous solution. The Hydrogen Nitrate dissolves, and the solution:
Stabilizes due to the presence of buffers
Becomes more acidic
Becomes neutral
Becomes more basic
11
Name the simple hydrocarbons pictured below:
Propyne
Cis-butene
Cyclopentane
Propene
12
Natural selection always favors traits that improve survival.
False
True
13
Match the following taxa to their current domain classification:
Methanogens
Archaea
Fungi
Bacteria
Eukarya
14
Which of the following is true about natural selection?
It requires gene flow to occur
It favors traits that improve fitness
It always favors traits that improve survival
It leads to random changes in allele frequencies
15
What was John Snow’s contribution to public health?
Developed the first vaccine
Disproved spontaneous generation
Coined the term "cell"
Tracked the source of a cholera outbreak to a contaminated well
16
Ignaz Semmelweis introduced which practice that significantly reduced mortality rates?
Vaccination
Handwashing
Antibiotic use
Microscopy
17
What is the primary effect of gene flow on a population?
It removes genetic diversity
It leads to speciation
It introduces new alleles into a population
It causes random changes in allele frequencies
18
Match the following taxa to their current domain classification:
Protists
Fungi
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya
19
What did Antonie van Leeuwenhoek accomplish in microbiology?
Developed Germ Theory
Disproved spontaneous generation
Coined the term "cell"
Observed the first microbial life using microscopes he built
20
What is the final step in Koch's Postulates?
The microbe must be re-isolated from the newly infected host
The microbe must be isolated and grown in pure culture
The isolated microbe must cause the same disease when in a healthy host
The microbe must be found in all cases of the disease
21
A microbiologist is working with a solution with a hydrogen ion concentration of 0.00025 moles per liter.
What is the pH?
2.5
0.9994
3.6
3.6 x 10-3
22
Which process allowed eukaryotes to form mitochondria and chloroplasts?
Natural selection
Mutation
The development of a cytoskeleton
Endosymbiosis
23
Gene flow only occurs in isolated populations.
True
False
24
A population of finches develops larger beaks over generations b/c it helps them eat tough seeds. This is an example of:
Mutation
Genetic Drift
Gene Flow
Selection
25
When did multicellular life first evolve?
3.8 billion years ago
1.5 billion years ago
4.5 billion years ago
2.0 billion years ago
26
Match the following as instances of polymer assembly or disassembly:
Energy is released
Assembly
Disassembly
27
What role do mutations play in evolution?
They act as the primary mechanism of evolution
They eliminate maladaptive traits
They always decrease fitness
They introduce genetic variation into populations
28
Which of the following is an example of sexual selection?
A population experiences random allele changes after a natural disaster
Mutations increase diversity in a population
New alleles are introduced by migration
Birds with bright plumage are more likely to find a mate
29
When did eukaryotic cells first evolve?
4.5 billion years ago
3.8 billion years ago
2.7 billion years ago
2.0 billion years ago
30
Which of the following describes an ionic bond?
Weak forces between nonpolar molecules
A bond formed by hydrogen and oxygen
Sharing of electrons between atoms
Attraction between oppositely charged ions
31
What does the Miasma Theory propose?
Genetic drift causes diseases to spread
Microbes are the root cause of diseases
All living things are made of cells
Diseases are caused by "bad air" or poisonous vapors
32
What allowed eukaryotic cells to evolve and grow larger?
Endosymbiosis
The Great Oxygenation Event
Multicellularity
The development of a complex cytoskeleton
33
A carbon-12 atom has 6 protons. How many neutrons does it have?
12
6
7
18
34
When did the Sun, Earth, and Solar System form?
2.7 billion years ago
1.5 billion years ago
4.5 billion years ago
3.8 billion years ago
35
Which bond involves the sharing of electrons between atoms in a molecule?
Ionic Bond
Hydrogen Bond
Van der Waals Interaction
Covalent Bond
36
Gene flow occurs when:
Mutations occur within a population
Populations become isolated
Individuals migrate between populations
Natural selection eliminates traits
37
Which mechanism causes random changes in allele frequencies within a population?
Gene Flow
Natural Selection
Genetic Drift
Mutation
38
What is genetic drift?
A directed process favoring beneficial traits
The transfer of genes between populations
The random fluctuation of allele frequencies over time
The introduction of new alleles into a population
39
Match the following taxa to their current domain classification:
Cyanobacteria
Archaea
Protista
Bacteria
Eukarya
40
Which of the following scientific names are correctly formatted?
Proteus mirabilis
micrococcus sp.
Enterococcus faecalis
Staphylococcus aureus (underlined)
41
Match the following as instances of polymer assembly or disassembly:
A hydrolysis reaction occurs
Assembly
Disassembly
42
What title is often associated with Antonie van Leeuwenhoek?
Father of Evolution
Father of Microbiology
Father of Genetics
Father of Epidemiology
43
What type of bond is formed when positively charged regions of hydrogen interact with negatively charged atoms?
Hydrogen Bond
Van der Waals Interaction
Ionic Bond
Covalent Bond
44
Genetic drift is most impactful in:
Populations with high mutation rates
Large populations
Populations experiencing migration
Small populations
45
Which process introduces genetic variation in a population through random changes in DNA?
Natural Selection
Gene Flow
Mutation
Genetic Drift
46
Which theory explains how all cells come from pre-existing cells?
Endosymbiosis Theory
Germ Theory
Miasma Theory
Cell Theory
47
Which of the following techniques did Louis Pasteur develop?
Antibiotic production
Vaccine cultivation
Fermentation and pasteurization
Microscopy and taxonomy
48
What was Robert Hooke’s contribution to science?
Disproved spontaneous generation
Observed the first microbial life
Developed Germ Theory
Coined the term "cell" to describe plant tissues
49
Pasteur is credited with disproving which outdated theory?
Spontaneous Generation
Germ Theory
Miasma Theory
Endosymbiosis
50
A strain of bacteria develops resistance to an antibiotic due to a change in its DNA. This is an example of:
Mutation
Genetic Drift
Gene Flow
Natural Selection
51
Match the following as instances of polymer assembly or disassembly:
Water is released
Disassembly
Assembly
52
What is the charge of an atom with 11 protons, 10 electrons, and 12 neutrons?
Positive (+1)
Positive (+2)
Neutral (0)
Negative (-1)
53
Match the following as instances of polymer assembly or disassembly:
A polymer is synthesized
Assembly
Disassembly
54
What is Louis Pasteur most known for?
Developed the first vaccine
Discovered penicillin
Coined the term "cell"
Disproved spontaneous generation and proposed Germ Theory
55
Which term is used to describe traits that improve an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce?
Mutations
Adaptations
Genetic drift
Gene flow
56
Mutations are considered the "raw material" for evolution because:
They directly cause speciation
They create the genetic diversity upon which selection acts
They increase population size
They result in immediate adaptive traits
57
Which of Koch’s postulates requires isolating the microbe in pure culture?
Postulate 3
Postulate 1
Postulate 2
Postulate 4
58
What is Carl Linnaeus most famous for?
Developed the system of Binomial Nomenclature
Discovered DNA
Observed microbial life
Introduced Germ Theory
59
Which theory states that microbes are responsible for causing diseases?
Natural Selection
Cell Theory
Mutation Theory
Germ Theory
60
A carbon-14 atom has 6 protons. How many neutrons does it have?
14
6
8
7
61
Match the following taxa to their current domain classification:
Proteobacteria
Archaea
Fungi
Bacteria
Eukarya
62
What concept is Lamarck known for in biology?
Spontaneous Generation
Inheritance of acquired characteristics
Binomial Nomenclature
Germ Theory
63
Which diseases did Koch study to establish the cause-effect relationship between bacteria and illness?
Smallpox and Rabies
Anthrax, Tuberculosis, and Cholera
Influenza and Tetanus
Measles and Meningitis
64
Which of the following scientific names are correctly formatted?
Staphylococcus aureus
Bacillus Cereus
Proteus mirabilis
Escherichia coli O157:H7
65
Natural selection can act on traits that are:
Neutral
Beneficial
All of the above
Deleterious
66
Match the following as instances of polymer assembly or disassembly:
A dehydration synthesis reaction occurs
Disassembly
Assembly
67
Microevolution refers to:
Changes in allele frequencies within a population
Evolutionary changes that lead to speciation
The extinction of populations
The creation of new species
68
Which mechanism introduces new alleles through migration?
Mutation
Gene Flow
Genetic Drift
Natural Selection
69
What is Ivanovsky & Beijerinck’s contribution to microbiology?
Discovered viruses as infectious agents too small to see with a microscope
Introduced Germ Theory
Developed the first microscope
Coined the term "cell"
70
What defines an isotope of an element?
Atoms with more neutrons than protons
Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
Atoms with the same number of protons and neutrons
Atoms with different numbers of protons and electrons
71
Macroevolution refers to:
Genetic drift in small populations
Evolutionary changes that lead to the creation of new species
Mutation-driven population changes
Small-scale changes within populations
72
Match the following taxa to their current domain classification:
Actinobacteria
Archaea
Bacteria
Protista
Eukarya
73
When did the first prokaryotic cells evolve?
3.8 billion years ago
2.7 billion years ago
1.5 billion years ago
4.5 billion years ago
74
Which of the following was one of Robert Koch's contributions to microbiology?
Developed Koch's postulates to link microbes to diseases
Observed the first microbes
Coined the term "cell"
Introduced handwashing techniques
75
What is the first step in Koch's Postulates?
The microbe must cause the same disease when introduced into a healthy host
The microbe must be isolated and grown in pure culture
The microbe must be re-isolated from the newly infected host
The microbe must be found in all cases of the disease
76
Match the following taxa to their current domain classification:
Fungi
Bacteria
Protista
Archaea
Eukarya
77
Why was the evolution of eukaryotic cells significant?
It marked the end of prokaryotic life
It caused the extinction of archaea
It initiated the Great Oxygenation Event
It led to the development of multicellular organisms
78
What was Charles Darwin's contribution to science?
Developed Germ Theory
Proposed the theory of natural selection
Coined the term "cell"
Discovered the structure of DNA
79
Which mechanism explains how antibiotic resistance spreads thru a population after some bacteria survive an antibiotic?
Genetic Drift
Gene Flow
Mutation
Selection
80
An atom has 6 protons, 6 electrons, and 8 neutrons. What is its atomic number and mass number?
Atomic number = 6; Mass number = 12
Atomic number = 8; Mass number = 12
Atomic number = 6; Mass number = 14
Atomic number = 8; Mass number = 14
